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biology IB > photosynthesis > Flashcards

photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

general symbol equation photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
use of chlorophyll

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2
Q

define photosynthesis

A

transformation of light energy into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds

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3
Q

2 stages of photosynthesis

A

light dependent reaction
light independent reaction

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4
Q

explain in detail stages of photosynthesis

A

LDR-
photolysis of water, h2o reactant o2 is the waste product
photoactivation
and more, where their products are used in LIR
LIR-
co2 is also added and used in calvin cycle to make glucose

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5
Q

describe structure of leaf

A

waxy cuticle
upper epidermis
palisade mesohpyll- packed chloroplasts
vascular bundle= xylem on top and phloem on bottom
spongy layer
lower epidermis; stomata and guard cells

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6
Q

describe chloroplast strucutre

A

outer memebrane
inner membrane
stroma (like matrix)
circular DNA
lamelae= “bridge””
thylakoid- thylakoid lumen + thylakoid membrane, many thylakoids make up a grana (or granum plural)
70s ribosome

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7
Q

what is inside thylakoid membrane

A

PSII
ETC
PSI

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8
Q

describe overall LDR

A

occur on the thylakoid membranes
photolysis of water
photophosphoralation
in: H2O and NADP+
out: O2 NADPH

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9
Q

describe overall LIR

A

occur in the stroma of the chloroplast
carbon fixation
calvin cycle
synthesis of carbohydrate
in: co2 NADPH
out: glucose phosphate NADP+

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10
Q

describe steps in LDR

A
  1. photoactivation of PSII- chlorophyll in PSII absorbs light, light energy taises the energy level of electrons in chlorophyll= photoactivation electrons in photosystem 2 are activated by light
  2. photolysis of water- photoactivated electrons are passed along membrane by electron carriers, electrons replaced through photolysis of water
    hydrogen ions accumulate in thylakoid lumen oxygen is waste product
  3. electron transport chain- energy from photoactivated electron is used to pump protons across thylakoid membrane
  4. photoactivation of PSI= same as step 1

5.NADPH production- NADP+ id reduced into NADPH
electrons are received by ferrodoxin (NADP reductase) and used to reduce NADP with a H ion
NADPH carried to LIR, conc gradient of H protons is maintained
electrons are replaced by electrons lost by PSII, as electrons used for reduction

  1. formation of electrochemical gradient- hydrogen ions accumulate in thylakoid space, generate high H ions concentration gradient
  2. chemiosmosis and ATP production chemiosmosis= diffusion of ions accross selectively permeable membrane through ATP synthase
    flow of H ions through ATP synthase couples ATP and Pi to make ATP
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11
Q

what enzyme is nvovled in photosynthesis

A

rubisco

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12
Q

plant pigments

A

proteins that absorb wavelengths of visible light

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13
Q

what are the 3 plant pigments

A

chlorophylls (green)- most abundant pigment
-darker
-lighters
castenoids (yellow,orange)
-xanothophyll- yellow
-carotenes- orange

protective pigments- attract pollinators protect DNA from UV light
eg. anthocyanins (red, purple, blue)

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14
Q

wavelength of blue light

A

440- 485 mm

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15
Q

wavelength of green light

A

510-565 mm

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16
Q

wavelength of yellow light

A

565-590 mm

17
Q

wavelength of red light

A

625-740 mm

18
Q

rf value

A

distance travelled pigment/ distance solvent travelled

19
Q

anthocyanins

A

attract insects for pollination by abosrbing light in the UV spectrum, serve as a sunscreen to protect plants from sun damage and provide protection against predators because of their foul taste

20
Q

carotenoids and chlorphyll

A

both serve as light harvesting pigments in the photosynthetic processes of plants

21
Q

action spectrum

A

this shows the rate of photosynthesis for all the wavelengths of light as a % of the maximum possible rate
involves all photosynthetic pigments= chlorophyll and accessory pigments (caretnoids/ xanthophyll)

22
Q

describe action spectrum graph

A

does not start at x=0, violet/ blue has highest peak then drops at green- yellow color wavelength and then increases a bit to organe-red

x-axis= wavelength of light (mm)
y-axis= % of the max rate of photosynthesis

23
Q

absorption spectrum

A

shows the absorbance of light by photosynthetic pigments for all wavelengths of light

24
Q

describe absorption spectrum graph for chlorophyll

A

peak at violet and blue (highest) then flat for green and yellow and then increase for orange/ red

x-axis= wavelength of light (mm)
y-axis= % absorption of light

25
Q

what conclusions can be drawn by overlaping action and absorption spectrum

A

both have same pattern pf absorbance and reflection
action spectrum has a lower absorbance in the green yellow wavelength ( min point lower) due to xanophyll
majority of action spectrum is performed by chlorophyll
accessory pigments play smaller role on the action spectrum

26
Q

what are the two types of LDR that can happen

A

cyclic or non cyclic

27
Q

describe non cylicc LDR

A

non cyclic photoactivation
involves PSII and PSI
produces oxygen NADPH and ATP
happens during regular enviornmental conditions
follows Z diagram
electrons lost by each PS are replaced by a different pathway
PSII= photolysis of water
PSI=PSII

28
Q

describe cyclic LDR

A

cyclic photoactivation
involves only PSI
produces ATP
happens in enviornments with reduction light and/ or CO2
follows A diagram
decrease in photosynthesis (low glucose and low o2) reduces aerobic respiration reduces ATP formation

electrons lost by PSI return to PSI
emergency reaction for plants under stressful environemental conditions enables plants to ease ATP to survive until enviornment returns optimum conditions

29
Q

describe cyclic LDR diagram

A

photons absorbed by PSI, electrons raised to higher energy state electron carriers carries the 2 electrons to another electron carrier, which carries them to ETC where ATP is produced, remaining electrons return to PSI

30
Q

compare simply non cyclic and cyclic LDR

A

non- cyclic
source of electrons:
PSI=PSII
PSII= photolysis of water

destination of electrons
PSII=PSI
PSI=NADP reductase

products= useful- ATP NADPH
waste- O2

photosystems involved= PSII, PSI

cyclic
source of electrons
PSI

destination of electrons
PSI

products- useful- ATP

photosystems involved
PSI

31
Q
A

biology IB (9 decks)

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