B1.1 carbohydrates and lipids

Question 1

what are the basic chemical elements in carbs and lipids

Answer 1

carbon hydrogen and oxygen

Question 2

what are all biomolecules

Answer 2

organic compounds; meaning they are carbon based molecules

Question 3

how many covalent bonds can carbon form, and what does this allow

Answer 3

can from four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist

Question 4

what are a few unique bonding properties carbon possesses

Answer 4

can form long chain carbon because carbon-carbon bond are extremely strong (allowing carbon to make up many of the basic building blocks of life)
carbon-carbon= extremely strong and stable (can form almost infinite number of compounds)
carbon can form rings eg.glucose
carbon can form single double or triple bonds
carbon has 4 valence electrons in its outer shell

Question 5

what are the three ways to represent molecules

Answer 5

fully displayed formula
semi displayed formula
skeletal formula

Question 6

what is glucose known as

Answer 6

hexagon- hexose (6 carbons)

Question 7

what are the two cyclic isomers of glucose

Answer 7

beta (upwards)
alpha (downwards)

Question 8

isomer

Answer 8

same molecular formula different chemical display

Question 8

what do anabloic reactions form

Answer 8

complex polymers from simple monomers eg. photosynthesis, protein synthesis etc.

Question 9

what type of reaction is the condesnation of a monosaccharide

Answer 9

polymerization reaction

Question 10

building reactions=

Answer 10

anabolic reactions

Question 11

what is the difference between monosaccharide and disaccharide

Answer 11

mono only contains one simple sugar subunit
di, contains 2

Question 12

what are examples of monosaccharides in plant and its function

Answer 12

glucose
fructose
easily absorbed by the cell and used as an instant source of energy through cell respiration

Question 13

what are examples of monosaccharides in animal and its function

Answer 13

galactose
easily absorbed by the cell and used as an instant source of energy through cell respiration

Question 14

what are examples of disaccharides in animal, combination and its function

Answer 14

lactose= glucose + galactose
source of energy found in milk

Question 15

what are examples of disaccharides in plant, combination and its function

Answer 15

maltose= glucose +glucose
source of energy found in seeds/cereals

sucrose= glucose + fructose
translocation in phloem

Question 16

what are examples of polysaccharides in animal, combination and its function

Answer 16

glycogen= many alpha glucose
energy store found in liver/muscles

Question 17

what are examples of poly saccharides in plant, combination and its function

Answer 17

starch= many alpha glucose
energy store found in tubers (modified stems)

cellulose= many beta glucose
composition cellwall; structural support

Question 18

what does the condesnation reaction between two glucose monosaccharides need

Answer 18

synthase (enzyme)

Question 19

what does the condesnation reaction between two glucose monosaccharides form

Answer 19

maltose (disaccharide) in which the glucose- glucose bond is called the glycosidicc bond between carbon 1 and carbon 4 (bond is composed by a single oxygen)
and water

Question 20

describe structure of glycogen

Answer 20

composed of alpha glucose
animal polysaccharide
both c1-c4 bonds and c1-c6 bonds
very branched structure

Question 21

describe structure of starch

Answer 21

composed of alpha glucose
plant polysaccharide
both c1-c4 bonds and c1-c6 bonds
composed of both amylose and amylopectin
amylose looks linear but when combined with amylopectin forms a helical strucutre
and amylopectin is branched but less than glycogen

Question 22

describe structure of cellulose

Answer 22

composed of beta glucose
strong building materials for plant
only has c1-c4 bonds which in between layers forms hydrogen bonds
linear structure but very rigid
forms fibers

Question 23

what is the ratio of elemnts which carbs contain

Answer 23

CH2O

Question 24

fructose (mono, poly, di)

Answer 24

mono

Question 25

glucose (mono, poly, di)

Answer 25

mono

Question 26

deoxyribose (mono, poly, di)

Answer 26

mono

Question 27

ribose (mono, poly, di)

Answer 27

mono

Question 28

sucrose (mono, poly, di)

Answer 28

di

Question 29

starch (mono, poly, di)

Answer 29

poly

Question 30

cellulose (mono, poly, di)

Answer 30

poly

Question 31

glycogen (mono, poly, di)

Answer 31

poly

Question 32

maltose (mono, poly, di)

Answer 32

di

Question 33

glucose + glucose

Answer 33

maltose + water (condensation)

Question 34

glucose + fructose

Answer 34

sucrose + water (condensation)

Question 35

monosacchride + monosacchride

Answer 35

disaccharide + water (condensation)

Question 36

lactose + water

Answer 36

galactose + glucose (hydrolysis)

Question 37

disaccharide + water

Answer 37

monosaccharide + monosaccharide (hydrolysis)

Question 38

describe process of hydrolysis reaction for carbs

Answer 38

hydrolase breaks down glycocilic bond of polymer making two monomers, using water polymer- dimer- monomer

Question 39

where are the hydrogen bonds found between strands of beta glucose in cellulose

Answer 39

c2-c6 bond

Question 40

steroids structure

Answer 40

have a backbone of 4 carbon rings

Question 41

how are different steroids created

Answer 41

by attaching different functional groups to rings, different structures create different functions eg/cholesterol, estrogen, testesterone

Question 42

where are steroids present

Answer 42

present un animal cell membranes they keep the cell membrane fluid and flexible

Question 43

what is danger with cholesterol

Answer 43

high levels of it in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease

Question 44

structure of phospholipids

Answer 44

formed by attachment of 2 fatty acids plus a phosphate group to a glycerol

Question 45

amphipathic

Answer 45

hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends

Question 46

po4 head hydrophilic or phobic?

Answer 46

hydrophilic

Question 47

fatty acid tails hydrophilic or phobic?

Answer 47

hydrophobic

Question 48

what can phospholipids in water

Answer 48

self assemble into bubbles= "micelle"" can form a bilayer can create a barrier in water define outside vs inside they make cell membranes

Question 49

triglycerides structure

Answer 49

3 fatty acids and one glycerol

Question 50

triglycerides function

Answer 50

use for long term energy storage (stored in specialised groups of cells called adipose tissue, located immediately beneath the skin and also around some organs eg kidneys)

Question 51

fatty acids chains....

Answer 51

can be of many lengths extended by adding CH2 units

Question 52

how many fatty acids are in triglycerides

Answer 52

3 fatty acids

Question 53

what is contained within one pohpospholipid

Answer 53

1 phosphate 1 glycerol 2 fatty acids

Question 54

describe strcuture of steroid

Answer 54

4 fused hydrocarbon rings

Question 55

type of bonding in saturated fatty acids

Answer 55

all single bonds between c-c thus saturated with H2

Question 56

type of bonding in monounsaturated fatty acids

Answer 56

contain only 1double bond between c=c

Question 57

type of bonding in polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 57

contains more than 1 double bond between c=c

Question 58

saturated fatty acids state at room temp

Answer 58

solid

Question 59

monounsaturated fatty acids state in room temp

Answer 59

liquid

Question 60

polyunsaturated fatty acids state in room temp

Answer 60

liquid

Question 61

what is meant by cis fatty acids

Answer 61

both H's in the double bond are in same side

Question 62

what is meant by trans fatty acids

Answer 62

H's in the double bond are in different sides

Question 63

what do you call a fatty acids which has both cis and trans

Answer 63

trans-cis

Question 64

how do 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol condense into becoming a triglyceride

Answer 64

3 H's in the end of the glycerol are removed along with one OH in the end of each fatty acids and these ends connect using the O in between forming an ester bond this forms the triglyceride along with 3 water molecules

Question 65

which fatty acids canot be synthesised

Answer 65

omega 3 and 6

Question 66

where can you gain omega 3 and 6

Answer 66

by your diet

Question 67

carbon

Answer 67

building blocks of life

Question 68

how many bonds does carbon form

Answer 68

forms 4 covalent bonds allows variety stable compounds to exist carbon-carbon bonds these are strong and stable, long chained carbon compounds provide basic framework for many molecules

Question 69

the longer the c-c chain

Answer 69

more stable molecule

Question 70

macromolecules

Answer 70

large molecules made up of smaller building blocks called monomers

Question 71

monomers

Answer 71

individua; subunits linked together forms longer chains= polymers

Question 72

what are the macromecule classes

Answer 72

lipids, carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 73

condensation reaction

Answer 73

process in which monomers join to form macromolecules, polymerisation reaction in which 2 or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule and water is released

Question 74

explain process of condensation

Answer 74

1 molecule loses hydroxyl group and toehr loses hydrogen (forms water) results in formation of new covalent bond

Question 75

explain hydrolysis

Answer 75

process in whcih water molecules are used to breakdown large molecules, reverse condensation, they break down covalent bonds between monomers that make up a polymer eg. glycocidic bond

Question 76

monosaccahrides

Answer 76

fundamental biological molecules serve as a source for energy for cells involved in cellular processes, simplest form of a carb

Question 77

is glucose soluble and why?

Answer 77

yes, due to its polarity due to its molecular structure containing several hydroxyl groups partially positive charge

Question 78

is glucose stable why?

Answer 78

yes stable structure, important for rule of cellulose in plantsand glycogen stroage for glucose

Question 79

can glucose be oxidised

Answer 79

yes

Question 80

omega number how to calculate

Answer 80

represented by a 'w'count number of carbons from opposite enf od c double o and hydroxyl bond until c=c

Question 81

carbon numb how to calculate

Answer 81

represented by a c, count from c double o and hydroxl end until c=c

Question 82

what are omega 3 and 6 called

Answer 82

essential fatty acids

Question 83

how are fatty acids synthesized

Answer 83

in cell organella (SER)

Question 84

properties of lipids- energy storage

Answer 84

fats store 38kj/g energy much more than carbs at about 17kj/g efficient storage medium

Question 85

properties of lipids- thermal insulation

Answer 85

high ability to insulate against cold packing of fat advantage in cold enviornment

Question 86

explain phospholipid bilayer

Answer 86

forms as a consequence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions cell memebrans primarily composed of phospholipid bilayer

Question 87

structure of phospholipid bilayer

Answer 87

negative charged phosphate head, interacts with water molecuels head =hydrophilic hydrocarbon tails= long non polar fatty acids repel water molecules= hydrophobic

Question 88

ampipathic mlecules

Answer 88

both hydrophobic and philic properties

Question 89

what happens when phospolipih placed in aqueous enviornment

Answer 89

hydrophobic head face aqueous solution hydrophilic tail orient towards Each other (more attracted to each other than to water)

Question 90

what do non polar steroids have ability to do

Answer 90

pass through phospholipid bilayer

Question 91

steroids

Answer 91

group naturally occuring hormones, organic compounds all have carbon based rings as basic structure and functional group varies allows steroids to have many functions

Question 92

why is cholesterol important in bilayer phospholipid

Answer 92

provides stability and flexibility

Question 93

which steroids are important for signalling

Answer 93

testesterone and oesteadiol

Question 94

name enzyme used in hydrolisis

Answer 94

hydrolase

Question 95

what do two monomers form

Answer 95

dimer

Question 96

what do more than two monomers form

Answer 96

polymer