Health And human Rights Flashcards
Explain why some states see the ECHR as controversial (4)
ECHR can be seen as controversial – governments loses power hence authoritarian governments are not keen on the idea; as their decisions are overruled.
ECHR are handling authority on human rights and this is perceived as a western idea that some cultures cannot easily follow, for example North Korea as well as people who follow Sharia Law
Suggest reasons for the relationship between rates of female literacy and fertility. (6)
Negative correlation but it depends on stages of country development. As female literacy rate increases the fertility rate decreases.
Because more Education so more aware of contraceptive methods so less birth rates
Both genders are educated, so more time spent on jobs. Education is crucial to economic development (more people in tertiary sector and improves Human Resources)
Women are taught education, more flow of ideas so development and idea of desired family size.
On the other hand, people with lower literacy rates, end up in jobs (primary sector), so less wealth and less child care so life expectancy is lower. So parent’s confidence is lower - want to have more children.
Explain why high levels of political corruption are a threat to human rights (8)
Human rights is the right of life, education, election as well as freedom from slavery and expression.
Political corruption is a threat because bribes or funds are given to political parties which are for their own benefit. This means less money will be invested into the country and so human rights become a risk.
For example, in Myanmar there are two political parties (NLD and the military junta). Aung Sann Suu Kyi, the party leader for NLD hopes for democracy and restore human rights in the country. However, there were concerns polls will be rigged by military junta - this indicates the lack of rights for fair elections. The military coup in 2020 was due to political corruption and caused lack of democracy and loss of rights to election and expression.
Another example is South Sudan, where the political elites have been diverting millions of US dollars for their own benefit rather than the general public. The violations of human rights here are involving finances, for example the oil industry - money can be used to prevent environmental degradation but rather the oil spills have caused abnormalities in birth, low fertility and damage to the health.
In some cases, political corruption , can cause gender inequalities to increase so women have a lack of access to rights of expression and freedom, as many of the institutions will still be controlled by men.
Evaluate the view that direct military intervention is the most effective way of improving levels of human development. (20)
It is not the most effective way - Afghanistan
It is effective - Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone
Direct military intervention involves armed forces engaging in physical conflict (air strikes or war) with another nation in hope that the levels of human development will increase as an outcome.
For example in Saudi Arabia , there was agreement at the end of the direct military intervention and so political stability allowed the country to reconstruct and receive FDI leading to economic growth. From here there was more equality between genders, such as some improving their human rights with the ability to be able to drive.
In 2000, U.K. military intervened in the Sierra Leone civil war. At first it was to evacuate foreign nationals but later expanded to protecting Sierra Leone civilians. This outcome helped with ending human rights abuses.
French military intervention in Mali since 2013 to protect minority groups such as the Malian Sufis from Islamic extremists had worked to an extent”
NGOS involvement can also help rebuild infrastructure and develop economical, social indicators.
On the other hand it isn’t the most effective way, for example the war of terror, of many muslim extremists. the Western countries have been involved with drone strikes in Pakistan and Afghanistan. 2003 invasion of Iraq and conflict in Afghanistan since 2001. Economy is impacted, as many people fear war and death so are displaced from their homes. Permanent decline in health and education so more child mortality rates. The Afghanistan war has cost so much $2.313 trillion (US spending), and 870,000 Afghans have been killed since 2001, decade long war with no development after.
In addition it may not be the most effective way, as it is hard to measure the success of direct military interventions and there may be other forms of effective intervention which can help with the development of a country. For example, sanctions which cause harm to a country however it is a more peaceful approach. In addition , providing aid to the vulnerable country by NGOS, bilateral aid etc.
Suggest reasons why the number of years spent in education could affect economic development (6)
Education is needed for economic development as it involves enhancing ideas and having more flows of ideas and connections to enhance ones knowledge. It also helps with the understanding of human rights and matters around the world.
Lower primary is where people learn to read and write; upper secondary is where they will learn skills needed for tertiary employment. If a lack of people do not enter upper secondary school then they have a lack of access to higher education. Therefore salary is lower as few people are able to unlock skills for high paying jobs in STEM.
In addition more education means more flow of ideas so more innovation and services that increase economic development. It also means more chance of gender equality so females are educated for high paying jobs and social life such as contraceptive methods , meaning less likely to start child bearing at a young age.
In addition , lack of basic education means restriction on high paying jobs and people end up in farming and primary sectors so GDP does not increase, so no economic development.
Explain why governments vary in their definition and protection of human rights (8)
Human rights is ones rights to freedom of speech, education, election, health care and gender equality.
The UDHR ( Universal Declaration of Human Rights) is not all set so countries can adapt their views on it, meaning everyones definition and protection of human rights varies.
For example, developing countries may priotise other factors such as education for all rather than election.
Some countries may prioritise democratic governments in election campaigns such as India and Myanmar.
Some governments are not keen on ensuring gender equality due to interpretations from religion, Islam, where women are limited to do things in Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan and many other islamic countries.
The UDHR can be over exploited sometimes as some may use it as an excuse to express racist views and ideologies hence definitions vary.
Evaluate the view that developmental aid has been largely ineffective in reducing inequalities in developing countries. (20)
Inequalities is the uneven distribution in income, health, education or political engagement.
Development aid includes charitable gifts from NGOs and national governments and IGOs offering loans can help with economical and social development and reduce divide of inequality.
most approving of increased equality for women and improvements in treatment for illness. Vietnam the income inequality is low because all sorts of jobs have become accessible for everyone with the help of globalisation.
the EBola epidemic killed 11,000 people and GDP dropped significantly. After international aid initiated from WHO, spreads beame controlled.
Aid is ineffective because
- short term and controlled so everyone does not get saved. Both Haiti and Ghana have very unequal income distributions, which close to half the country’s wealth in the hands of the richest 20%. This suggests that development progress may be benefiting the wealthy more than the poor.
Bilateral aid restrict benefits
Some NGOS have exploited people
Access of medicine is expensive and not available
Explain why some International Governmental Organisations (IGOs) have promoted neo-liberal market and trade policies for economic development. (8)
International organisations promote neo liberal market and trade markets to be able to work through free trade and privatisation for economic development. This is adopted my companies such as the World Bank, IMF and WTO.
In the EU there are many trade blocks meaning free trade is set in place to remove high tariffs and ensure goods and services are being traded across the coutntries. This means that products can be sold and income can be obtained.
In addition, another idea is privatisation , therefore the government no longer own the company and the state run the services so government restrictions are removed and more movement of goods can occur and more investment by companies. For example in the UK, the mailing service and bus/railway services are state run.
TNCS also appreciate Neo liberal attitudes as it allows business to take place with little government interference, hence causes more ways for economic development - more plans can be done.
Explain how the Geneva Convention attempts to protect human rights. (4)
Geneva Convention of 1949 states how soldiers and civilians should be treated during war. Hundreds of countries had signed making this a widely supported scheme. It shows that during wartime everyone should be cared for regardless if they were an enemy or not.
