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biology IB > C4.1 > Flashcards

C4.1 Flashcards

1
Q

populations

A

interconnecting groups of organisms of same species living in an area, interact with eachother within a community able to interbreed with each other

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2
Q

order ofindividual to biosphere

A

individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

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3
Q

what happens when 2 popuations live in differenet areas

A

unlikeley to interbreed with each other, if 2 populations of same species geographically isolated for longer time many develop differences in characters, eventually becoming different species

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4
Q

what are 2 common sampling methods for sessile organism

A

quadrant sampling, belt transect

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5
Q

quadrant sampling

A

take measurment of an area without systematically deciding where to take it, eliminates bias may infleunce measurments, used with quadrants when working out population size of a species of stationary animal/plant

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6
Q

procedure of random sampling

A

baseline along edge of habitats using measuring tape, generate random numb, first number determinates distance along tape and 2nd distance quadrant placed at that distance

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7
Q

belt transect

A

takes samples from area along straight line

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8
Q

random dispersion

A

individuals are dispersed randomly no predictable pattern

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9
Q

uniform dispersion

A

individuals are spread out in regular pattern often occurs when individuals compete for limited resource eg water or light

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10
Q

clumped dispersion

A

individuals clustered in groups

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11
Q

lincoln index

A

estimate populations size for mobile organisms that can be captured and marked eg. ring, tag, dab of coloured paint

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12
Q

what are methods used to collect organisms

A

pitfall traps, pouters, mammal traps, nets

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13
Q

formula for population size

A

1st capture * 2nd capture (marked and unmarked) and divide by 2nd capture marked only

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14
Q

carrying capactiy

A

the bigger the population grows the more resources are taken from enviornment, sme point limit is reached if a population grows too large
carrying capacity= max size a population which enviornment can support

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15
Q

what are examples of density dependent factors

A

fod and water avilability
space territories
availability of mates
diseases
predation

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16
Q

what are examples of density independent factors

A

enviornmental change
build up toxic by products metabolism
injury
senescence (death from age related to illnesses)

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17
Q

what are population size limited by

A

density dependent factors and density independent factors

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18
Q

density dependent factor

A

factors which depend on population size

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19
Q

density independent factors

A

factors affect all population in similiar way more dependent of population size for example; drought, deforistation

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20
Q

negative feedback in terms of population size

A

when population becomes too large for an ecosystem, population declines and no longer enough resources

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21
Q

what are the 3 main groups of the density dependent factors

A

competition
predation
disease, parasites, infestation

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22
Q

competition

A

what do animals and plants compete for, higher number of individuals reduce amount of available resources so competition is higher

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23
Q

predation

A

higher density of a population more intense predation becomes

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24
Q

disease, parasites, infestation

A

higher density, more likelyspread/ transmission of diseases

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25
Q

dependent factors cause….

A

population size to fluctuate due to negative feedback control, resulting in it stabilising over time, fluctuation in population size continues to occur as population oscillates around carrying capacity

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26
Q

negative feedback loop

A

type self regulating system, any deviation from steady state is counteracted to promoted stability

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27
Q

exponential stage

A

births and immigration is bigger than mortality and emmigration
plenty supply of resources
limiting factors not restricting growth and rate of population growth

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28
Q

transition stage

A

growth rate and population growoth is slower than start some limiting factores more resulting in bigger competition but births still have higher than deaths

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29
Q

plateau stage

A

limiting factors more restrictive effect, population growth reached carrying capactiy births= deahts

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30
Q

immigration

A

increase in population size from external populations

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31
Q

natality/ births

A

increase in population size via reproduction

32
Q

emmigration

A

decrease to population size as a result os loss to external population

33
Q

mortality

A

decrease in population size, result of death

34
Q

population size equation

A

(natality + immigration) - ( mortality + emmigration)

35
Q

what do density dependent factors lead to

A

negative feedback prevents exponential growth , when absent population grows exponentially

36
Q

community

A

all interacting organisms in an ecosystem all species depend on relationship with other species for long term survival
group of population living together in area, interacting with eachother

37
Q

interactions

A

effects organisms have in one another

38
Q

intraspecific interactions

A

effects individuals of same species have on one another eg. plants competing for light

39
Q

interspecific interactions

A

effects individuals of different species have on one another eg.leopards and lions fighting for same prey

40
Q

mutualism

A

both species benefit from interaction

41
Q

whydoes competition between members of same species occur

A

because individuals share same ecological niche with similiar recquirments for resources

42
Q

what do plants compete for

A

light, space, water nutrients in soil or polen to be distributed by pollinatores competition for pollinators

43
Q

cooperative relationships, give examples

A

all individuals benefit
eg. communal roosting in birds, provides warmth, protection to each member
eg. group hunting, social predation increases chance succes
eg. fish form tight pack harder for predators to catch
eg. shared parental care, allows other parents to see other tasks

43
Q

what do animals compete for

A

compete for space or nesting sites, water as a resource

44
Q

what are the different categories of interspecific relationships

A

herbivory, predation, competition, mutualism, parasitism, pathogenicity

45
Q

explain herbivory

A

primary consumers feeding on producers, producer may or not be killed, eg. bison grazing on grasses
aphids feeding on plant sap, limpets feeding on algae on rockyshore

46
Q

predation

A

one consumer species, killing and eating another consumer species eg. anteater feeding on ants, starfish eating oysters, cheetah hunting gazelle

47
Q

competition

A

2 or more species using same resource with amount taken by one species reducing amount available to other species
eg. lios + hyenas feeding on same prey, ivy growing on trees cowbird laying eggs in nest

48
Q

mutualism

A

2 species living close association, both species benefit
eg. mycorrizob in roots, birds picking teeth crocadiles, clownfish living with sea ane,one

49
Q

parasitism

A

one species living inside or outer surface of another species, obtaining food from them, host is harmmed, parasite benefits eg.roundworm living inside guts racoons, tick feeding blood of host, mosquito drawing blood

50
Q

pathogenicity

A

1 species (pathogen), living inside another species (host), causing diseases in host
eg. potato blight fungus, tubercolosis in badgers

51
Q

mutualism

A

an interspecific relationship that benefits both species

52
Q

explain root nodules in fabacea

A

fabacea are large plant family including species like clover, peas, beans. Many have devloped mutualistic relationship with rhizobium bacteria, live in root nodules grown by plant, assissting with uptake of nitrogen az, used for buildup of proteins, nitrogen in air cannot be absorbed

53
Q

what are the benefits received from bacteria and by the plant in root nodules in fabacea

A

benefits received by bacteria- receives protection, sugars made by plant (photosynthesis)
benefits received by plant- oxygen concentration inside nodule low, rhizobium absorbs nitrogen converts into NH4, plant uses for production of proteins, prevents nitrogen deficiency

54
Q

mycorrhizae in orchidaceae

A

roots most plants form association with fungi called mycorrhizae in soil, orchid seeds dont contain food supplies, particularly dependent mycorrhizae during early growth and germination. The fungal hyphae grow into root cells without penetrating plasma membrane supplying nutrients

55
Q

what are the benefits of fungi amd plant in mycorrhizae in orchidaceae

A

benefits to fungi- orchid supplies carbon compounds from photosynthesis
benefits to plant- fungus absorbs nitrogen, phosphorus, fixed carbon and water from soil, supplies to plant, orchid seeds do not contain food reserve, needs nutrients

56
Q

zooxanthellae in hard corals

A

hard coral secrete CaCO3 from skeleton where indiviual animals can live coral reefs formed. Coral live close relationship with photosynthetic (chlorophyll containing) alge= zooxanthellae, close to surface of sea (sunlight)

57
Q

benefits to coral and alge in zooxanthellae in hard corals

A

benefits to coral- algae supply glucose, amino acidsm oxygen for photosynthesis
benefits to algae- coral provides co2 from cellular respiration for photosynthesis

58
Q

describe the predator prey relationship

A

this is an example of a density dependent control of animal population
when predator kills prey, prey population becomes smaller but doesnt change much because births= deaths rate
as prey population increass, predator increases as more food for predator to eat and same if they decrease , when there is less food resources cyclic oscillations can become out of synch

59
Q

within the food chain interaction between differnet species can operate in 2 directions them being;

A

top down and bottom up

60
Q

explain top down direction interaction

A

control acts from hgiher trophic level to lower oneincrease in predator number decreases population size of prey

61
Q

explain bottom up direction interaction

A

control acts from lower trophic level to higher one population of producer may be limited by number of nutrients in soil or water for example, amount of seaweed avialable determine number turtles are feeding on the,, have impact on consumers which are higher up food chain

62
Q

what are secondary metabolites used for

A

some organisms have devloped special ways as a part of their metabolic pathways to deter potential competitors from their ecological niche, pathways producing secondary metabolits, not essential for cell growth or function

63
Q

production of antibiotics

A

many fungi produce antibiotic substance prevent growth of other species by interfering with cell wall components of them, eventually cause bursting and death

64
Q

allelopathy

A

is realese of chemicals as secondary metabolites or toxins by plants, given off into soil to prevent nearby competitive plants to grow in sam area

65
Q

give an exmaple of a plant which uses allelopathy

A

sunflower, realse chemicals which inhibit growth of other plants, relaese toxin through roots, stem, leaves fruits, flowers and seads, chemical affect germination of seeds, roots, shoot development, photosynthesis and respiration

66
Q

endemic species

A

species occur naturally in ecological niche in an area. Density dependent factors usually naturally control and regulate population size

67
Q

invasive or alien species

A

specieis introduced by humans, delibertly or accidentally they are often not effectively controlled due to absense of naturaly predators that would control them in their antive habitat
eg. asian lady beetle, invasive in switzerland very strong immunity against pathogens so thries

68
Q

nutria in switzerland

A

invasive species, destroys ecologically valuable wetland and marsh habitat by burrowing deep holes, create, economic costs, crop and plant diversity loss and damage to embakments and ams. Transmittes parasites takes away habitats

69
Q

japanese kntoweed

A

grows in between bricks walls and cause breakage distabilization of soil along riverbanks

70
Q

boxtree caterpillar

A

eat parts of chlorophyll, defoliate entire plant in short time

71
Q

himalayan balsa,

A

reproduces quicklt igh density of plant growth leads to resource competition with local plants along rivers reduce biodviersity and facilitate erosion

72
Q

what is a test for interspecific ompetition

A

chi squared test

73
Q

positive association

A

species found same habitat eg. predator and prey

74
Q

negative assocaition

A

species occur seperatelyin different habitats

75
Q

no association

A

species occur as freuqnetly togehter as far apart

biology IB (13 decks)

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