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Physio Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of cell environment is made of H2O?
ICF?
ECF?

A

60%
40%
20%

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2
Q

PERCENTAGE
Plasma?
Interstitial?

A

5%

15%

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3
Q

ELECTROLYTES

Intracellular?
Extracellular?

A 
Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate
Sulfate
Proteins
Organic Aniom

Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Calcium

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4
Q

Most abundant ECF cation?

A

Sodium

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5
Q

Most abundant ECF anion?

A

Chloride

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6
Q

Most abundant ICF cation?

A

Potassium

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7
Q

Most abundant ICF anion?

A

Organic Anion

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8
Q

RMP (mV)

Skeletal mm?
Cardiac?
Nerve?
Smooth mm?

A
  • 90
  • 85
  • 70
  • 40 to -60
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9
Q

CELL MEMBRANE
Aka?
Characteristics? (BAS)

A

Plasma membrane

Bilayer of lipids
Ampiphatic in nature
Semipermeable

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10
Q

Proteins in Cell Membrance?

mnemonics?

A

RICEMAP

Receptrors
Ion channels
Carriers
Enzymes
Markers
Adhesions
Pumps
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11
Q

Produces Lysosomes?

Produces Perixosomes?

A

Golgi apparatus

Smooth ER

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12
Q

Protein synthesis?

Lipid/Fat Synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

Smooth ER

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13
Q

Who has hydrolytic enzymes?

Who has oxidative enzymes?

A

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

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14
Q

Capable of splitting a organic compound into 2 or more parts

A

Hydrolase (hydrolytic enzymes)

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15
Q

If GLYCOGEN is hydrolyzed?
If LIPIDS are hydrolyzed?
If PROTEINS are hydrolyzed?

A

Glucose

Fatty acids & glycerol

Amino acid

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16
Q

Capable of self replication?

A

Peroxisomes

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17
Q

Capable of combining of O2 c hydrogen ion to from hydrogen peroxide

A

Oxidase (oxidative enzymes)

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18
Q

Detoxifies free radicals?

Responsible for detoxification?

A

Peroxisomes

Smooth ER

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19
Q

What happens in PROPHASE?

??mnemonics??

A

DPP

Nucleus and nuclear envelope disappears
Centrioles moves to opposite poles
Chromosomes are paired

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20
Q

Downhill movement?

Uphill movement?

A

Diffusion/Passive transport

Active Transport

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21
Q

Spontaneous mvt of molecules from higher to lower areas of concentration (O2 & CO2)

A

Simple Diffusion

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22
Q

It uses carrier proteins (glucose & amino acids)

A

Facilitated Diffusion - Carrier Mediated

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23
Q

Uses chemicals (Ach - Ach & Ach binding receptors)

A

Facilitated Diffusion - Channel Mediated - Ligand Gated

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24
Q

Uses electrical current (action potential)

Ex: K+, Na+, Cl-, Ca++

A

Facilitated Diffusion - Channel Mediated - Voltage Gated

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25
Factors that increases the rate of diffusion?
Higher temperature Small molecular size Higher partition coefficient (concentration difference)
26
OSMOSIS Higher to lower? Lower to higher? Ex?
Water Solutes Renal, GIT
27
The mvt of sodium from OUTSIDE to INSIDE? The mvt of sodium from INSIDE to OUTSIDE?
Facilitated Diffusion | Primary Active Transport
28
The mvt of sodium across the cell membrane is mainly by what cell transport?
Primary active transport
29
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT Na co-transport c? Na counter transport c?
Glucose and amino acids Ca & H ions
30
(nerve) | Cell Body aka?
Soma | Perikaryon
31
Site of AP initiation for both motor & sensory? In sensory AP, if there is no initial segment, what's the other answers?
Initial segment 1st node of ranvier / axon hillock
32
NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITIES (m/s) ``` A alpha A beta A gamma A delta B C ```
``` 120 70 40 15 14 2 ```
33
(((Sing the song in Nerve physio)))
...
34
Who has the touch and pressure in nerve fibers? | But mainly in?
A beta A alpha type 1B A delta A beta (also has pacinian corpuscles)
35
Fast channels? | Slow channels?
Na channels | K channels
36
RMP They return the Na and K ions to their og location --- How many Na and K? (???mnemonics???)
TriNaOut, 2Kin 3 Na out 2 K in
37
What type of mm that has NO TROPONIN?
Smooth mm
38
COVERINGS Epimysium? Perimysium? Endomysium?
Skeletal mm Mm fascicle/bundle Mm fiber
39
Functional unit of a muscle fiber
Sarcomere
40
``` WHAT HAPPENS DURING MUSCLE CONTRACTION Actin H-zone I-band A-band (length of myosin) ```
Approximate (Himala) Disappears (Ikli) Narrows (Ala) Nothing
41
Cell membrane of mm fiber
Sarcolemma
42
Cytoplasm of mm fiber
Sarcoplasm
43
Where can you see the Sarcotubular System?
Between A and I band
44
What composes the Sarcotubular System?
T-TRIAD 2 Sarcoplasmic reticulum 1 T-tubule (transverse tubule)
45
What made up of Actin?
2 F-actin (filamentous)
46
What made of F actin?
2 G-actin (globular)
47
TROPONIN Troponin I? Troponin C? Troponin T?
Covers the binding sites Calcium Forms a complex called troponin-tropomyosin complex
48
ACH RECEPTORS Skeletal mm? Smooth mm?
Nicotinic | Muscarinic
49
At what length can a muscle generates the highest tension?
Resting length / Optimal position
50
RBC Male? Female?
5. 2-6.5 millions/mm3 | 4. 5-5.5 millions/mm3
51
HGB Male? Female?
14-18 g/dL (16) 12-16 g/dL (14)
52
HEMATOCRIT Male? Female?
42-52% 37-47%
53
ESR Male? Female?
<15mm/hr <25 mm/hr
54
Normal value of WBC
5,000-10,000/mm3
55
Normal value PLATELET
150,000-400,000/mm3
56
Bleeding time
1-6mins
57
Clotting time
6-10 mins
58
``` BLOOD VALUES TAHT ARE C/I TO EXERCISE? WBC? Hematocrit? Hemoglobin? Platelet? ``` Light exercise in platelet?
<5,000/mm3 <27% <8g/dL <20,000/mm3 20,000-50,000/mm3
59
BLOOD Total % of body weight? Thicker than h2o? Average blood volume? Female? Male? Average?
8% 5x thicker 4-6L 4-5L 5-6L 5L
60
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD | ???mnemonics???
BLOOD CPH ``` Balances acid and base Levels temperature Osmosis O2 transport Delivers nutrients Clotting formation Protection Hormonal transport ```
61
PERCENTAGE of: Formed Elements? Plasma? FORMED ELEMENTS - RBC? - WBC? - Platelets? PLASMA - Water? - Plasma proteins? - Other substances?
45% 55% FORMED ELEMENTS - 95% - 4% - 1% PLASMA - 91% - 7% - 2%
62
PLASMA PROTEINS | Mnemonics?
AGF Albumin Globulin Fibrinogen
63
PERCENTAGE OF PLASMA PROTEINS Albumin? Globulin? Fibrinogen?
58% 38% 4%
64
Most abundant plasma protein? | *Most abundant protein in the body?
Albumin | Collagen
65
Least abundant plasma protein?
Fibrinogen
66
Plasma protein that is responsible for immunity?
Globulin
67
``` OTHER SUBSTANCES (Plasma component in blood) Mnemonics? ```
WING Waste products Ions Nutrients Gases
68
``` RBC Aka? Function? Lifespan? Graveyard? ```
Erythrocytes O2 transport 120 days Spleen
69
IRON Protein escort in bloodstream c iron? Protein escort inside the cell c iron?
Transferin Ferritin
70
All formed elements are derived from a single population of cells called??
PHSC (Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell) aka Hemocytoblast
71
RBC FORMATION Mnemonics? Stages?
PoBRE Proerythroblast aka Pronormoblast Basophil Erythroblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte
72
1st generation of cell that it starts to acquire Hgb?
Basophil Erythroblast
73
Immature RBC / Young RBC | Ejection of nucleus
Reticulocyte
74
Stimulus that can do Erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin
75
ERYTHROPOIESIS Kidney? Liver?
90% | 10%
76
FACTORS THAT INCREASE RBC FORMATION | Mnemonics?
BATCH ``` Bone marrow disease Altitude is high Tissue hypoxia Circulatory disease Hemorrhage ```
77
IMPORTANT VITAMINS FOR RBC FORMATION?
Vit B12 Folic acid Iron
78
OTHER NAMES: Vit B12 Folic Acid
Cyanocobalamin Pteroylglutamic acid
79
Which vitamins that is important for DNA SYNTHESIS? Which vitamins that is important for HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS?
Vit B12, Folic Acid Iron
80
Primary Polycythemia aka?
Polycythemia Vera
81
Complete depletion of iron
Plummer Vinson Syndrome
82
Plummer Vinson Syndrome | TRIAD? Mnemonics??
DIE Dysphagia Iron deficiency anemia (+) esophageal web
83
2 types of MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
Pernicious Anemia | Folic Acid Anemia
84
Increase destruction of RBC
Hemolytic Anemia
85
Hemoglobin S
Sickle cell anemia
86
(+) pain crisis
Sickle cell anemia
87
Red cells are very small & spherical and cannot withstand compression forces
Hereditary Spherocytes
88
Erythroblastosis Fetalis aka?
HDN | Hereditary Disease of Newborn
89
Cerebral Palsy assoc c Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Athetoid CP
90
3 Types of Hemolytic Anemia
Sickle cell anemia Hereditary Spherocytes Erythroblastosis Fetalis
91
WBC LIFESPANS Granulocytes Blood? Tissues? Agranulocytes Blood? Tissues?
4-8 hrs 4-5 days 10-20 days Approx 3 months
92
Types of Granulocytes WBC | Mnemonics?
BEN-G Basophil Eosinophils Neutrophils
93
Most abundant WBC? 2nd most abundant WBC? Least abundant WBC?
Neutrophils Lymphocytes Basophils
94
Smallest WBC
Lymphocytes
95
Largest WBC
Monocytes
96
WBC responsible for: Bacterial infection? Parasitic infection? Viral infection?
Neutrophils Eosinophils Lymphocytes
97
Primary cells in Innate Immunity
``` Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes Mast cells Macrophage ```
98
Releases antibodies
B cells
99
Releases cytokines
T cells
100
Site of maturation of T cell
Thymus
101
Primary action is phagocytosis and inflammatory response
Innate immunity
102
Primary action is protection against EXTRACELLULAR ANTIGENS
Adaptive immunity - Humoral mediated
103
Primary action is protection against INTRACELLULAR ANTIGENS
Adaptive immunity - Cellular mediated
104
1st line of defense? Mnemonics for types of 1st line of defense?
Tissue macrophages ``` KALBS Kuppffer cells (liver) Alveolar macrophages (lungs) Lymphoid macrophages (lymph nodes) (Brain) Microglia (Skin) Histiocytes ```
105
2nd line of defense?
Neutrophils
106
Neutrophils stick to the capillary walls
Margination
107
The mvt of neutrophils from blood into the tissue spaces
Diapedesis
108
B cells produces antibodies aka?
Immunoglobulin
109
MC immunoglobulin?
Ig-G
110
The only antibody that crosses placenta and responsible for Rh reaction
Ig-G
111
Fluid antigens (body secretions)
Ig-A
112
Food antigens
Ig-M
113
First antibody produced following exposure to an infectious agent
Ig-M
114
Allergy
Ig-E
115
B cell receptor / antigen binding receptor
Ig-D
116
Mnemonics for the type of antibodies?
GAMED
117
Mnemonics for the types of ALLERGIC REACTION
ACID Anaphylactic AR Cytotoxic AR Immune response AR Delayed hypersensitive AR
118
Most abundant T-cell
Helper T-cell
119
Absent in AIDS
Helper T-cell
120
Absent in GBS
Suppressor T-cell
121
Platelet lifespan
10-20 days
122
Act as a mediator (bridge) between collagen & platelet
Von Willebrand Factor
123
During blood clotting process / blood coagulation | What compose the COMMON PATHWAY and it makes the?
Prothromboplastin + ca++ + labile + stuart to Prothrombin Activating Factor
124
Activates fibrinogen to fribrin
Thrombin
125
CLOTTING FACTORS How many? What is absent? Mnemonics?
13 No clotting factor 6 ``` FATHER PLS TELL CUPID LOVE SHOULD ALWAYS BE SWEET CARING DEVOTED FOREVER Fibrinogen Prothrombin Thrombin Calcium Labile Stable A B Stuart C D Fibrin stabilizing factor ```
126
Christmas Factor
CF B
127
Hageman Factor
CF D
128
MOI of Hemophilia
X-linked recessive | Affected males
129
MC type of Hemophilia
Hemophilia A | "Classic Hemophilia"
130
Rare type and usually mild Hemophilia
Hemophilia C
131
ENERGY SOURCE: ATP-CP / PES? Glycogen-Lactic / Anaerobic? Aerobic?
Phosphocreatine Carbohydrates Carbs, protein, fats
132
OF ATP PER MINUTE ATP-CP / PES? Glycogen-Lactic / Anaerobic? Aerobic?
4 molecule/min 2.5 molecule/min 1 molecule/min
133
DURATION (Guyton & Kisner) ATP-CP / PES? Glycogen-Lactic / Anaerobic? Aerobic?
G: 8-10 sec K: <30 sec G: 1.3-1.6 min K: 30-90 sec Long periods
134
TYPES OF CONTRACTION ATP-CP / PES? Glycogen-Lactic / Anaerobic? Aerobic?
Short maximum burst Short moderate Sustained repetitive
135
ACTIVITIES (Mnemonics?) ATP-CP / PES? Glycogen-Lactic / Anaerobic? Aerobic?
``` Will Jump & Dive For 100 Million Weightlifting Jumping Diving Football dash 100 meter dash ``` 41 T Shirts 400 m dash 100m swim Tennis Soccer ``` Jose Marie Chan 10,000 meter skating Jogging Marathon running Cross county skiing 10,000 meter skating ```
136
ACTIVITIES FOR ATP-CP SYSTEM & ANAEROBIC SYSTEM Mnemonics?
2 Ball and a Hockey 200m dash Basketball Baseball Hockey
137
Type I skeletal mm fiber
Postural/Endurance muscle
138
Type II skeletal mm fiber
Mobility/Phasic/Classic muscle
139
POWER Formula? Related to? Example?
F x D / time Strength & speed Plyometrics
140
Key elements of Muscle Performance? | Mnemonics?
SEP Strength Endurance Power
141
BENEFITS OF EXERCISE in General | Mnemonics?
IFLOS (Increase IFLOS) ``` Insulin sensitivity Fat metabolism Lactic acid removal O2 consumption Storage of nutrients ```
142
Absolute mm strength/ maximum contractile force of a muscle
3-4kg/cm2
143
BMI (Recite the chant): Unit? ``` Underweight Normal Overweight Obese I Obese II Obese III ```
kg/m2 ``` <18.5 18.5-24.9 25-29.9 30-34.9 35-39 More than 40 ```
144
CALIPER TEST Landmarks | Mnemonics?
TIMTABA ``` Thigh Interscapular Medial calf Triceps Abdominals Biceps Above ASIS ```
145
Sing the A WHOLE NEW METS
...
146
SALIVA COMPOSITION
99.5% water | .5% solutes
147
Salivary Amylase aka?
Ptyalin
148
Largest salivary gland
Parotid gland
149
Protein digesting enzyme? Responsible for converting the Protein digesting enzyme?
Trypsinogen-trypsin Enterokinase = brush border villi
150
Pancreatic Duct aka?
Duct of Wirsung
151
Smaller Pancreatic Duct aka?
Accessory duct | Duct of Santorini
152
CBD + LPD =
Hepatopancreatic ampulla "Ampulla of vater" (+) sphincter of oddi
153
Heaviest gland
Liver
154
Functional unit of Liver? What's the name of cells? What does it produce?
Lobules Hepatocytes Bile
155
What compose the bile?
Water, cholesterol, bile salts, bile pigments
156
CHD + Cystic duct =
CBD
157
Deglutition center? | Mainly?
Lower pons & MO MO
158
What happens if Deglutition/Swallowing Center is activated?
Soft palate + uvula moves superiorly (to close the nasopharynx) Larynx moves upward & forward Epiglottis moves backward & downward (to widen the opening of esophagus)
159
LES aka?
Cardioesophageal sphincter
160
Parts of the stomach:
Cardia (opening) Fundus (broad portion) Body (middle) Pylorus (terminal)
161
2 tubular glands in the stomach
Gastric & Pyloric gland
162
Cells that are in Gastric gland
Mucus neck cells Chief cells Parietal cells
163
Cells that is found in gastric gland that has protein digesting enzyme (pepsinogen-pepsin)
Chief cells
164
Consist of parietal cells
Intrinsic factor | Hydrochloric acid
165
Responsible for converting the pepsinogen to pepsin
Hydrochloric acid
166
What cell that is found in pyloric gland?
G-cell
167
What hormone is released by g-cell?
Gastrin
168
Responsible for the growth & development of gastric gland
Gastrin
169
Inhibits the gastrin
Somatostatin
170
Longest alimentary canal
Small intestine
171
Major digestive organ
Small intestine
172
Major events of absorption
Small intestine
173
What reflex for tightening of pyloric sphincter
Enterogastric reflex
174
Hormones secrete by Small intestine
Cholecystokinin | Secretin
175
Hormone that is responsible for stimulation the contraction of gallbladder
Cholecystokinin
176
Hormone that is responsible for stimulation of liver & pancreas
Secretin
177
How long is the journey of CHYME in the looping coils of small intestine? Well balanced diet? Fats?
3-6 hrs 3hrs 6hrs
178
Largest alimentary canal
Large intestine
179
Responsible for the color of the stool
Stercobilin
180
How long can the stool stay in the large intestine?
72 hrs
181
Bolus + gastric juice =
Chyme
182
What reflex is in the Large intestine?
Defecation reflex
183
N amount of saliva
1,000-1,500 mL
184
N amount of pancreatic juice
1,200-1,500 mL
185
N amount of bile
800-1,000 mL
186
N amount of food storage in stomach
4L
187
N amount of gastric juice
2,000-3,000 mL
188
N amount of chyme
2-3 teaspoons
189
N amount of methane gas
500mL
190
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM For movement of GIT? Other name of plexus? For secretions & blood flow of GIT? Aka?
Myenteric / Auerbach Plexus Meissners / Submucosa Plexus
191
Ex of Disaccharide? | Mnemonics?
SML Sucrose Maltose Lactose
192
Composition of Sucrose (table sugar)
Glucose + fructose
193
Composition of Maltose (beer sugar)
Glucose + glucose
194
Composition of Lactose (milk sugar)
Glucose + galactose
195
Ex of Polysaccharide
Starch | Glycogen
196
Smallest fragment of protein
Peptide
197
Organs in RUQ
Liver Gallbladder R Kidney Pancreas (head, neck)
198
Organs in LUQ
Stomach Spleen L kidney Pancreas (body, tail)
199
Organs in RLQ
R ovary Cecum Appendix
200
Organs in LLQ
L ovary | Sigmoid
201
1st organ to rupture in abdominal trauma
Spleen
202
Recite the 9 regions in abdomen
...
203
STOMACH Location of pain? Referred pain?
Epigastric R shoulder / lat border of R scapula
204
SMALL INTESTINE Location of pain? Referred pain?
Umbilical region Low back
205
LARGE INTESTINE Location of pain? Referred pain?
Suprapubic Sacrum
206
LIVER/GALLBLADDER Location of pain? Referred pain?
RUQ/R Hypochondrium R Shoulder / R shoulder blades
207
SPLEEN Location of pain? Referred pain?
LUQ/L Hypochondrium L shoulder
208
PANCREAS Location of pain? Referred pain?
LUQ/L Hypochondrium | L shoulder pain will be felt on body and tail
209
Controls the BP & activates the RAAS
RENIN
210
What are the hormones that are produce by the Kidney?
Calcitriol | Erythropoietin
211
Calcitriol aka?
1, 25 dihydroxylcalciferol
212
Hormone in kidney that is responsible for active for VIT D (reabsiorption of calcium)
Calcitriol
213
Converts the angiotensinogen to angiotensin
Renin
214
Recite the RAAS
...
215
What happens if there is increase angiotensin II
Potent vasoconstrictor Stimulates the a.cortex to release aldosterone
216
What happens if there is increase aldosterone
Increase water reabsorptiom
217
KIDNEY Shape? Level? Location?
Bean shape T12-L3 Retroperitoneal
218
Functional unit of kidney
Nephron
219
Responsible for urine formation
Nephron
220
MAIN STRUCTURES OF NEPHRON
Renal corpuscles | Renal Tubule
221
Glomerulus + bowman's capsule
Renal corpuscles
222
PCT, LOH, DCT, CT
Renal tubules
223
TYPES OF NEPHRON
Cortical nephron | Juxtamedullary nephron
224
What cell releases renin?
Juxtaglomerular cells
225
BLOOD FLOW INSIDE THE KIDNEYS - ARTERIES | Mnemonics?
ARS IA IAGEP Aorta Renal artery Segmental a. Interlobar a. Arcuate a. ``` Interlobular a. Afferent arterioles Glomerular capilliaries Efferent arterioles Peritubular capillaries ```
226
BLOOD FLOW INSIDE THE KIDNEYS - VEINS | Mnemonics?
I AIR Interlobular v Arcuate v Interlobar v Renal v
227
Net Filtration Pressure
10mmHg
228
GFR Male? Female? Average?
125 ml/min 105 ml/min 125 ml/min
229
Workhorse of nephron
PCT
230
Most concentrated LF
Thin descending LOH
231
Most permeable to H2O?
PCT
232
Responsible for the color of urine? | Color?
Urochrome/urobilin Pale yellow to orange
233
Attachments of ADH
DCT, CCT, MCT
234
Most diluted LF
MCT, CCT, DCT
235
(+) ADH - Most diluted LF
MCT, CCT, DCT
236
(+) ADH - Most concentrated LF
Ascending LOH
237
STORAGE OF URINE Normal? Max?
500mL | 700-800 mL (dribble)
238
MICTURITION REFLEX | Amount?
Voiding (urge to urinate) | 200-300mL
239
URETHRA LENGTH Male? Female?
20cm | 3-4 cm
240
Crede maneuver
Manual downward pressure in suprapubic region
241
Overactive bladder, neurogenic bladder
Urge incontinence
242
Atonic bladder
Overflow incontinence
243
PITUITARY GLAND Aka? Location? Lobes?
Hypophysis Sella turcica (saddle-shaped depression in the body of sphenoid) Ant & post pituitary gland
244
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND Aka? Origin? Control?
Adenohypophysis Pharyngeal epithelium Hypothalamic releasing & inhibitory hormones
245
Prolactin aka?
Lactotropin
246
INCREASE PROLACTIN Female? Male?
Amenorrhea | Erectile dysfunction
247
Growth Hormone aka?
Somatotropin
248
TSH aka?
Thyrotropin
249
MSH aka?
Melanotropin / Intermedin
250
What hormone stimulates the cortisol?
ACTH
251
FSH Aka? Female? Male?
Gonadotropin Stimulates the estrogen & progesterone Stimulate the sperm
252
LH Aka? Female? Male?
Lutropin Triggers the ovulation Stimulates the testosterone
253
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND Aka? Origin? Control?
Neurohypophysis Neural tissues Hypothalamus
254
What hormones that are stored in post pituitary gland?
Oxytocin | ADH
255
ADH aka
Vasopressin
256
THYROID HORMONE T3 aka? T4 aka?
Triiodothyronine Tetraiodothyronine / thyroxine
257
(Hormone) Increase ca++ in the blood? Decrease ca++ in the blood?
Parathormone Calcitonin
258
Parathormone aka?
Parathyrin
259
ADRENAL GLAND - ADRENAL CORTEX | Mnemonics & Hormones?
GFR - ACA Zone Glomerulosa - Aldosterone Zone Fasciculata - Cortisol Zone Reticularis - Androgen
260
Pineal Gland Loc? Hormone?
At the roof of 3rd ventricle | Melatonin
261
Hormone that is responsible for maturation of T-cells
Thymosis
262
Cells that are in found in Pancreas
Islet of Langerhans
263
PANCREAS (endo) | Mnemonics?
GABIDS Glucagon - Alpha cells B cells - Insulin D cells - Somatostatin

MODULES (12 decks)

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