B1.1 carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards
what are the basic chemical elements in carbs and lipids
carbon hydrogen and oxygen
what are all biomolecules
organic compounds; meaning they are carbon based molecules
how many covalent bonds can carbon form, and what does this allow
can from four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist
what are a few unique bonding properties carbon possesses
can form long chain carbon because carbon-carbon bond are extremely strong (allowing carbon to make up many of the basic building blocks of life)
carbon-carbon= extremely strong and stable (can form almost infinite number of compounds)
carbon can form rings eg.glucose
carbon can form single double or triple bonds
carbon has 4 valence electrons in its outer shell
what are the three ways to represent molecules
fully displayed formula
semi displayed formula
skeletal formula
what is glucose known as
hexagon- hexose (6 carbons)
what are the two cyclic isomers of glucose
beta (upwards)
alpha (downwards)
isomer
same molecular formula different chemical display
what do anabloic reactions form
complex polymers from simple monomers eg. photosynthesis, protein synthesis etc.
what type of reaction is the condesnation of a monosaccharide
polymerization reaction
building reactions=
anabolic reactions
what is the difference between monosaccharide and disaccharide
mono only contains one simple sugar subunit
di, contains 2
what are examples of monosaccharides in plant and its function
glucose
fructose
easily absorbed by the cell and used as an instant source of energy through cell respiration
what are examples of monosaccharides in animal and its function
galactose
easily absorbed by the cell and used as an instant source of energy through cell respiration
what are examples of disaccharides in animal, combination and its function
lactose= glucose + galactose
source of energy found in milk
what are examples of disaccharides in plant, combination and its function
maltose= glucose +glucose
source of energy found in seeds/cereals
sucrose= glucose + fructose
translocation in phloem
what are examples of polysaccharides in animal, combination and its function
glycogen= many alpha glucose
energy store found in liver/muscles
what are examples of poly saccharides in plant, combination and its function
starch= many alpha glucose
energy store found in tubers (modified stems)
cellulose= many beta glucose
composition cellwall; structural support
what does the condesnation reaction between two glucose monosaccharides need
synthase (enzyme)
what does the condesnation reaction between two glucose monosaccharides form
maltose (disaccharide) in which the glucose- glucose bond is called the glycosidicc bond between carbon 1 and carbon 4 (bond is composed by a single oxygen)
and water
describe structure of glycogen
composed of alpha glucose
animal polysaccharide
both c1-c4 bonds and c1-c6 bonds
very branched structure
describe structure of starch
composed of alpha glucose
plant polysaccharide
both c1-c4 bonds and c1-c6 bonds
composed of both amylose and amylopectin
amylose looks linear but when combined with amylopectin forms a helical strucutre
and amylopectin is branched but less than glycogen
describe structure of cellulose
composed of beta glucose
strong building materials for plant
only has c1-c4 bonds which in between layers forms hydrogen bonds
linear structure but very rigid
forms fibers
what is the ratio of elemnts which carbs contain
CH2O
fructose (mono, poly, di)
mono
glucose (mono, poly, di)
mono
deoxyribose (mono, poly, di)
mono
ribose (mono, poly, di)
mono
sucrose (mono, poly, di)
di
starch (mono, poly, di)
poly
cellulose (mono, poly, di)
poly
glycogen (mono, poly, di)
poly
maltose (mono, poly, di)
di
glucose + glucose
maltose + water
(condensation)
glucose + fructose
sucrose + water
(condensation)
monosacchride + monosacchride
disaccharide + water
(condensation)
lactose + water
galactose + glucose
(hydrolysis)
disaccharide + water
monosaccharide + monosaccharide
(hydrolysis)
describe process of hydrolysis reaction for carbs
hydrolase breaks down glycocilic bond of polymer making two monomers, using water
polymer- dimer- monomer
where are the hydrogen bonds found between strands of beta glucose in cellulose
c2-c6 bond
steroids structure
have a backbone of 4 carbon rings
how are different steroids created
by attaching different functional groups to rings, different structures create different functions eg/cholesterol, estrogen, testesterone
where are steroids present
present un animal cell membranes they keep the cell membrane fluid and flexible
what is danger with cholesterol
high levels of it in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease
structure of phospholipids
formed by attachment of 2 fatty acids plus a phosphate group to a glycerol
amphipathic
hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
po4 head hydrophilic or phobic?
hydrophilic
fatty acid tails hydrophilic or phobic?
hydrophobic
what can phospholipids in water
self assemble into
bubbles= “micelle””
can form a bilayer
can create a barrier in water
define outside vs inside
they make cell membranes
triglycerides structure
3 fatty acids and one glycerol
triglycerides function
use for long term energy storage (stored in specialised groups of cells called adipose tissue, located immediately beneath the skin and also around some organs eg kidneys)
fatty acids chains….
can be of many lengths extended by adding CH2 units
how many fatty acids are in triglycerides
3 fatty acids
what is contained within one pohpospholipid
1 phosphate
1 glycerol
2 fatty acids
describe strcuture of steroid
4 fused hydrocarbon rings
type of bonding in saturated fatty acids
all single bonds between c-c thus saturated with H2
type of bonding in monounsaturated fatty acids
contain only 1double bond between c=c
type of bonding in polyunsaturated fatty acids
contains more than 1 double bond between c=c
saturated fatty acids state at room temp
solid
monounsaturated fatty acids state in room temp
liquid
polyunsaturated fatty acids state in room temp
liquid
what is meant by cis fatty acids
both H’s in the double bond are in same side
what is meant by trans fatty acids
H’s in the double bond are in different sides
what do you call a fatty acids which has both cis and trans
trans-cis
how do 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol condense into becoming a triglyceride
3 H’s in the end of the glycerol are removed along with one OH in the end of each fatty acids and these ends connect using the O in between forming an ester bond this forms the triglyceride
along with 3 water molecules
which fatty acids canot be synthesised
omega 3 and 6
where can you gain omega 3 and 6
by your diet
carbon
building blocks of life
how many bonds does carbon form
forms 4 covalent bonds allows variety stable compounds to exist carbon-carbon bonds
these are strong and stable, long chained carbon compounds provide basic framework for many molecules
the longer the c-c chain
more stable molecule
macromolecules
large molecules made up of smaller building blocks called monomers
monomers
individua; subunits linked together forms longer chains= polymers
what are the macromecule classes
lipids, carbs, proteins, nucleic acids
condensation reaction
process in which monomers join to form macromolecules, polymerisation reaction in which 2 or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule and water is released
explain process of condensation
1 molecule loses hydroxyl group and toehr loses hydrogen (forms water) results in formation of new covalent bond
explain hydrolysis
process in whcih water molecules are used to breakdown large molecules, reverse condensation, they break down covalent bonds between monomers that make up a polymer eg. glycocidic bond
monosaccahrides
fundamental biological molecules serve as a source for energy for cells involved in cellular processes, simplest form of a carb
is glucose soluble and why?
yes, due to its polarity due to its molecular structure containing several hydroxyl groups partially positive charge
is glucose stable why?
yes stable structure, important for rule of cellulose in plantsand glycogen stroage for glucose
can glucose be oxidised
yes
omega number how to calculate
represented by a ‘w’count number of carbons from opposite enf od c double o and hydroxyl bond until c=c
carbon numb how to calculate
represented by a c, count from c double o and hydroxl end until c=c
what are omega 3 and 6 called
essential fatty acids
how are fatty acids synthesized
in cell organella (SER)
properties of lipids- energy storage
fats store 38kj/g energy much more than carbs at about 17kj/g efficient storage medium
properties of lipids- thermal insulation
high ability to insulate against cold packing of fat advantage in cold enviornment
explain phospholipid bilayer
forms as a consequence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
cell memebrans primarily composed of phospholipid bilayer
structure of phospholipid bilayer
negative charged phosphate head, interacts with water molecuels head =hydrophilic
hydrocarbon tails= long non polar fatty acids repel water molecules= hydrophobic
ampipathic mlecules
both hydrophobic and philic properties
what happens when phospolipih placed in aqueous enviornment
hydrophobic head face aqueous solution hydrophilic tail orient towards Each other (more attracted to each other than to water)
what do non polar steroids have ability to do
pass through phospholipid bilayer
steroids
group naturally occuring hormones, organic compounds all have carbon based rings as basic structure and functional group varies allows steroids to have many functions
why is cholesterol important in bilayer phospholipid
provides stability and flexibility
which steroids are important for signalling
testesterone and oesteadiol
name enzyme used in hydrolisis
hydrolase
what do two monomers form
dimer
what do more than two monomers form
polymer
