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lecture Flashcards

1
Q

The Royal Tenenbaums

A

Individual differences
3 kids are adopted and are not related
Continuity of personality across lifespan
Life experiences in childhood influence personality
Family dynamics shape personality

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2
Q

What is personality?

A

1)Descriptive characteristics (traits)
-Intelligent, hard working
2)Motive and goals
achievement
-motivated,relationship-motivated
3)Values
-honest,loyal,selfish
4)Emotional tendencies
-Moody,anxious,optimistic
5)Memories/life stories

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3
Q

Defining personality

A

thoughts,feelings,behavior

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4
Q

3 levels of personality analysis

A

Every human being is
… like all others:human nature
…like some others:
…like no others:

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5
Q

Application of Theory:Aggression

A

Aggression(universal case)
All people will respond aggressively
if their life depends on it

Aggression (individual differences)
Some people respond aggressively where others don’t

Aggression(unique case)
Some acts of aggression can only be understood from the particular individuals perspective

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6
Q

Abu Ghraib Prison scandal

A

Human nature perspective
All people are capable of evil, circumstances at abu ghraib unleashed dark side of human nature

Individual differences
Some people are more aggressive, inclined towards anti-social behavior

Unique case
Graners personal history suggest a unique predisposition toward violence

Charles Graner JR: history of domestic violence, aggressive behavior
Lynndie England: overly obedient

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7
Q

Stanley Cup riots

A

Riot occurred downtown vancouver after canucks lost stanley cup

Personality contributed to what people did in this situation

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8
Q

Measuring Personality
Prescientific methods

A

Astrology
Assessments of personality on birthday

Physiognomy
Assessment based on shape of body

Phrenology
Based on shape of skull

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9
Q

Descriptive methods

A

life history,observer report,test data, self report

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10
Q

observer report pro and cons

A

Advantages:
Capture spontaneous behaviors
Avoid bias of self reports

Disadvantages
Researcher interference
How naturalistic is the observation

Rarity of some behaviors
Research on criminality
Observer bias and selective attention
Time consuming

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11
Q

Self report

A

Advantages:
quick and easy to obtain data
Allows study of difficult to observe behaviors(such as what youre like at a party)

Disadvantages
Respondents might not be representative
Responses may be biased or untruthful

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12
Q

What did freud do for psychological science and personality research?

A

A talking cure(talking about your problems)

Mind-body connection

Psychic issues can influence behavior even when people aren’t aware of them

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13
Q

1)Modern view of Repression

A

Freud view:unacceptable thoughts were pushed into unconscious

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14
Q

george franklin

A

1990: george franklin accused of raping and murdering susan nason in 1969, by his daughter Eileen, now 29

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15
Q

Should we allow convictions based on repressed memories

A

Some therapists say yes(book:the courage to heal)
Empirical evidence says:not necessarily

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16
Q

False memory study

A
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17
Q

psychedelic therapy

A

(typically with psilocybin, or magic mushrooms) often aims to help clients uncover repressed memories

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18
Q

unconscious Motivated view

A

we bury hidden needs/desires in the unconscious

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19
Q

Cognitive view

A

information perceived may become unconscious and influence us but it is not “buried” there

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20
Q

Subliminal priming

A

Concepts may be perceived and influence us without us even knowing it

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21
Q

Ego psychology(anna freud, erik erikson)

A

Focus on the strengths of conscious
Control over one’s environment
-goal is to establish a secure identity, failure leads to identity crisis

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22
Q

Eriksons’s 8 stages of development

A

cover full lifespan
disagree with Freud’s research that development only lasts until puberty and there is a latency period

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23
Q

8 stages of development

A

1)Trust vs mistrust
2)autonomy vs shame and doubt
3)initiative vs guilt
4)industry vs inferiority(feeling as if they can work to achieve what they want vs failure to achieve)
5)identity vs role confusion
6)intimacy vs isolation
7)generativity vs stagnation(has the person generated something they care about in life)
8)integrity vs despair

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24
Q

self-serving bias

A

common tendency for people to take credit for successes yet to deny responsibility for failure

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25
Q

Narcissism

A

inflated self esteem and constant desire to draw attention to oneself

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26
Q

Narcissistic paradox

A

people who seem to think they’re great may feel insecure underneath

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27
Q

narcissim as a defense mechanism:Reaction formation

A

something they don’t like about themselves, they express the opposite)

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28
Q

Narcissism in the DSM

A

Dsm: grandiosity, dominance, entitlement, superiority

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29
Q

What causes narcissism?

A

Parents over-idealize child, set up unrealistic standards

Simultaneously, they excessively criticize child for failing to meet unrealistic standards

“Narcissistic wound”- early humiliation experience

Narcissists overcompensate for insecurities by self-aggrandizing

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30
Q

Measuring Narcissism

A

Unrealistically positive beliefs about abilities and achievements

Preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success,power,brilliance, and beauty

Strong sense of entitlement

Grandiose sense of self-importance

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31
Q

narcissim in work

A

repeated failures, not living up to their own career expectations

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32
Q

narcissim and therapy

A

tend to go to therapy for external life problems

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33
Q

narcissm and love

A

idealization and devaluation of romantic partner

always need to be center of attention

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34
Q

Research findings on normal range narcissism

A

Look in mirror often
Take credit for accomplishments but blame others for failure
Self-promote more on social networking sites
Tend to adopt a game playing style in relationships
Become angry and aggressive in response to failure or negative feedback

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35
Q

narcissism study

A

for normal people(low on narcissism) in the control, after viewing the self-focused(video of themselves), their self-perceived performance is lower

Narcissistic people after watching a video of themselves, their score on the self-focused condition was even higher than the control

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36
Q

Grandiose narcissist

A

Has exaggerated self importance

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37
Q

Fragile narcissist

A

-individuals who exhibit narcisstic traits but are sensitive to criticism
Tend to feel unhappy, depressed
Tends to be critical of other
Tends to feel anxious
Tends to feel envious
Prone to painful feelings of emptiness
Appears to feel privileged and entitled
Tends to feel he/she is inadequate, inferior, or a failure

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38
Q

Object Relations Theory

A

Early relationship in childhood with parents serves as a basis for relationships with others in adulthood

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39
Q

early childhood attachment

A

early bond with parent s influence personality

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40
Q

Harlow Monkey experiments

A

Surrogate cloth mother and surrogate wire mothers

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41
Q

Bowlby

A

noticed a similar pattern in humans similar to behavior in monkeys
-separation anxiety

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42
Q

Ainsworth: Strange situation procedure

A

3 attachment styles: secure, avoidant, anxious-ambivalent

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43
Q

ainsworth devised “Internal working models” for later relationships

A

Unconscious expectations for how people will treat them
Now referred to as adult attachment styles

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44
Q

adult attachment (Hazan and Shaver)

A

Found similar patterns of attachment in adult relationships

1 Secure relationship style
2 Avoidant relationship style
3 anxious-ambivalent(preoccupied) relationship style

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45
Q

Stress Test Study

A

Romantic couples brought into lab told that male must participate in experiment involving the machine

The way female partner responds shows their attachment style

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46
Q

Do early childhood experiences predict adult relationship styles?

A

2015 study shows link between childhood and adult relationships

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47
Q

Moms who shown less sensitivity in childhood(less attending to baby needs) had

A

larger skin conductance response to conflict with partner (they were more stressed with the partner)

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48
Q

can attachment styles change across lifespan

A

yes, but not a major shift

-you can be highly anxious when your young but it can decline in adulthood by a little

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49
Q

motives

A

internal states that direct behavior
-based on needs/tension
-can be unconscious

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50
Q

Achievement vs.affiliation

A

Individual differences in the various motives
-Always focused on grades or always focused on relationships

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51
Q

motive contribute to

A

major life outcomes such as career, success, and marriage

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52
Q

motives are

A

stable over time and tell us why people behave the way they do

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53
Q

Early motive theorists:

A

Murray, Mclelland, Mcadams

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54
Q

Henry Murray

A

Thematic apperception test(TAT)

55
Q

Murray theory

A

empahsize needs(psychological force that guides behavior)

-needs must be relieved to reduce tension

56
Q

Needs according to Murray

A

-Achievements
-Exhibition (getting attention)
-Order
-Dominance
-Aggression
-Autonomy(independence)
-affiliation/intimacy
-Nurturance(taking care of others)
-Abasement((lowering oneself towards other)
-Blame-avoidance
-Succor(desire to be taken care of)

57
Q

“press”

A

elements in environment affect a person’s needs, need-relevant aspects of environment

58
Q

apperception

A

Process through which we perceive the environment and perceive whats going on

59
Q

David Mcclelland

A

Implicit vs. Self-attributed motives
-TAT reveals implicit (unconscious) motives not acted upon readily
-implicit and explicit motives are unrelated
-implicit motives lead to long term outcomes such as career,marriage,health,stable beliefs
-explicit motives lead to shorter term behaviors/attitudes(performance on 1 test)

60
Q

McClelland and Big 3

A

Big 3:
Achievement(preference for moderate levels of challenge)
Power
Affiliation(relationships)

61
Q

Dan mcAdams

A

argued that intimacy was more important than affiliation

62
Q

Humanistic/Phenomenological perspective

A

More clinical than research based;attempt to take motive theory and apply it to help make people’s lives better
-Greater focus on conscious motives;awareness of needs
-Focus on phenomenology(conscious,subjective experience)
-Emphasis on individuals taking responsibility for their own life outcomes

63
Q

basic assumptions of humanistic perspective

A

Humans are inherently good

emphasis on phrenomenology

Self-actualization:People are intrinsically good and strive toward greater health, maturity, and autonomy

Emphasis on self/identity (ego): universal need for positive self-regard

64
Q

Individual differences in the perception of reality(humanistic approach)

A

subjective reality is more important than objective reality , Everyone perceives reality in their own way, individual perceptions is what’s most important

65
Q

Abraham Maslow(1908-1970)

A

Developed theory of human needs, based on his clinical practice

66
Q

Hierarchy of needs maslow

A

physiological needs
safety needs
belongingness and love
esteem needs
self-actualization

67
Q

Self-actualization

A

Enriched life experiences
Enhanced creativity
Requires self-exploration and action
Fully functioning person

68
Q

Peak experiences (common for people who are self-actualized)

A

Time and place are transcended

Not thinking about yourself

Experience unity of self with universe

feeling of power and wonder

Manifests differently for each person

69
Q

Problems with Maslow Hierarchy

A

Aspirational but not normative:states what people should do and not what they do do

Inconsistent with scientific understanding of human nature:Creativity should be seen as lower level means to more ultimate reproductive ends

Instead, an alternate perceptive said the hierarchy should be more focused on a evolutionary perspective (highest level being parenting, with mate retention below it)

70
Q

carl rogers

A

People are intrinsically good and striving toward self-understanding,self acceptance,maturity and autonomy

71
Q

How to be self-actualized

A

Client-centered therapy

72
Q

Client-centered therapy

A

Therapist shows unconditional positive regard for client

73
Q

William James(1842-1910)

A

Duality of self

74
Q

The “Me”

A

Self as object that can be observed
“I have property X..”

75
Q

The “I”

A

Self as agent doing the observing
Self as the perceiver
Self-consciousness: “I” looks at “me”

76
Q

Self consciousness

A

The “I”
Self-awareness

77
Q

Self-concept

A

The “me”

Conception of one’s self as a physical,socal, psychological, moral being

78
Q

Self-esteem

A

Global evaluation of one’s self

79
Q

How do we know a child has a sense of self?

A

Linguistic markers (18 months)
Cognitive-behavioral markers(18-24 months)
Emotional markers(age 2.5-3 yrs)

80
Q

Linguistic markers (18 months)

A

Self referencing (I, me, mine)

Non verbal recognition of self-accomplishment

Narrative language use

81
Q

Cognitive-behavioral markers(18-24 months)

A

Imitation and role taking
Mirror self-recognition

82
Q

Emotional markers(age 2.5-3 yrs)

A

Self-conscious emotions:
Shame,Guilt,Embarrassment,Pride

-empathy
-Require ability to evaluate the self (“I” self evaluates the “me” self)

83
Q

Where does the self-concept come from?

A

charles Cooley “Looking glass self”- the self comes from others

Self is socially constructed

84
Q

Multiple selves

A

we see ourselves differently in each social role, we portray ourselves differently to different people

85
Q

unitary selves

A

our role is consistent across contexts

86
Q

People who had Multiple selves ->

A

lower well being and lower self esteem

87
Q

a highly differentiated self-concept reflects psychological fragmentation and lack of an integrated core self

A
88
Q

Measuring Self-esteem

A

Similarity between actual and ideal self

self-report scale

Observer report

89
Q

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

A

Rating on a scale of 1-5 on statements about self-esteem

90
Q

Cross-sectional Internet Study

A

Findings: most people say they have high self-esteem

91
Q

Limitations with internet study

A

sample selectivity

-cross sectional design(data collected only at 1 point of time):
cohort effects, selective mortality

92
Q

test data

A

assessing individuals abilities,cogniton,motivations etc by observing their performance in a test situation

-the DV is a test score or test result which has meaning only because it was assigned that meaning by the research prior to the test

93
Q

Kinds of test data

A

questionnaire test: meaning comes from score

experimental test: meaning comes from performance

94
Q

Example of experimental test:Megargee study of dominance

A

does trait dominance or gender predict leadership
DV= whoever takes control indicates leadership
results:high dom female, low dom male the male was still the leader

95
Q

information derived from test data

A

physiological data, projective techniques

96
Q

Test data advantages

A

allow measurment of charactersitcs not easily observable

97
Q

disadvantages of test data

A

must infer that the test measure what you think it measures (validity issue)

98
Q

Case studies (Life history)

A

intensive examination of a single person or group

99
Q

case study method

A

comes from life history records(school grades, crime record)

100
Q

Case study pro

A

rich source of hypotheses, allows for studies of rare behavior

101
Q

case study cons

A

observer bias, difficult to generalize, difficult to reconstruct causes of past events

102
Q

LOTS of data

A

life history,observable,test,self-report

103
Q

Dorm room study

A

which traits are easiest to observe from a dorm room:
openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion

104
Q

relaibility

A

test-retest, interrater, internal consisitency

105
Q

validity

A

face validity, predictive validity, convergent validity, construct validity (measures all of the above)

106
Q

validity is high only if

A

reiliabilty is high

107
Q

Incentives structure

A

published research is important for being viewed favorably, getting a job, getting tenure, and as a result scientists publish as much as they can

balancing act: need to stay truthful to psych science, but also publish

sometimes researchers take shortcuts or fake data

108
Q

other problematic practices don’t constitute fraud

A

-QRPS(questionable research practices)
-decisions in design,analysis, reporting that increase likelihood of achieving a pos result

109
Q

False Positive psych

A

QRPS: using small sample, collecting additional dv, peeking at data, dropping experimental condition

-this increases likelihood of sig. result

110
Q

what should researchers do about QRPS?

A

-increase disclosure in methods, results, and hypothesis presentation
-pre-register hypotheses and studies
-share data

111
Q

Center for Open Science

A

open science framework founded to increase openness,integrity, and reproducibility of scientific research
-open source software platform for pre-registering hypotheses, archiving study materials, depositing data and syntax

112
Q

What is good research

A

good research is open research

-good research features experimental methods that are strong and isolate a question of interest

-good research is adequately “powered” research

-data collection, plans, analyses, and hypotheses are pre-registered and posted in an online repository

113
Q

power(ability to detect an effect)

A

most psych effects are small, so you need lots of participants

-power usually set at 80%, meaning 80% chance of finding an effect

114
Q

sigmund freud

A

-founder of psychoanalysis

115
Q

origins of freudian theory

A

-Viennese neurologist
-worked with Dr.Breur where they developed the talking cure
-Breur and Freud both picked up on work of Charcot

116
Q

Mental illness in late 19th century

A

Charcot’s Hysteria

117
Q

Case of Anna O

A

Patient of Dr.Breuer
-numerous symptoms after nursing her father who had TB
-symptoms include:coughing, hallucination,refusal to drink water, partial paralysis
-no physical cause
-breur would talk with anna and found her symptoms to improve the next day
-anna called their talk “chimney sweeping”
-anna refused to drink for weeks because she saw a dog drinking from her glass

118
Q

the talking cure

A

-solves physical symptoms with no physical origin

119
Q

The cure

A

step 1:hypnotize patient, or allow for free association
step 2:talk with patient to reveal psychological anxiety
step 3:patient has “catharsis”- an insight into psychological problem
step 4:physical symptom disspaears

120
Q

current study in hysteria

A

now called conversion disorder

121
Q

Woman who was paralyzed in left leg

A

there was no identifiable physical source, when she moved the left leg, the motor cortex didn’t activate but orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex(emotional brain areas) did

-emotional areas may surpress movement in the left

122
Q

cause of hysteria

A

emotional centers of the brain activated
-inhibit motor centers of brain from coordination movement
-there is basis in biology to explain hysteria

123
Q

Freudian psychoanalytic theory

A

1)psychological determinism
2)importance of unconsciousness
3)defense mechansism
4)importance of early childhood experiences

124
Q

psychological determinism-basic instincts

A

life-self preservation, sex
death-aggression, destruction

-WW1 led Freud to view death and destruction as instinctual aspects of human nature

-all behavior are caused by internal drives

125
Q

importance of unconsciousness

A

levels of consciousness:
1)pre consciousness(easily retrieved, but not on your mind currently)(what you had for breakfast)
2)consciousness(what you thinking abt now)
3)unconscious(seething cauldron, repressed contents,libido(sexual), aggressiveness)

126
Q

Carl Jung unconsciousness

A

stated that personal unconscious is Freud’s unconscious but… proposed:

Collective unconscious: contents of unconscious shared by all humanity, passed down from ancestors

-stereotype of mother=good
dark=evil

127
Q

Freud’s Unconscious (Iceberg )

A

conscious mind:ego
unconcsious mind: superego and id

128
Q

Id

A

-infancy
-drives and urges
-pleasure principle(immediate gratification)
-primary process thinking is illogical (dreams, not bound by reality)

129
Q

Ego

A

-develops at age 2
-constrains id to reality
-reality principle:direct expression of id impulse can lead to problems, we need to avoid,redirect, postpone id impulses
-secondary process thinking (logical): strategies for solving problems in an acceptable way

130
Q

Superego

A

develops at age 5
-internalized values, morality of parents and society
-promotes self conscious emotions(shame,guilt)
-like the id, not bound by reality instead sets higher standard(hence the “super”ego)

131
Q

Conflict

A

-our lives are a constant negotiations of opposing impulses
-id, ego, and superego are constantly battling to control our behavior
-such conflicts produce anxiety

132
Q

How to cope with anxiety?

A

defense mechanisms used to reduce anxiety(usually responsbile by ego)
-distort reality in some way
-must operate unconsciously

133
Q

repression

A

traumatic memories pushed out of awareness to avoid associated anxiety

-freud:often sexal desires
-today:more about childhood trauma

134
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

denial
rationalization
displacement
reaction formation
projection
sublimation (best choice)

psyc 305 (12 decks)

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