Physical Paper Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Describe how plate tectonics causes volcanic activity.

A

Oceanic plate is more dense than continental plate so is subjected and plate moves towards the mantle, melting the plate.
This causes magma to rise and viscous magma and explosive means volcanoes erupt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Case study of phillipines ‘ring of fire’

A

Philipines is seismically active Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’ a band of volcanoes and fault lines
It is located in cyclone belt aprrox 5 - 25 degrees north and is affected by storms as they blow west in Pacific Ocean
The sea temp around 26 degrees allowing warm, moist body of air to develop due to intense evaporation.
Philipines has low lying areas (e.g. Manila) which are prone to flooding.
Floods can also be secondary hazard following on from cyclones
Low income countries are limited to flood defence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens when oceanic and continental plates meet?

A

Oceanic is more dense and subducts under continental plate towards the mantle.
Produces ANDESITIC LAVA - high silica content and a higher percentage of volatile gases. which moves through fissures and gaps.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which plate causes larger damage?

A

Destructive plate boundaries generate larger magnitude volcanic eruptions that constructive or hot spots.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What other factors can cause impact due to volcanic eruptions?

A

Population density - more living at a hotspot or a area with high vulnerability then higher chance of damage and impact caused to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of coastlines form when isostatic sea level rise, eustatic sea level rise.

A

Isostatic sea level rise - Emergent coastline formed
Isostatic sea level is local sea level risk due to the land sinking, crustal material is forced down into the mantle. Changing the relative sea level

Eustatic sea level rise - Submergent coastline formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the rate of erosion at Holderness coastline.

A

2 metres per year
soft boulder clay and chalk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can storm surges cause coastal erosion

A

Storm surges means more destructive wave - higher height, produce plunging breakers where backwash>swash.
So more coastal recession compared to constructive wave.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What did the COP21 Paris Agree to do

A

COP21 agreed in Paris 2015, aim to rebalance carbon cycle by cutting global emissions to below 20Gt per year by 2040 - reduces risk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What other alternatives are there to prediction and forecasting.

A

It may be difficult to predict hence some countries invest in aseismic building as well as education and training to reduce vulnerability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are fjords created?

A

Fjords are created when the very deep coastal glacial at U shaped valleys called glacial troughs are flooded by rising sea level.
Fjords have steep valley sides and uniformly deep water (1000m)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In the UK, what percentage of energy Is renewable

A

43% of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which volcano has a lot of frequency in eruption

A

Mount Merapi, Indonesia is a decade volcano and has frequent pyroclastic flows affecting the vulnerability of the community.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain the differences in the characteristics of beach between summer and winter?

A

Storm berm in winter is created by large destructive waves progressing further up the beach than normal, carrying large sediment when is then deposited.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain two ways in which a warming climate can lead to a rise in global sea level.

A

More greenhouse gas, so temperature rises and more glaciers and ice sheets melt hence can lead to rise in global sea level rise.

Thermal expansion of ocean water as molecule move more vigorously. Hence sea level rises.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Suggest economic impacts of rising sea level on developing countries.

A

Increased cost of medical care if more coastal defences.
Rely on primary industry (agriculture) for source of income. If flooding occur this is destroyed and cannot be sold so causes economic impact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain how the planting of new forests could assist with:
1. Climate change mitigation

A

New forest increase uptake of CO2
Reduces impact of enhanced greenhouse effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain how the planting of new forests could assist with:
adapting to climate change

A

Increase forest could help reduce effect of flooding - interception of water from vegetation such as mangroves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain how the risk of disaster can increase as a risk of:
1. frequency of the hazard
2. magnitude of the hazard

A
  1. Less recovery/planning time, constant damage
  2. Larger damage and effect, capacity to cope is overwhelmed by scale of disaster.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain how changes in sea level ice extent may accelerate global warming.

A

Darker ocean surface lowers albedo levels reflects less light
This warms air/ sea surface temperature
This warms air / sea surface temperatures
Positive feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain why earthquakes are often experienced in coastal areas of California

A

California has the San Andreas fault lines, so earthquakes are frequent. Majority of the coastal area lie within 50 km of the San Andreas Fault line.

Conservative boundary - plates slide past one another at different rates. The friction produces pressure which travels in the form of seismic waves to the epicentre.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name two natural hazards which could be caused by high rainfall

A

Flooding
Landslides/Mass movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How would farmers adapt to
1. changing annual rainfall
2. Rising temperatures

A
  1. Irrigation, finding ways to collect rainfall (micro dams)
    Use of GM crops, use land for new purpose.
  2. Plants that are resistant to heat. Irrigation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain two natural causes of short term climate change

A

Sunspot - affect temperatures because more UV radiation. More storms are warmer

Periodic movements of jet stream/ocean currents can affect rainfall temperatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the two constructive (divergent) plates that can form.

A

2 oceanic = mid ocean ridge
Oceanic plates diverge extend underwater as mountain chains with transform faults cut across. - earthquakes and volcanoes

2 continental = Rift valleys
Crust forms parallel cracks and the land between them collapse, creating steep valleys - earthquake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the three types of seismic waves

A

P- fastest wave and travels through solid liquid, least damaging
S- move slower, travel only through solids.
L - love waves, slowest and most damaging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Case study of Christchurch - earthquake

A

earthquake 2010
Magnitude of 7.1
Significant Liquefaction - infrastructure sinking
$12 bn losses
Old buildings destroyed
Many companies refused to insure people that live in dangerous prone areas, heavily rely on their own means of recovery - government –> natural disadvantage.

Successful - post management where temporary housing in caravans and cathedral
GP and emergency care
72 specialist workers arrived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Case study of Kashmir - earthquake

A

2005 Kashmir Earthquake - magnitude 7.6
At least 79,000 people were killed and more than 32,000 buildings collapsed in Kashmir.
Remote regions, so difficult to reach. Lack of maps. Harsh Himalayan winter blocked access for 6 months.

Local ideas and cultural design - Dhajji Dewari house design made from timber and earth infill, gave strong foundation and more resistant to the high magnitude earthquake.
Modern design buildings and collapsed in the area and did not withstand the pressure.

Tension with Indian government so less aid provided to help with recovery
Pakistani economic focus rather than aseismic construction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Iceland - Eyjafallajokulll eruptions - volcanic

A

2010 April
Atmospheric circulation, ash clouds affected flights over Northern Europe
100,000 flights were cancelled
1.7 billion US dollars lost in airline revenue
Kenya impact most - rely on export of fruit and veg , 1.3 million US lost daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How is a tsunami formed?

Give a case study

A

An earthquake rocks the ocean floor
Displaces volume of water pushing it up
sets off an oscillation which develops underwater at great speed
sea water is sucked back from the shore
waves get bigger as water gets shallower

Indian Ocean tsnumani - 2004
magnitude 9
No early warning system
5 million people affected, 14 countries
10 billion dollar damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Nepalese Earthquake

A

2015
magnitude 7.8
over 8000 deaths
lost 65 billion dollars
extremely poor, half population in poverty
Kathmandu buildings collapsed
Mountainous so landslides so difficult to rescue
Unable to cope relied on oversea aid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Haiti Earthquake

A

2010
7.0
Liquefaction - buildings to sink
Haiti is poor, government corrupt
accessibility is difficult
Lack of building regulations
cholera outbreak lasted 6 years, 720,000 people affected.

Recovery - still recovering in 2016
slow progress, aid given from NGOS

33
Q

Japan earthquake

A

Tohoku earthquake 2011
9.0
10m high tsunami wave
well developed, evacuation plans, early warning system
110k defence troops
183 billion dollars offered by Bank of Japan to keep economy going
international aid from 20 countries

BUT Fukushima nuclear plant was severely damaged and ended up closing

34
Q

Bam earthquake

A

2003
6.6 magnitude
geographically isolated, major town 190km away
located in arid desert environment - mud brick buildings
Located on complex tectonic setting

Tourism is major industry - 2400 year old buildings
keep them, new construction poor quality - built to match ancientt techniques
wooden structure suffered from termite weakening
3 main hospital all destroyed in earthquake

but… national government ensured international aid was effective - 26 nations sent expert search and research teams.

35
Q

California Earthquake -

A

Frequent but shake alert - early warning system
education - $3.3. million in 2012 spent on drills and training
180 seismic retrofits
Utility systems to bring them back as quick as possible
High Tech monitoring - GPS systems with NASA

36
Q

Multiple natural hazards

A

Exposed to multiple natural hazards.
1991: Mount Pinatubo and Typhoon Yunya
second largest eruption of 20th century, generating large pyroclastic flows and clouds of volcanic ash hundreds of miles across.
Event coincided with Typhoon Yunya with winds of up to 120mph.
Rainfall + volcanic ash = lahars

847 died
73k houses damaged

37
Q

Guniea - coastal recession

A

Guinea in West Africa has had 700m of erosion in 40 years
influenced by human actions
Diamond mining - gravel extracted from river to get diamonds but sediment not returned
Swell waves of up to 3m high, $3.8 million of damage to Kenya unemployment
Rising sea level 1m by 2100
Coastal management - very expensive and interrupt sediment transfer such as LSD.

38
Q

California - droughts

A

California is known for earthquake due to San Andreas Fault like. Frequent earthquake can lead to tsunami causing coastal destruction. La Niña - 4 year cycle, warmer climates and lower pressure so droughts worsened.

Dredging thousands of ocean floor sediment
Increased population and overuse of water strains the stores and causes more frequent droughts

39
Q

Nile delta - erosion

A

due to human activity, interrupts sediment cells
Major dam construction traps river sediment behind the dam wall.
Aswan High Dam on River Nile in 1964 reduced sediment volume from 130 million tonnes to about 15 million tonnes per year.
Erosion rates jumped from 20m per year to 200m.

40
Q

Storm Surge/Coastal Flooding - Bangladesh

A

Country is low lying river delta
0-9m above sea level
worlds densely populated country
Funnel shape
intense rainfall
deforestation has increased chances of flooding and no water cannot infiltrate through

2007 - Cyclone Side, 6m high storm surge
15k died and 55k injured
1.6 million homes destroyed
1.7 billion damage

2004 - floods
10.5 million displaced
diarrhoea
$150 million in aid needed
damage to schools and hospitals - $7 billion

41
Q

Netherlands

A

Low lying
SLR 19cm since 1900
Sea inundated 17% of Holland
66% live in flood prone areas
70% of GDP at risk
Largest European logistics hub which supports 75% of Western Europe

:) – government set aside 1 billion euros ever year
Build up marshlands
9km storm surge barrier
floating houses
pump water for irrigation

42
Q

SIDS - sea level rise

A

Maldives - mainly primary sector (agriculture)
Conflictt between generations - older (idyll) younger wanting employment
Economic degradation and climate change
Sea level rise force people out - only 1m above sea level
flooding twice a month

Tarawa, Kiribati - 3metres above sea level
More at risk, triggered since 2015
Trying to reside in New Zealand however not a large amount of permits as climate change is not an immediate impact hence does not count as refugees

42
Q

Portballintrae -

A

734 people live on the causeway coast
historical fishing village
rapid growth since 1970s
Huge amount of beach removal
Leslies pier was a hinderance and disrupted process, rebuilt in 1895 and diffracted incoming waves further.
LSD occurred from centre to the east which lead to removal of sand and rip current takes sediment back out into the water. So less beach

43
Q

Sustainable management leading to conflict - Maldives

A

Construction of new artificial islands. Constructed to be ‘Safe places’ for people to go to when sea levels threaten the lower lying natural islands.

However conflict isolated communities may be ignored
traditional income sources, fishing, is overlooked.

44
Q

Policy Decisions - Slapton, Devon

A

Uses Beach Realignment
Major barrier beach
Protects slapton ley

Cost - shingle ridge, naturally migrates inland 0.3m per year. Need to sustain shingle ridge but lagoon as it at risk
Road closure whilst construction affects businesses
£30k to align and £50k to maintain

Benefit:
A379 will not be interfered with as it is the important and emergency access route to Dartmouth
Builds tourism
High value assets are protected

45
Q

Lyme Regis -

A

Coastal town located in West Dorset
Physical -
Average annual rainfall exceeds 850mm - adds to sub aerial stress
Town lies upon actively unstable soft clay and poor drainage
Sea level rise and storm surge frequency
Large Atlantic fetch - increase in marine erosion at base of cliff (1m per year)

Human -
town has resident population of 5000 people who live within 1km of the coastline.
population increases to 15,000 during summer - tourism
Urbanisation and development - significant stress to geology and drainage systems

46
Q

Isostatic uplift - Louisiana

A

USA - post glacial adjustment - northern part of USA is rebounding upwards whilst souther USA is tilting downwards.

Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of Mexico
Huge levees and engineering projects protect New Orleans
Vulnerable to storm surges, global sea level rise, isostatic tectonic uplift.

Mississippi delta is subsiding - sinking downwards partly because of the weigh of sediment pushing down on itself
Deltas form because of the deposition of river material. Accumulation of material (accretion).
Interplay between accretion and subsidence results in future land loss.

47
Q

Minnesotas Peatbogs -

A

8000 year old and a moist environment
Accumulate, compress and trap carbon
It is good as it purifies water, mitigating floods, new habitats
stores 2x more carbon than forests
Reduces methane emissions, but when peatlands are drained more ghg produced

48
Q

Ukraine - energy

A

7th largest coal reserve
However it is not used to its best effectiveness as there has been political tension - war, government instability, economic recession

Economic - lack of investment
Too much Russian influence

Social - ethnic tension

technological - outdated energy infrastructure

49
Q

Mozambique energy

A

4th largest reserve
$350 billion of potential energy sources - but majority exported to South Africa
Portugal, Japan, US, India, UAE, Brazil are all wanting to invest in oil /gas associated infrastructure
In 2011-2013 there was a 7% GDP growth rate - creating a young, increasingly educated population. However due to 17 year old civil war, 55% below poverty line that are very illiterate.
11 Mozambique communities have been relocated - 35,000 ha sold to US company

50
Q

Russia energy

A

Second largest producer of gas
Most of the Exports go to Europe through pipelines
Geopolitical tension - 3 of the pipelines cross Ukraine, a country from which Russia annexed Crimea in 2014.
Ukraine has a position of strength –> could increase charges for Russia to pass alone.

Given history it is not strategic for EU to heavily rely on Russian gas

51
Q

Deepwater Oil - Brazil

A

Oil and gas that is found well offshore and at considerable oceanic depths. Drilling takes place from ocean rigs.
4.2 million gallons of oil is released, large amount of profit and is offshore.

  1. Vast amount of economic growth
  2. Unconventional fossil fuels
  3. Other oil can be made cheaper - so everyone can afford

:( - Oil spills - risk to aquatic organisms
Direct impact on climate change
2.4 billion dollars impacted on tourism and fishing
High Costs

52
Q

UKs energy mix

A

Has renewable and recycleable energy schemes
Solar pOWER
wIND Energy
HEP
- 41%

Fuel cells
electric cars

53
Q

Denmark energy -

A

Agreements with Norway, Sweden and Germany to share energy generation. It is passing their expertise
Holistic strategy - 40% is wind energy
Green taxes
Underground heating systems
Invest in renewables

54
Q

Radical Technology - reduces CO2 Emissions

A

Hydrogen Fuel cells - converts chemical energy in hydrogen to electricity with water as by product
Hydrogen fuel cells are more energy efficient

Carbon capture storage - captures CO2 from coal fired power stations. CO2 is stored, compressed and transported by pipeline to a well, where it is injected into geological reservoirs. (reduces CO2 emissions by 19%)

55
Q

Norway

A

Discovered oil in 1960s and used it to develop significant wealth funds
Wanted to avoid Dutch Disease so diversified energy
NOW runs entirely on HEP
uses tidal power and connects to Sweden and Netherlands
First carbon capturing storage in 1955

56
Q

Great green wall of China

A

Initative to combat the spread of Gobi Desert and the effects of desertification
Afforestation
Aerial seeding - direct approach and they incentivise landowners to plant trees as indirect approach.

:)- soaks up more CO2
successfully reduced dust storm intensity

:(- hurts the environment further
Afforestation - artificial short term solution not sustainable for long term

57
Q

Africa

A

Built a green wall of trees across entire content to bring the dry land back to life.
Wall spans 11 countries
Trees bring wealth, leaves provides compost and offers shade - less need for water
Arcia trees are used - the roots hold water in the soil so wells have been filled up again

:) - NEW ECONOMY, 200 women are working
Grow more vegetables and can be produced more cheaply
Education increaed
Project began in 2007 and expected to cost $8 billion -

58
Q

Deforestation in Madagascar

A

Growing demands for resources threaten carbon and water cycle
Deforestation has major impacts -
1. Increase CO2 emissions
2. Reduce terrestrial carbon stores
3. Affects water cycle, atmosphere, biosphere
4. Infiltration decreases, runoff and erosion increases
5. Annual rainfall reduces
6. Increased discharge leads to flooding with higher flood peaks and shorter lag time

59
Q

Amazon -

A

Giant climate regulator, creating a moisture key to soil heath and humidity in the atmosphere. Since 1990, cycles of extreme drought and flooding have been observed.
This means that:
1. Declining carbon store.
2. Sequester less carbon from the atmosphere
3. diminishing role in the hydrological cycle

60
Q

Peatlands

A

Sphagnum moss is grown and it can store carbon, if humans are draining the land, sphagnum moss oxidises with oxygen and carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.

Peatlands in indonisea cover 200,000 km^2.
Internationall deforestation and drainage for palm oil has led to disastrous wild fires - emitting 23% of Indonesia’s total carbon emissions.

Congo is the worlds largest tropical peatland - estimated to store three years worth of worlds total fossil fuel emissions

61
Q

Energy pathway - OPEC

A

Energy pathway is the route taken by any form of energy from its source to its point of consumption.
OPEC has 14 member countries between them own 2/3 of the world’s oil reserves.
Control the amount of oil/gas entering the global market
Most influential consumers are transport, industry and domestic users. Consumers are passive players where it comes to fixing energy prices.

62
Q

What are the agreements for climate change

A

Kyoto 1997
international agreement which aimed to cut GHG by 5% by 2012

Paris Agreement 2016: aims to keep the rise in global temperatures to less than 2 degrees above its pre industrial level - 140 nations signed by 3 largest producers were reluctant, Russia, China and USA

63
Q

Threats to Ocean Health - Marshall Islands, Pacific

A

Spread over 29 coral atolls and over 1000 islands
population of 54k
Mainly fishing community
Dependent on imports
Site of nuclear testing in 1950 - Bikini Atoll - lots of radioactivity of pLUTONIUM WASTE - hence off limits.

Increasing temperature - algae (zooxanthellae) dies
Coral bleaching
Reefs provide lifelines for Marshall Islands - food, coastal protection and tourism - all vulnerable

Local change -
radioactive waste enters ocean due to SLR and extreme weather events
Sewage, plastic waste poor disposal lead to poor ocean quality and biodiversity lost.

Human affected - less fish stock and bleaching

64
Q

Cherrapunji

A

Wettest place in the world - top soil washed away
Monsoon climate and orographic rain (rain at top of mountain - eastern part as rain shadow)
Step walls are constructed to store water during monsoon season

65
Q

How does monsoon occur?

A

Sun heats up water
High pressure in water, low pressure on land so air moves on shore
The land heats up due to higher specific heat capacity, land is heated faster
Air is then heated up and so lower air pressure.
More precipitation - monsoon

66
Q

River Nile

A

Longest river in the world
Travels 11 countries
Two major tributaries - White Nile - travels further and Blue Nile which flows from Lake Tana Ethiopia to white nile
Nile floods seasonally - provides life giving fertile soil
Supports much of the population living along its bank

Rock type - Granite and other hard rock

Human Vulnerability - Egypt holds and control most water but Ethiopia currently building Grand Renaissance Dam, this threatens water security for Egypt.
90% of Egypt water comes from Blue Nile summer floods

67
Q

Drainage Basin - Colorado

A

The population of 7US states make up the basin
Provides water for 40 million people
1.4 million ha of farmland depend on the water
There is pressure as there is more water consumed. So water tables have been dropped more than 5 feet

68
Q

Californian Drought

A

Experienced meteorological and agricultural drought.
In 2013, there was 34% less rainfall and there was 13 consecutive months of drought
Snowpack was less than 20%, and instead of snow, there was dirt. $44.7 billion lost in agricultural industry - half of US fruits, vegetables and nuts are grown there.
102 million trees died
Heavy rain in 2017 was suppose to benefit but instead caused power outages and erosional damage

69
Q

Millennium Drought - Australia

A

Lasted 12 years
2001- 2009
Disastrous impact on wheat, wool, meat imports

Human activity -
1. Deforestation- 90% of basins original vegetation removed since the 1800s
2. Reduces transpiration/precipitation and increase surface run off
3. 3.5 million people are using the Murray Darling water supply

70
Q

Iraq - Wetland ecosystem

A

Wetland act as temperature water stores to the recharging of aquifers
Traps pollutants

Iraq - Saddam Hussain cut off water supply and drained areas as punishment at the Iraqi marshes this meant that droughts occurred in the wetlands.

less precipitation and interception
less infiltration and percolation
evaporation increases, decrease in transpiration
fish and cattle are dying and no ecotourism

71
Q

What do jet-streams do?

A

They determine the direction and speed of depressions.
They propel the storm, weaker jet stream storms stay for longer.

72
Q

Pakistan

A

Glaciation, every 1 degree increases means 5.3% increase in precipitation. Air pollution is darkening glaciers
Weaker jet streams - storms persist longer. More prolonged rain in Pakistan
Dams in Kabul River have been destroyed, glacial lakes in the north released sudden outbursts of water.
August 2022, Pakistan received 3x annual average rainfall with 1/3 flooded

73
Q

Houston - human activity

A

Lies on hurricane path, located on coast
Large population growth, millions move to metropolitan area
Developers pave over crucial areas of prairie land that once absorbed huge amount of rain water
1/4 of flood absorbing land available from 600,000 acres
30% of freshwater wetlands have been lost from 1992- 2010 and impervious surface increased by 25%
Tropical storm Allison was when 40 inches of rain fell, affected over 700k residents and $5 billion damage

74
Q

Local scale dispute - Israel/Palestine

A

Dispute over who owns lands for decades
60% desert and Israelians control 80% of mountain aquifer so Palestinians are deprived of water.
Israel use 369L of water a day whilst Palestine only use 73L per day.
Palestinians built the new city on the west bank, bring hope for many cities.
However neighbouring towns were all owned by Israelis and gave no permission for water, slowing down development.
Eventually one year late 300 cubic per day - supplies 5000 people only

75
Q

Transboundary dispute - Mekong Delta

A

Mekong is eight largest river in the road stretching from Cambodia to China - 70 million residents
Area of conflict, economic issues etc.
China has built 37 dams
Dams hold back water - make it harder to flush out pollutants - 2mil suffer from water diseases.

Rising pressure, reducing quanity and reducing quality

To solve dispute Mekong River Commission in 1955 set a initiative for economical and environmental friendly future

76
Q

Lesotho

A

Landlocked country within South Africa
Abundant water - country lies above 100m altitude
Purpose to provide Lesotho with HEP and income in exchange for water in South Africa especially the industrial Gauteng region

:)- 2.5km^3 of water per year is to be exported to Gauteng, immense economic benefits
First couple phases suggest few enviornmental damages caused

:( - poorest of Lesotho have not seen any benefits
Project has corruption and bribery

77
Q

Singapore - sustainable management schemes

A

It has few natural resources, has thriving economy and high standard of living - 6 million people

Collects every drop of water, government encourages this - since 2003 per capita consumption reduced from 165L to 150L
Re use water endlessly - cutting new technologies to reuse grey water
Desalinate moew sea water - two desalination plant now meet 25% fof the water demand.
Still imports water from Malaysia.

78
Q

Hazard Profile Factors

A

Magnitude, Aerial Extent, Frequency, Duration, Speed of Onset