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MODULES > Ortho 1 > Flashcards

Ortho 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Columns that are parallel to long axis of bone

A

Osteon/Harvesian System

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2
Q

Concentric collagen fibers
Sheaths surround harvesian canal
Has lacunae

A

Lamellae

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3
Q

Canal between lamellae and harvesian canal

Osteocytes occupy this area

A

Lacunae

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4
Q

Oblique or transverse channels connecting osteons

Blood supply into bone or harvesian system

A

Volkmann’s canal

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5
Q

2 types of bone development

A

Endochondral/cartilaginous

Membranous

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6
Q

Bones from Endochondral/cartilaginous

A 
Sternum
Scapula
Ribs
Spine
Pelvis
Long bones
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7
Q

Bones from Membranous bone development

A

Facial bones
Cranial bones
Clavicle

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8
Q

HIghly specialized connective tissue composed of branching cells, the osteocytes calcified in organic matrix

A

Bone

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9
Q

COMPOSITION OF BONE? (and their percentage)

A

Organic - 20%
Inorganic - 70%
Water - 10%

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10
Q

COMPOSITION OF BONE

Collagen fiber type I?

A

Organic

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11
Q

COMPOSITION OF BONE

Hydroxyapatite?

A

Inorganic

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12
Q

Hydroxyapatite composition?

A

Calcium
Phosphate
Carbonate

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13
Q

Endochondral/cartilaginous phase

Hyaline cartilage will be derived from?

A

Mesenchymal tissue

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14
Q

Mature osteoblast

A

Osteocyte

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15
Q

Tiny, irregular channels that connects lacunae

Processes of osteocytes

A

Cannaliculi

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16
Q

PARTS OF LONG BONE

Bone ends?
Cancellous bone between epi & diaphysis?
Bone shaft?

Epiphyseal growth plate - between metaphysis & epiphysis?

A

Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis

Physis

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17
Q

Fine layer of connective tissue in long bone?

A

Endosteum

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18
Q

Outer fibrous covering in long bone?

A

Periosteum

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19
Q

Every change in form & function is followed by definite change in its internal structure

A

Wolff’s Law

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20
Q

Bone mass density is achieved in?

A

First 3 decades

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21
Q

GS to assess BMD

A

DEXA

Dual Energy Xray Absorptiometry

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22
Q

BMD

Normal?
Mod?
Osteopenia
Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis c fragility?
A 
Above 1 SD
Dec 1 SD
1-2 SD
>2 SD
\+/-2.5 SD
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23
Q

MC in all bone disorders in adults

A

Osteoporosis

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24
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS
Clinical finding?
Physical finding?

A

Codfish vertebra

Dowager’s hump

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25
Q

MOI of achondroplasia?

A

AD

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26
Q

MC form of short limb dwarfism?

A

Achondroplasia

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27
Q

Gap between 3rd and 4th fingers in achondroplasia?

A

Main en trident hand

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28
Q

FORMS OF SHORT LIMB DWARFISM

Similar to rickets?

A

Metaphyseal chondroplasia

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29
Q

FORMS OF SHORT LIMB DWARFISM
Stippled calcification in epiphysis
Mongoloid faces

A

Chondrodysplasia Punctata

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30
Q

FORMS OF SHORT LIMB DWARFISM

Similar to achondroplasia but milder form

A

Hypochondroplasia

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31
Q

FORMS OF SHORT LIMB DWARFISM

Not obvious at birth

A

Pseudoachondroplasia

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32
Q

FORMS OF SHORT LIMB DWARFISM

Polydactyly
Dysplastic fingers, distal shortening of FA & leg

A

Chondroectodermal Dysplasia

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33
Q

Chondroectodermal Dysplasia aka?

A

Ellis van creveld

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34
Q

FORMS OF SHORT LIMB DWARFISM

Ext. ear deformity
Kyphoscoliosis
Clubfoot
Hitchhiker’s thumb

A

Diastrophic dwarfism

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35
Q

MOI of Diastrophic dwarfism

A

AR

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36
Q

MOI of Chondroectodermal Dysplasia

A

AR

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37
Q

Condition where there is increased bone density

A

OSTEOSCLEROSIS

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38
Q

2 types of OSTEOSCLEROSIS

A

Osteopoikilosis

Osteopetrosis

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39
Q

OSTEOSCLEROSIS

Spotted bones?

A

Osteopoikilosis

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40
Q

Osteopetrosis aka?

A

Marble bone disease

Albers-Schonberg Disease

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41
Q

(+) celery stalk - bone within bone

A

Osteopetrosis

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42
Q

Failure of osteoclastic activation

A

Osteopetrosis

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43
Q

Transforms muscle & fascia into immobile structures

A

Progressive M.O

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44
Q

Progressive diaphyseal dysplasia aka?

A

Engelmann’s disease

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45
Q

Lack of vitamin D in infant

A

Rickets

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46
Q

Purpose of vit D

A

Increase absorption of Calcium

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47
Q

Lack of vitamin D in adults

A

Osteomalacia/Adult rickets

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48
Q

Lack of vit C

A

Scurvy

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49
Q

Purpose of vit C

A

collagen synthesis

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50
Q

Thickening of cranium
Thickening & bowing of long bones
Kyphosis
Deafness

A

PAGET’S DISEASE

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51
Q

Increase osteoblastic activity

Increase osteoclastic activity

A

PAGET’S DISEASE

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52
Q

MC site for compression fx?

A

T8-L3

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53
Q

Describe the greenstick fx

A

Fx in convex side

Bent in concave side

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54
Q

Most stable fx

A

Impacted fx

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55
Q

Growth arrest in SALTER-HARRIS

A

Type IV

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56
Q

LEFORT CLASSIFICATION

Floating palate?

A

I

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57
Q

LEFORT CLASSIFICATION

Floating maxillae?

A

II

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58
Q

LEFORT CLASSIFICATION

Floating face?

A

III

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59
Q

LEFORT CLASSIFICATION

Low maxillary fx?

A

I

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60
Q

LEFORT CLASSIFICATION

Pyramidal fx?

A

II

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61
Q

LEFORT CLASSIFICATION

Craniofacial dysfunction?

A

III

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62
Q

LEFORT CLASSIFICATION

Horizontal fx?

A

I

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63
Q

LEFORT CLASSIFICATION

Bones affected in II?

A

Nasal bone
Maxilla
Inferior orbital rim

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64
Q

MOI of hangman’s fx?

A

Hyper/ of the upper cervical spine

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65
Q

MOI of teardrop fx?

Affected?

A

hyperflexion of the spine (axial compression)

Anterior inferior of c. vertebral body

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66
Q

Fx of spinous process of C6C7T1

A

Clay shoveler’s fx

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67
Q

Horizontal fx of T12 L1 L2

A

Chance/Lapbelt/Seatbelt fx

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68
Q

Galleazi fx aka?

A

Reverse Monteggia
Dupuytren
Fx of necessity
Piedmont

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69
Q

Colle’s fx aka?

A

Silverfork deformity

Poteau’s fx

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70
Q

Smith fx aka?

A

Garden-spade deformity

Reverse colle

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71
Q

Fx of ulna

A

Nightstick fx

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72
Q

Fx of radial styloid process

A

Chauffer’s fx

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73
Q

MC fx in automobile operator

A

Chauffer’s fx

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74
Q

MONTEGGIA FRACTURE

Type I?

A

Fx of ulna diaphysis

anterior disloc of radius

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75
Q

MONTEGGIA FRACTURE

Type II?

A

Fx of ulna diaphysis

posterior disloc of radius

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76
Q

MONTEGGIA FRACTURE

Type III?

A

Fx of ulna metaphysis

anterolateral disloc of radius

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77
Q

MONTEGGIA FRACTURE

Type IV?

A

Fx of ulna and radius

disloc of radial head

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78
Q

MONTEGGIA FRACTURE TYPES

MC?
LC?

A

I

IV

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79
Q

Alvulsion fx in the base of 1st MCP?

A

Bennet’s fx

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80
Q

Comminuted Bennet fx

A

Rolando fx

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81
Q

Boxer’s fx

A

Neck of 5th MCP

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82
Q

Fx in the articular cartilage of capitulum

A

Kocher-Lorenz fx

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83
Q

Complete fx of capitulum

A

Hein-Steinthal fx

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84
Q

Palmar rim fx

A

Leutenner’s fx

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85
Q

Fx/DL of wrist and carpal rim

  • Intra articular fx of distal radius
  • DL of radiocarpal joint
A

Barton’s fx

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86
Q

Double vertical fx of pelvis

A

Malgaigne’s fx

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87
Q

Avulsion fx of iliac wing

A

Duvurney’s fx

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88
Q

Double vertical fx of pubis

A

Straddle fx

89
Q

Ischioacetabular fx

A

Walther’s fx

90
Q

MC fx in elderly (LE)

A

Subtrochanteric fx

91
Q

Type of fx where there is crushed cuboid

A

Nutcracker fx

92
Q

Fx of lateral tubercle of talus

A

Shepherd’s fx

93
Q

MOI of Shepherd’s fx

A

DF + Eversion

94
Q

Trimalleolar fx of ankle

A

Cotton fx

95
Q

MOI of Cotton fx

A

Forceful inv/ev

96
Q

Fx of the shaft of 2nd MTT

A

March fx

97
Q

Fx of the base of 5th MTT

A

Jone’s fx

98
Q

Fx of medial malleolus

A

Pott’s fx

99
Q

Fx of distal tibia and malleoli

A

Paratrooper’s fx

100
Q

Fx of fibula; 3-4 inches above ankle mortise

A

Maisonneuve’s fx

101
Q

LATE BONE COMPLICATIONS

Failure of the bones to consolidate in a given amount of time

A

Delayed union

102
Q

HEALING IN FX

UE?
LE?

A

3-12 weeks

12-18 weeks

103
Q

5 stages in bone remodeling (in fracture)

A 
Activation
Resorption
Reversal
Formation
Quiescence
104
Q

SKIN TRACTION
Pounds?
For children?

A

5-6lbs

Russel’s
Buck’s

105
Q

SKELETAL TRACTION
Pounds?
Commonly attached to?

A

20-30lbs

Prox tibia

106
Q

Attached to the skeletal traction to allow/permit MINIMAL FLEXION

A

Pearson attachment

107
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta aka?

A

Brittle bones

Fragilitas Osium

108
Q

Triad of Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A

Brittle bones
Wedge-wood blue sclera
Hearing loss (conductive)

109
Q

Lysosomal storage disorder caused by enzymatic deficiency and intracellular accumulation and mucopolysaccharide

A

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)

110
Q

MC type of MPS

A

Type I: Hurler’s Syndrome

111
Q

Hallmark of Hurler’s Syndrome

A

Hepatosplenomegaly

112
Q

Only x-linked disorder in MPS

A

Type II: Hunter’s Syndrome

113
Q

MPS TYPES

A 
I: Hurler's
II: Hunter's
III: San Filippo
IV: Morquio's
V & 7: no names
VI: Maroteaux-Lamy
114
Q

CONGENITAL AMPUTATION
MC limb deficiency?
MC birth fracture?

A

L terminal transverse radial limb

Clavicle

115
Q

ACQUIRED AMPUTATION
Minor amputation?
Major amputation?

A

Distal to MCP/MTP

Prox to MCP/MTP

116
Q

Separation of distal radius and ulna to create a crude pinching mechanism

A

Krukenberg amputation

117
Q

Hand deformity seen in pts with achondroplasia where in the thumb is proximally set and full ABD of thumb

A

Hitchhiker’s thumb

118
Q

TYPES OF FLAP
AK?
BK?

A

Fishmouth flap

Posterior flap

119
Q

Function of the skin

A

PIRATESCO

Protection
Insulation
Receptors in dermis
Aids in homeostasis
Temperature regulation
Elimination
Synthesis of vit D
Cosmesis 
Oil production
120
Q

Epidermis regenerates every?

A

4-6 weeks

121
Q

EPIDERMIS LAYERS

A

Come Let’s Grab Some Beer

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale/Germinativum
122
Q

EPIDERMIS LAYERS

Waterproof characteristics
Protection against infection

A

Stratum Corneum

123
Q

EPIDERMIS LAYERS

Found only palm and soles

A

Stratum Lucidum

124
Q

EPIDERMIS LAYERS
Water retention
Heat regulation

A

Stratum Granulosum

125
Q

EPIDERMIS LAYERS

Protects basale

A

Stratum Spinosum

126
Q

EPIDERMIS LAYERS
(+) melanocytes
Epidermal regeneraton

A

Stratum Basale/Germinativum

127
Q

Dermis aka?

A

Corium/True skin

128
Q

2 layers of dermis

A

Papillary

Reticular

129
Q

DERMIS LAYERS

Contains fingerprint & footprint

A

Papillary (pingerprint & pootprint)

130
Q

Hypodermis aka?

A

Subcutaneous tissue

131
Q

Functions of Subcutaneous tissue

A

SICS

Support
Insulation
Cushion
Stores energy for the skin

132
Q

SENSORY RECEPTOR - FNE

Location?
Sensation mediated?

A

Epi, dermis

Pain, itch

133
Q

SENSORY RECEPTOR - Merkel’s disc

Location?
Sensation mediated?

A

Stratum spinosum

Touch (M&M)

134
Q

SENSORY RECEPTOR - Meissner’s corpuscle

Location?
Sensation mediated?

A

Papillary dermis

Touch

135
Q

SENSORY RECEPTOR - Ruffini’s

Location?
Sensation mediated?

A

Papillary dermis

Heat/warmth (ruffinit)

136
Q

SENSORY RECEPTOR - Krause’s end bulb

Location?
Sensation mediated?

A

Papillary dermis

Cold

137
Q

SENSORY RECEPTOR - Pacinian corpuscle

Location?
Sensation mediated?

A

Reticular dermis

Vibration, pressure

138
Q

3 CONCENTRIC LAYER OF THE HAIR (from outer to inner)

A

Outer: cuticle
Middle: cortex
Inner: medulla

139
Q

2 types of hair

A

Terminal hair

Vellus hair

140
Q

Sweat glands aka?

A

Sudoriferous glands

141
Q

2 types of Sweat glands?

A

Eccrine/Merocrine

Apocrine

142
Q

Types of Sweat glands

Found widely distributed on skin
Help control body temp

A

Eccrine/Merocrine

143
Q

Types of Sweat glands

Found in axilla and genital areas

A

Apocrine

144
Q

CAUSES OF DERMATITIS (ECZEMA)

A

Triple A

Allergic
Actinic
Atopic

145
Q

Superficial skin infection caused by staphy- & strepto-

A

Impetigo

146
Q

(+) fever

caused by strepto- or staphy-

A

Cellulitis

147
Q

Skin in Cellulitis is?

A

HER Cell
Hot
Edematous
Red

148
Q

A cavity containing pus & surrounded by inflamed tissue

Caused by staphy infection

A

Abscess

149
Q

Cold sore or fever blister in children

A

Herpes 1 (Herpes simplex)

150
Q

Vesicular eruptions on genitalia

A

Herpes 2

151
Q

HERPES ZOSTER

CN3 involvement?

A

Eye pain

Corneal damage

152
Q

HERPES ZOSTER

CN5 involvement?

A

Loss of vision

153
Q

Usually accompanied by fever, chills, malaise, GI disturbances

A

HERPES ZOSTER

154
Q

Common, benign, caused by HPVs

A

Warts

155
Q 
Scalp ringworm?
Beard ringworm?
Body ringworm?
Nail ringworm?
Jock itch?
Athlete's foot?
A 
Tinea capitis
Tinea barbae
Tinea corporis
Tinea unguium
Tinea cruris
Tinea pedis
156
Q

Caused by mites that burrow unto skin causing inflammation, itching, redness & possibly pruritus

A

Scabies

157
Q

Lice aka?

A

Pediculosis

158
Q

Psoriasis commonly seen on?

A 
Ears
Scalp
Elbows
Fingers
Knee
Feet
Genitilia
159
Q

SLE that only affects skin that have flare ups c skin exposure

A

Discoid Lupus Erythematosus

160
Q

In SLE, commonly affects what gender?

A

Young women

161
Q

A collagen, vascular disease

A

SLE

162
Q

Thickening, hardening of the skin

A

Scleroderma

163
Q

Scleroderma - CREST Syndrome

A 
Calcinosis
Raynaud's Phenomenon
Esophageal dysfunction
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasis
164
Q

Skin lesions accompanied by dermatitis

A

Dermatomyositis

165
Q

A disease of connective tissue characterized by skin lesions with atrophy of proximal muscles

A

Polymyositis

166
Q

Benign Tumors in skin

A

Seborrheic Keratosis
Actinic Keratosis
Common Mole/Nevus

167
Q

BENIGN TUMORS IN SKIN

Proliferation of basal cells leading to raised lesions

A

Seborrheic Keratosis

168
Q

BENIGN TUMORS IN SKIN

Proliferation of squamus cells

A

Actinic Keratosis

169
Q

BENIGN TUMORS IN SKIN

Proliferation of keratocytes

A

Common Mole/Nevus

170
Q

Malignant Tumors in skin

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamus cell carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma

171
Q

SLOW GROWING epithelial basal cell tumor

A

Basal cell carcinoma

172
Q

FAST GROWING tumor in skin

A

Squamus cell carcinoma

173
Q

MALIGNANT TUMORS IN SKIN

Characterized by ivory appearance
Rolled border c indented center

A

Basal cell carcinoma

174
Q

MALIGNANT TUMORS IN SKIN

Flat, red area
Ulcer, no nodule
Poorly defined border

A

Squamus cell carcinoma

175
Q

MC type in malignant melanoma

A

SSM

Superficial spreading melanoma

176
Q

Clinical manifestations in malignant melanoma

A

ABCDE’s

Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Evolving
177
Q

Bluish discoloration of skin caused by extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissue

A

Ecchymosis

178
Q

Itching aka?

A

Pruritus

179
Q

Smooth, red elevated patches

Hives

A

Urticaria

180
Q

Brawny edema

A

Non pitting edema

181
Q

Excessive dryness of skin

A

Xeroderma

182
Q

Example of Xeroderma

A

Harlequin type ichthyosis

183
Q

SKIN LESIONS - Flat spots

Less than 1cm
>1cm

A

Macule

Patch

184
Q

SKIN LESIONS -Palpable Elevated solid mass

Less than 1cm?
>1cm?
Marble like lesion?
Irregular, localized skin edema?

A

Papule
Plaque
Nodule
Wheal

185
Q

SKIN LESIONS - Flat spots

Less than 1cm?
>1cm?
Containing pus?

A

Vesicles
Blister/bulla
Pustule

186
Q

BURN WOUND CLASSIFICATION
(+) blanching
Brisk capillary refill

A

Superficial partial-thickness

187
Q

BURN WOUND CLASSIFICATION
(+) blanching
Slow capillary refill

A

Deep partial-thickness

188
Q

BURN WOUND CLASSIFICATION
(-) blanching
Poor distal circulation

A

Full-thickness

189
Q

BURN WOUND CLASSIFICATION

Severe pain

A

Superficial partial-thickness

190
Q

BURN WOUND CLASSIFICATION

Little to no pain

A

Deep partial-thickness

191
Q

BURN WOUND CLASSIFICATION

Anesthetic

A

Full-thickness

192
Q

BURN WOUND CLASSIFICATION

Intact blisters

A

Superficial partial-thickness

193
Q

BURN WOUND CLASSIFICATION

Broken blister

A

Deep partial-thickness

194
Q 
BURN WOUND CLASSIFICATION
Excessive scarring (raised scars)
A

Deep partial-thickness

195
Q

BURNS - FORMATION OF RAISED SCARS

Within boundary?
Beyond boundary?

Maturation of scars?

A

Hypertrophic
Keloid

2 years

196
Q

BURN WOUND ZONES

A

CaSH
Zone of coagulation
Zone of stasis
Zone of hyperemia

197
Q

SEVERITY OF BURN INJURY - 2ND DEGREE BURN
Min?
Mod?
Major/Critical?

A

Less than 15%
15-30
>30%

198
Q

SEVERITY OF BURN INJURY - 3RD DEGREE BURN
Min?
Mod?
Major/Critical?

A

Less than 2%
2-10%
>10%

199
Q

Other criteria to be classified in major/critical in 3rd degree burn

A 
Electric burn
Smoke inhalation injury
Burn with fractures
Burn with complications
Burn on face, hands, feet, perineum
200
Q

MC of death in burns

A

Infections

201
Q

Complications of electrical burn

A

SARC

SCI
Arrhythmias
Renal failure
Cataract formation

202
Q

SKIN GRAFTS

Cadaver skin

A

Homograft/Allograft

203
Q

SKIN GRAFTS

Animal skin

A

Heterograft/Xenograft

204
Q

SKIN GRAFTS

Contains collagen & synthesis

A

Biosynthetic graft

205
Q

BURNS - DEFORMITIES & ORTHOSIS
>Neck

POD?
TOP?
Orthosis?

A

Flexion
Hyper/
Soft collar (cervical)

206
Q

BURNS - DEFORMITIES & ORTHOSIS
>Shoulder or axilla

POD?
TOP?
Orthosis?

A

ADDIR

Abd 90
ER
Slight shoulder flexion

Airplane (axillary) splint

207
Q

BURNS - DEFORMITIES & ORTHOSIS
>Elbow

POD?
TOP?
Orthosis?

A

Flexion, FA pronation

Extension, FA supination

Posterior elbow splint

208
Q

BURNS - DEFORMITIES & ORTHOSIS
>Hand & wrist

POD?
TOP?
Orthosis?

A

Intrinsic minus (claw hand)

Intrinsic plus
Wrist / 15-20
MCP flexion 70
IP /
Thumb slightly ABD

Resting hand splint

209
Q

BURNS - DEFORMITIES & ORTHOSIS
>Hip

POD?
TOP?
Orthosis?

A

FADDIR

EXABD & neutral rotation

Post. hip splint

210
Q

BURNS - DEFORMITIES & ORTHOSIS
>Knee

POD?
TOP?
Orthosis?

A

Flexion
/
Post. knee splint

211
Q

BURNS - DEFORMITIES & ORTHOSIS
>Ankle

POD?
TOP?
Orthosis?

A

PF
DF
Plastic AFO

212
Q

MC site for pressure ulcer in infants

A

Occiput

213
Q

ULCER STAGES
Shallow crater?
Deep crater?
Undermining/tunneling/rimming?

A

II
III
IV

214
Q

WOUND DRESSINGS - DRY WOUNDS
Best?
Materials?

A

Hydrogel

Hydrogel
Transparent film
Wet-to-wet/Continuous wet

215
Q

WOUND DRESSINGS - MIN TO MOD EXUDATE
Best?
Materials?

A

Hydrocolloids

Hydrocolloids
Wet to dry

216
Q

WOUND DRESSINGS - DRY WOUNDS

It can also use in stage 1 and 2 ulcer

A

Transparent film

217
Q

WOUND DRESSINGS - MOD TO HEAVY EXUDATE
Best?
Materials?

A

Calcium Alginate

```
CaSe IoCo Dry
Calcium alginate
Semipermeable film
Iodosorb
Collagen dressing
Dry to dry / continuous dry
~~~

218
Q

DAKIN’S SOLUTION
Composed of?
For?

A

Boric acid + bleach

HIV / AIDS

219
Q

INFECTED WOUND
1st choice of solution?
2nd choice?
3rd choice?

A

PiNa HyPer

Povidone-Iodine (betadine)
Na Hypochlorite (bleach & zonrox)
Hydrogen Peroxide (agua oxinada)

MODULES (12 decks)

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