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biology IB > C4.1 populations and communities > Flashcards

C4.1 populations and communities Flashcards

1
Q

populations

A

interconnecting groups of organisms of same species living in an area, interact with eachother within a community able to interbreed with each other

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2
Q

order ofindividual to biosphere

A

individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

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3
Q

what happens when 2 popuations live in differenet areas

A

unlikeley to interbreed with each other, if 2 populations of same species geographically isolated for longer time many develop differences in characters, eventually becoming different species

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4
Q

what are 2 common sampling methods for sessile organism

A

quadrant sampling, belt transect

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5
Q

quadrant sampling

A

take measurment of an area without systematically deciding where to take it, eliminates bias may infleunce measurments, used with quadrants when working out population size of a species of stationary animal/plant

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6
Q

procedure of random sampling

A

baseline along edge of habitats using measuring tape, generate random numb, first number determinates distance along tape and 2nd distance quadrant placed at that distance

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7
Q

belt transect

A

takes samples from area along straight line

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8
Q

random dispersion

A

individuals are dispersed randomly no predictable pattern

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9
Q

uniform dispersion

A

individuals are spread out in regular pattern often occurs when individuals compete for limited resource eg water or light

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10
Q

clumped dispersion

A

individuals clustered in groups

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11
Q

lincoln index

A

estimate populations size for mobile organisms that can be captured and marked eg. ring, tag, dab of coloured paint

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12
Q

what are methods used to collect organisms

A

pitfall traps, pouters, mammal traps, nets

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13
Q

formula for population size

A

1st capture * 2nd capture (marked and unmarked) and divide by 2nd capture marked only

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14
Q

carrying capactiy

A

the bigger the population grows the more resources are taken from enviornment, sme point limit is reached if a population grows too large
carrying capacity= max size a population which enviornment can support

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15
Q

what are examples of density dependent factors

A

fod and water avilability
space territories
availability of mates
diseases
predation

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16
Q

what are examples of density independent factors

A

enviornmental change
build up toxic by products metabolism
injury
senescence (death from age related to illnesses)

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17
Q

what are population size limited by

A

density dependent factors and density independent factors

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18
Q

density dependent factor

A

factors which depend on population size

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19
Q

density independent factors

A

factors affect all population in similiar way more dependent of population size for example; drought, deforistation

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20
Q

negative feedback in terms of population size

A

when population becomes too large for an ecosystem, population declines and no longer enough resources

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21
Q

what are the 3 main groups of the density dependent factors

A

competition
predation
disease, parasites, infestation

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22
Q

competition

A

what do animals and plants compete for, higher number of individuals reduce amount of available resources so competition is higher

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23
Q

predation

A

higher density of a population more intense predation becomes

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24
Q

disease, parasites, infestation

A

higher density, more likelyspread/ transmission of diseases

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25
dependent factors cause....
population size to fluctuate due to negative feedback control, resulting in it stabilising over time, fluctuation in population size continues to occur as population oscillates around carrying capacity
26
negative feedback loop
type self regulating system, any deviation from steady state is counteracted to promoted stability
27
exponential stage
births and immigration is bigger than mortality and emmigration plenty supply of resources limiting factors not restricting growth and rate of population growth
28
transition stage
growth rate and population growoth is slower than start some limiting factores more resulting in bigger competition but births still have higher than deaths
29
plateau stage
limiting factors more restrictive effect, population growth reached carrying capactiy births= deahts
30
immigration
increase in population size from external populations
31
natality/ births
increase in population size via reproduction
32
emmigration
decrease to population size as a result os loss to external population
33
mortality
decrease in population size, result of death
34
population size equation
(natality + immigration) - ( mortality + emmigration)
35
what do density dependent factors lead to
negative feedback prevents exponential growth , when absent population grows exponentially
36
community
all interacting organisms in an ecosystem all species depend on relationship with other species for long term survival group of population living together in area, interacting with eachother
37
interactions
effects organisms have in one another
38
intraspecific interactions
effects individuals of same species have on one another eg. plants competing for light
39
interspecific interactions
effects individuals of different species have on one another eg.leopards and lions fighting for same prey
40
mutualism
both species benefit from interaction
41
whydoes competition between members of same species occur
because individuals share same ecological niche with similiar recquirments for resources
42
what do plants compete for
light, space, water nutrients in soil or polen to be distributed by pollinatores competition for pollinators
43
cooperative relationships, give examples
all individuals benefit eg. communal roosting in birds, provides warmth, protection to each member eg. group hunting, social predation increases chance succes eg. fish form tight pack harder for predators to catch eg. shared parental care, allows other parents to see other tasks
43
what do animals compete for
compete for space or nesting sites, water as a resource
44
what are the different categories of interspecific relationships
herbivory, predation, competition, mutualism, parasitism, pathogenicity
45
explain herbivory
primary consumers feeding on producers, producer may or not be killed, eg. bison grazing on grasses aphids feeding on plant sap, limpets feeding on algae on rockyshore
46
predation
one consumer species, killing and eating another consumer species eg. anteater feeding on ants, starfish eating oysters, cheetah hunting gazelle
47
competition
2 or more species using same resource with amount taken by one species reducing amount available to other species eg. lios + hyenas feeding on same prey, ivy growing on trees cowbird laying eggs in nest
48
mutualism
2 species living close association, both species benefit eg. mycorrizob in roots, birds picking teeth crocadiles, clownfish living with sea ane,one
49
parasitism
one species living inside or outer surface of another species, obtaining food from them, host is harmmed, parasite benefits eg.roundworm living inside guts racoons, tick feeding blood of host, mosquito drawing blood
50
pathogenicity
1 species (pathogen), living inside another species (host), causing diseases in host eg. potato blight fungus, tubercolosis in badgers
51
mutualism
an interspecific relationship that benefits both species
52
explain root nodules in fabacea
fabacea are large plant family including species like clover, peas, beans. Many have devloped mutualistic relationship with rhizobium bacteria, live in root nodules grown by plant, assissting with uptake of nitrogen az, used for buildup of proteins, nitrogen in air cannot be absorbed
53
what are the benefits received from bacteria and by the plant in root nodules in fabacea
benefits received by bacteria- receives protection, sugars made by plant (photosynthesis) benefits received by plant- oxygen concentration inside nodule low, rhizobium absorbs nitrogen converts into NH4, plant uses for production of proteins, prevents nitrogen deficiency
54
mycorrhizae in orchidaceae
roots most plants form association with fungi called mycorrhizae in soil, orchid seeds dont contain food supplies, particularly dependent mycorrhizae during early growth and germination. The fungal hyphae grow into root cells without penetrating plasma membrane supplying nutrients
55
what are the benefits of fungi amd plant in mycorrhizae in orchidaceae
benefits to fungi- orchid supplies carbon compounds from photosynthesis benefits to plant- fungus absorbs nitrogen, phosphorus, fixed carbon and water from soil, supplies to plant, orchid seeds do not contain food reserve, needs nutrients
56
zooxanthellae in hard corals
hard coral secrete CaCO3 from skeleton where indiviual animals can live coral reefs formed. Coral live close relationship with photosynthetic (chlorophyll containing) alge= zooxanthellae, close to surface of sea (sunlight)
57
benefits to coral and alge in zooxanthellae in hard corals
benefits to coral- algae supply glucose, amino acidsm oxygen for photosynthesis benefits to algae- coral provides co2 from cellular respiration for photosynthesis
58
describe the predator prey relationship
this is an example of a density dependent control of animal population when predator kills prey, prey population becomes smaller but doesnt change much because births= deaths rate as prey population increass, predator increases as more food for predator to eat and same if they decrease , when there is less food resources cyclic oscillations can become out of synch
59
within the food chain interaction between differnet species can operate in 2 directions them being;
top down and bottom up
60
explain top down direction interaction
control acts from hgiher trophic level to lower oneincrease in predator number decreases population size of prey
61
explain bottom up direction interaction
control acts from lower trophic level to higher one population of producer may be limited by number of nutrients in soil or water for example, amount of seaweed avialable determine number turtles are feeding on the,, have impact on consumers which are higher up food chain
62
what are secondary metabolites used for
some organisms have devloped special ways as a part of their metabolic pathways to deter potential competitors from their ecological niche, pathways producing secondary metabolits, not essential for cell growth or function
63
production of antibiotics
many fungi produce antibiotic substance prevent growth of other species by interfering with cell wall components of them, eventually cause bursting and death
64
allelopathy
is realese of chemicals as secondary metabolites or toxins by plants, given off into soil to prevent nearby competitive plants to grow in sam area
65
give an exmaple of a plant which uses allelopathy
sunflower, realse chemicals which inhibit growth of other plants, relaese toxin through roots, stem, leaves fruits, flowers and seads, chemical affect germination of seeds, roots, shoot development, photosynthesis and respiration
66
endemic species
species occur naturally in ecological niche in an area. Density dependent factors usually naturally control and regulate population size
67
invasive or alien species
specieis introduced by humans, delibertly or accidentally they are often not effectively controlled due to absense of naturaly predators that would control them in their antive habitat eg. asian lady beetle, invasive in switzerland very strong immunity against pathogens so thries
68
what is a test for interspecific ompetition
chi squared test
69
positive association
species found same habitat eg. predator and prey
70
negative assocaition
species occur seperatelyin different habitats
71
no association
species occur as freuqnetly togehter as far apart

biology IB (23 decks)

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