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biology IB > B1.1 carbohydrates and lipids > Flashcards

B1.1 carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards

1
Q

what are the basic chemical elements in carbs and lipids

A

carbon hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

what are all biomolecules

A

organic compounds; meaning they are carbon based molecules

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3
Q

how many covalent bonds can carbon form, and what does this allow

A

can from four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist

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4
Q

what are a few unique bonding properties carbon possesses

A

can form long chain carbon because carbon-carbon bond are extremely strong (allowing carbon to make up many of the basic building blocks of life)
carbon-carbon= extremely strong and stable (can form almost infinite number of compounds)
carbon can form rings eg.glucose
carbon can form single double or triple bonds
carbon has 4 valence electrons in its outer shell

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5
Q

what are the three ways to represent molecules

A

fully displayed formula
semi displayed formula
skeletal formula

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6
Q

what is glucose known as

A

hexagon- hexose (6 carbons)

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7
Q

what are the two cyclic isomers of glucose

A

beta (upwards)
alpha (downwards)

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8
Q

isomer

A

same molecular formula different chemical display

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8
Q

what do anabloic reactions form

A

complex polymers from simple monomers eg. photosynthesis, protein synthesis etc.

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9
Q

what type of reaction is the condesnation of a monosaccharide

A

polymerization reaction

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10
Q

building reactions=

A

anabolic reactions

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11
Q

what is the difference between monosaccharide and disaccharide

A

mono only contains one simple sugar subunit
di, contains 2

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12
Q

what are examples of monosaccharides in plant and its function

A

glucose
fructose
easily absorbed by the cell and used as an instant source of energy through cell respiration

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13
Q

what are examples of monosaccharides in animal and its function

A

galactose
easily absorbed by the cell and used as an instant source of energy through cell respiration

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14
Q

what are examples of disaccharides in animal, combination and its function

A

lactose= glucose + galactose
source of energy found in milk

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15
Q

what are examples of disaccharides in plant, combination and its function

A

maltose= glucose +glucose
source of energy found in seeds/cereals

sucrose= glucose + fructose
translocation in phloem

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16
Q

what are examples of polysaccharides in animal, combination and its function

A

glycogen= many alpha glucose
energy store found in liver/muscles

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17
Q

what are examples of poly saccharides in plant, combination and its function

A

starch= many alpha glucose
energy store found in tubers (modified stems)

cellulose= many beta glucose
composition cellwall; structural support

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18
Q

what does the condesnation reaction between two glucose monosaccharides need

A

synthase (enzyme)

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19
Q

what does the condesnation reaction between two glucose monosaccharides form

A

maltose (disaccharide) in which the glucose- glucose bond is called the glycosidicc bond between carbon 1 and carbon 4 (bond is composed by a single oxygen)
and water

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20
Q

describe structure of glycogen

A

composed of alpha glucose
animal polysaccharide
both c1-c4 bonds and c1-c6 bonds
very branched structure

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21
Q

describe structure of starch

A

composed of alpha glucose
plant polysaccharide
both c1-c4 bonds and c1-c6 bonds
composed of both amylose and amylopectin
amylose looks linear but when combined with amylopectin forms a helical strucutre
and amylopectin is branched but less than glycogen

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22
Q

describe structure of cellulose

A

composed of beta glucose
strong building materials for plant
only has c1-c4 bonds which in between layers forms hydrogen bonds
linear structure but very rigid
forms fibers

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23
Q

what is the ratio of elemnts which carbs contain

A

CH2O

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24
fructose (mono, poly, di)
mono
25
glucose (mono, poly, di)
mono
26
deoxyribose (mono, poly, di)
mono
27
ribose (mono, poly, di)
mono
28
sucrose (mono, poly, di)
di
29
starch (mono, poly, di)
poly
30
cellulose (mono, poly, di)
poly
31
glycogen (mono, poly, di)
poly
32
maltose (mono, poly, di)
di
33
glucose + glucose
maltose + water (condensation)
34
glucose + fructose
sucrose + water (condensation)
35
monosacchride + monosacchride
disaccharide + water (condensation)
36
lactose + water
galactose + glucose (hydrolysis)
37
disaccharide + water
monosaccharide + monosaccharide (hydrolysis)
38
describe process of hydrolysis reaction for carbs
hydrolase breaks down glycocilic bond of polymer making two monomers, using water polymer- dimer- monomer
39
where are the hydrogen bonds found between strands of beta glucose in cellulose
c2-c6 bond
40
steroids structure
have a backbone of 4 carbon rings
41
how are different steroids created
by attaching different functional groups to rings, different structures create different functions eg/cholesterol, estrogen, testesterone
42
where are steroids present
present un animal cell membranes they keep the cell membrane fluid and flexible
43
what is danger with cholesterol
high levels of it in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease
44
structure of phospholipids
formed by attachment of 2 fatty acids plus a phosphate group to a glycerol
45
amphipathic
hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
46
po4 head hydrophilic or phobic?
hydrophilic
47
fatty acid tails hydrophilic or phobic?
hydrophobic
48
what can phospholipids in water
self assemble into bubbles= "micelle"" can form a bilayer can create a barrier in water define outside vs inside they make cell membranes
49
triglycerides structure
3 fatty acids and one glycerol
50
triglycerides function
use for long term energy storage (stored in specialised groups of cells called adipose tissue, located immediately beneath the skin and also around some organs eg kidneys)
51
fatty acids chains....
can be of many lengths extended by adding CH2 units
52
how many fatty acids are in triglycerides
3 fatty acids
53
what is contained within one pohpospholipid
1 phosphate 1 glycerol 2 fatty acids
54
describe strcuture of steroid
4 fused hydrocarbon rings
55
type of bonding in saturated fatty acids
all single bonds between c-c thus saturated with H2
56
type of bonding in monounsaturated fatty acids
contain only 1double bond between c=c
57
type of bonding in polyunsaturated fatty acids
contains more than 1 double bond between c=c
58
saturated fatty acids state at room temp
solid
59
monounsaturated fatty acids state in room temp
liquid
60
polyunsaturated fatty acids state in room temp
liquid
61
what is meant by cis fatty acids
both H's in the double bond are in same side
62
what is meant by trans fatty acids
H's in the double bond are in different sides
63
what do you call a fatty acids which has both cis and trans
trans-cis
64
how do 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol condense into becoming a triglyceride
3 H's in the end of the glycerol are removed along with one OH in the end of each fatty acids and these ends connect using the O in between forming an ester bond this forms the triglyceride along with 3 water molecules
65
which fatty acids canot be synthesised
omega 3 and 6
66
where can you gain omega 3 and 6
by your diet
67
carbon
building blocks of life
68
how many bonds does carbon form
forms 4 covalent bonds allows variety stable compounds to exist carbon-carbon bonds these are strong and stable, long chained carbon compounds provide basic framework for many molecules
69
the longer the c-c chain
more stable molecule
70
macromolecules
large molecules made up of smaller building blocks called monomers
71
monomers
individua; subunits linked together forms longer chains= polymers
72
what are the macromecule classes
lipids, carbs, proteins, nucleic acids
73
condensation reaction
process in which monomers join to form macromolecules, polymerisation reaction in which 2 or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule and water is released
74
explain process of condensation
1 molecule loses hydroxyl group and toehr loses hydrogen (forms water) results in formation of new covalent bond
75
explain hydrolysis
process in whcih water molecules are used to breakdown large molecules, reverse condensation, they break down covalent bonds between monomers that make up a polymer eg. glycocidic bond
76
monosaccahrides
fundamental biological molecules serve as a source for energy for cells involved in cellular processes, simplest form of a carb
77
is glucose soluble and why?
yes, due to its polarity due to its molecular structure containing several hydroxyl groups partially positive charge
78
is glucose stable why?
yes stable structure, important for rule of cellulose in plantsand glycogen stroage for glucose
79
can glucose be oxidised
yes
80
omega number how to calculate
represented by a 'w'count number of carbons from opposite enf od c double o and hydroxyl bond until c=c
81
carbon numb how to calculate
represented by a c, count from c double o and hydroxl end until c=c
82
what are omega 3 and 6 called
essential fatty acids
83
how are fatty acids synthesized
in cell organella (SER)
84
properties of lipids- energy storage
fats store 38kj/g energy much more than carbs at about 17kj/g efficient storage medium
85
properties of lipids- thermal insulation
high ability to insulate against cold packing of fat advantage in cold enviornment
86
explain phospholipid bilayer
forms as a consequence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions cell memebrans primarily composed of phospholipid bilayer
87
structure of phospholipid bilayer
negative charged phosphate head, interacts with water molecuels head =hydrophilic hydrocarbon tails= long non polar fatty acids repel water molecules= hydrophobic
88
ampipathic mlecules
both hydrophobic and philic properties
89
what happens when phospolipih placed in aqueous enviornment
hydrophobic head face aqueous solution hydrophilic tail orient towards Each other (more attracted to each other than to water)
90
what do non polar steroids have ability to do
pass through phospholipid bilayer
91
steroids
group naturally occuring hormones, organic compounds all have carbon based rings as basic structure and functional group varies allows steroids to have many functions
92
why is cholesterol important in bilayer phospholipid
provides stability and flexibility
93
which steroids are important for signalling
testesterone and oesteadiol
94
name enzyme used in hydrolisis
hydrolase
95
what do two monomers form
dimer
96
what do more than two monomers form
polymer

biology IB (24 decks)

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