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biology IB > B1.1 carbohydrates and lipids > Flashcards

B1.1 carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the basic chemical elements in carbs and lipids

A

carbon hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

what are all biomolecules

A

organic compounds; meaning they are carbon based molecules

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3
Q

how many covalent bonds can carbon form, and what does this allow

A

can from four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist

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4
Q

what are a few unique bonding properties carbon possesses

A

can form long chain carbon because carbon-carbon bond are extremely strong (allowing carbon to make up many of the basic building blocks of life)
carbon-carbon= extremely strong and stable (can form almost infinite number of compounds)
carbon can form rings eg.glucose
carbon can form single double or triple bonds
carbon has 4 valence electrons in its outer shell

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5
Q

what are the three ways to represent molecules

A

fully displayed formula
semi displayed formula
skeletal formula

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6
Q

what is glucose known as

A

hexagon- hexose (6 carbons)

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7
Q

what are the two cyclic isomers of glucose

A

beta (upwards)
alpha (downwards)

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8
Q

isomer

A

same molecular formula different chemical display

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8
Q

what do anabloic reactions form

A

complex polymers from simple monomers eg. photosynthesis, protein synthesis etc.

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9
Q

what type of reaction is the condesnation of a monosaccharide

A

polymerization reaction

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10
Q

building reactions=

A

anabolic reactions

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11
Q

what is the difference between monosaccharide and disaccharide

A

mono only contains one simple sugar subunit
di, contains 2

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12
Q

what are examples of monosaccharides in plant and its function

A

glucose
fructose
easily absorbed by the cell and used as an instant source of energy through cell respiration

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13
Q

what are examples of monosaccharides in animal and its function

A

galactose
easily absorbed by the cell and used as an instant source of energy through cell respiration

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14
Q

what are examples of disaccharides in animal, combination and its function

A

lactose= glucose + galactose
source of energy found in milk

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15
Q

what are examples of disaccharides in plant, combination and its function

A

maltose= glucose +glucose
source of energy found in seeds/cereals

sucrose= glucose + fructose
translocation in phloem

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16
Q

what are examples of polysaccharides in animal, combination and its function

A

glycogen= many alpha glucose
energy store found in liver/muscles

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17
Q

what are examples of poly saccharides in plant, combination and its function

A

starch= many alpha glucose
energy store found in tubers (modified stems)

cellulose= many beta glucose
composition cellwall; structural support

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18
Q

what does the condesnation reaction between two glucose monosaccharides need

A

synthase (enzyme)

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19
Q

what does the condesnation reaction between two glucose monosaccharides form

A

maltose (disaccharide) in which the glucose- glucose bond is called the glycosidicc bond between carbon 1 and carbon 4 (bond is composed by a single oxygen)
and water

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20
Q

describe structure of glycogen

A

composed of alpha glucose
animal polysaccharide
both c1-c4 bonds and c1-c6 bonds
very branched structure

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21
Q

describe structure of starch

A

composed of alpha glucose
plant polysaccharide
both c1-c4 bonds and c1-c6 bonds
composed of both amylose and amylopectin
amylose looks linear but when combined with amylopectin forms a helical strucutre
and amylopectin is branched but less than glycogen

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22
Q

describe structure of cellulose

A

composed of beta glucose
strong building materials for plant
only has c1-c4 bonds which in between layers forms hydrogen bonds
linear structure but very rigid
forms fibers

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23
Q

what is the ratio of elemnts which carbs contain

A

CH2O

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24
Q

fructose (mono, poly, di)

A

mono

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25
Q

glucose (mono, poly, di)

A

mono

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26
Q

deoxyribose (mono, poly, di)

A

mono

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27
Q

ribose (mono, poly, di)

A

mono

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28
Q

sucrose (mono, poly, di)

A

di

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29
Q

starch (mono, poly, di)

A

poly

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30
Q

cellulose (mono, poly, di)

A

poly

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31
Q

glycogen (mono, poly, di)

A

poly

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32
Q

maltose (mono, poly, di)

A

di

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33
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose + water
(condensation)

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34
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose + water
(condensation)

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35
Q

monosacchride + monosacchride

A

disaccharide + water
(condensation)

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36
Q

lactose + water

A

galactose + glucose
(hydrolysis)

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37
Q

disaccharide + water

A

monosaccharide + monosaccharide
(hydrolysis)

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38
Q

describe process of hydrolysis reaction for carbs

A

hydrolase breaks down glycocilic bond of polymer making two monomers, using water
polymer- dimer- monomer

39
Q

where are the hydrogen bonds found between strands of beta glucose in cellulose

A

c2-c6 bond

40
Q

steroids structure

A

have a backbone of 4 carbon rings

41
Q

how are different steroids created

A

by attaching different functional groups to rings, different structures create different functions eg/cholesterol, estrogen, testesterone

42
Q

where are steroids present

A

present un animal cell membranes they keep the cell membrane fluid and flexible

43
Q

what is danger with cholesterol

A

high levels of it in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease

44
Q

structure of phospholipids

A

formed by attachment of 2 fatty acids plus a phosphate group to a glycerol

45
Q

amphipathic

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends

46
Q

po4 head hydrophilic or phobic?

A

hydrophilic

47
Q

fatty acid tails hydrophilic or phobic?

A

hydrophobic

48
Q

what can phospholipids in water

A

self assemble into
bubbles= “micelle””
can form a bilayer

can create a barrier in water
define outside vs inside
they make cell membranes

49
Q

triglycerides structure

A

3 fatty acids and one glycerol

50
Q

triglycerides function

A

use for long term energy storage (stored in specialised groups of cells called adipose tissue, located immediately beneath the skin and also around some organs eg kidneys)

51
Q

fatty acids chains….

A

can be of many lengths extended by adding CH2 units

52
Q

how many fatty acids are in triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids

53
Q

what is contained within one pohpospholipid

A

1 phosphate
1 glycerol
2 fatty acids

54
Q

describe strcuture of steroid

A

4 fused hydrocarbon rings

55
Q

type of bonding in saturated fatty acids

A

all single bonds between c-c thus saturated with H2

56
Q

type of bonding in monounsaturated fatty acids

A

contain only 1double bond between c=c

57
Q

type of bonding in polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

contains more than 1 double bond between c=c

58
Q

saturated fatty acids state at room temp

A

solid

59
Q

monounsaturated fatty acids state in room temp

A

liquid

60
Q

polyunsaturated fatty acids state in room temp

A

liquid

61
Q

what is meant by cis fatty acids

A

both H’s in the double bond are in same side

62
Q

what is meant by trans fatty acids

A

H’s in the double bond are in different sides

63
Q

what do you call a fatty acids which has both cis and trans

A

trans-cis

64
Q

how do 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol condense into becoming a triglyceride

A

3 H’s in the end of the glycerol are removed along with one OH in the end of each fatty acids and these ends connect using the O in between forming an ester bond this forms the triglyceride
along with 3 water molecules

65
Q

which fatty acids canot be synthesised

A

omega 3 and 6

66
Q

where can you gain omega 3 and 6

A

by your diet

67
Q

carbon

A

building blocks of life

68
Q

how many bonds does carbon form

A

forms 4 covalent bonds allows variety stable compounds to exist carbon-carbon bonds
these are strong and stable, long chained carbon compounds provide basic framework for many molecules

69
Q

the longer the c-c chain

A

more stable molecule

70
Q

macromolecules

A

large molecules made up of smaller building blocks called monomers

71
Q

monomers

A

individua; subunits linked together forms longer chains= polymers

72
Q

what are the macromecule classes

A

lipids, carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

73
Q

condensation reaction

A

process in which monomers join to form macromolecules, polymerisation reaction in which 2 or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule and water is released

74
Q

explain process of condensation

A

1 molecule loses hydroxyl group and toehr loses hydrogen (forms water) results in formation of new covalent bond

75
Q

explain hydrolysis

A

process in whcih water molecules are used to breakdown large molecules, reverse condensation, they break down covalent bonds between monomers that make up a polymer eg. glycocidic bond

76
Q

monosaccahrides

A

fundamental biological molecules serve as a source for energy for cells involved in cellular processes, simplest form of a carb

77
Q

is glucose soluble and why?

A

yes, due to its polarity due to its molecular structure containing several hydroxyl groups partially positive charge

78
Q

is glucose stable why?

A

yes stable structure, important for rule of cellulose in plantsand glycogen stroage for glucose

79
Q

can glucose be oxidised

A

yes

80
Q

omega number how to calculate

A

represented by a ‘w’count number of carbons from opposite enf od c double o and hydroxyl bond until c=c

81
Q

carbon numb how to calculate

A

represented by a c, count from c double o and hydroxl end until c=c

82
Q

what are omega 3 and 6 called

A

essential fatty acids

83
Q

how are fatty acids synthesized

A

in cell organella (SER)

84
Q

properties of lipids- energy storage

A

fats store 38kj/g energy much more than carbs at about 17kj/g efficient storage medium

85
Q

properties of lipids- thermal insulation

A

high ability to insulate against cold packing of fat advantage in cold enviornment

86
Q

explain phospholipid bilayer

A

forms as a consequence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
cell memebrans primarily composed of phospholipid bilayer

87
Q

structure of phospholipid bilayer

A

negative charged phosphate head, interacts with water molecuels head =hydrophilic
hydrocarbon tails= long non polar fatty acids repel water molecules= hydrophobic

88
Q

ampipathic mlecules

A

both hydrophobic and philic properties

89
Q

what happens when phospolipih placed in aqueous enviornment

A

hydrophobic head face aqueous solution hydrophilic tail orient towards Each other (more attracted to each other than to water)

90
Q

what do non polar steroids have ability to do

A

pass through phospholipid bilayer

91
Q

steroids

A

group naturally occuring hormones, organic compounds all have carbon based rings as basic structure and functional group varies allows steroids to have many functions

92
Q

why is cholesterol important in bilayer phospholipid

A

provides stability and flexibility

93
Q

which steroids are important for signalling

A

testesterone and oesteadiol

94
Q

name enzyme used in hydrolisis

A

hydrolase

95
Q

what do two monomers form

A

dimer

96
Q

what do more than two monomers form

A

polymer

biology IB (10 decks)

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