C1.2 cell respiartion Flashcards by rafaela thomas

respiration

chemical reactions inside cells that release energy in form of ATP through oxidation of organic molecules (eg. glucose)

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breathing

process of ventilation that causes inhale and exhale of air tho=rough muscular contractions of diaphragm and intercoastal muscle

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has exchange

process of diffusion of gases between capillary and alveoli in the lungs

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cell respiarton

controlled release of eneergy from organic compounds incells
usually from glucose or carbs
sometimes from lipids and fatty acids and proteins

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aerobic respiration formula

C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6CO2 +6H2O

glucose (organic compound) + oxygen

note- aerobic respiration gives better yield of ATP

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explain involvement of ADP and ATP + respiration

ADP + Pi (inroganic phosphate) -> ATP
where respiartion creates the bond between the two Pi in the ADP and the last Pi added high eneergy bond producing ATP

when ATP is being formed, called ATP sythase= condensation, release water= reduction

when ADP and Pi are being produced= hydrolysis, intakes water= oxidation

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what is ATP used for

energetic processes such as;
muscle contraction
active transport
protein synthesis
DNA/ RNA replication
vescile trasnport
call signaling

all rprocesses release heat eneergy and hence all energy eventually ends up as as heat, the heat energy intically can be used to raise the temp of the organism but eventually is lost to envionrment and cannot be used for metabollic processes

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oxidtion

e- lost
o2 gain
h2 lost

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reduction

e- gain
o2 lost
H2 gain

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ADP +PI -> ATP

reduction
through phosphorylation addition of phosphate group

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formation of ATP through phosphoralation happens in 3 ways:

phosphorolyation- occurs in chloroplast during photosynthesis

oxidative phosphorylation- occurs in the mitochondira during the e- transport chain (final step of respiratin)

substrate level phosphorylation - occurs in the mitochondira during krebs cycle (intermediate step of respiraiton

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ATP is a sourced of instant energy in cell, explain

splitting of ATP into ADP releases energy in small and manageable bursts during times the cell is in need
while hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is single reaction, glucose breakdown recquires a long series of reactions therefore cells prefers ATP
ATP is mobile and transports chemical eneergy to where it is needed in the cell

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where does cell respiartion take place

mitochondria

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explain structures in mitochondria

circular DNA
outer membrane
matrix
inner membrane
inner membrane space
ribosmes (70S)
cristae

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explain process of aerobic respiartion

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
electron transport chain
chemiosmosis

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what is the general reaction in aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

In the arrow ->
ADP +Pi -> ATP

explain glycolysis

hexose sugar (6c) -> 2x pyruvate (2x 3c)

happens in cytoplasm

in this reaction; 2 ATP, 2 NADH (hydrogen acceptor) is produced

explain link reaction

happens twice per glucose molecule
pyruvate from glycolysis eneters mitochondrion matrix
pyruvate is oxidised
CoA= coenzyme: a carreir enters the reaction, and pyruvate us splitted (decarboxylation) as one co2 molecule is produced and Acetyl CoA is also produced (acetyl= 2c)
in the reaction, NAD is reduced into NADH
enzyme CoA removes 1 CO2 and hydrogen from pyruvate, removal of hydrogen- oxidation, removal of co2= decarboxylation

in general link reaction is known as oxidative decarboxylation

pyruvate + CoA -> Acetyl CoA + Co2

explain krebs cycle

happens twice per glucose molecule
1. Acetyl CoA enters reaction =, Coa returns to link reaction
2. Acetyl group (2c) joins a 4C sugar to form a 6c sugar
CoA is recycled back to link reaction
6c= citrate (citric acid)
3. oxidative decarboxylation occurs where NAD+ converts into NADPH (reduction)
co2 is removed from reaction
forms 5C
4. oxidative decarboxylation occurs again, NAD+ converts NADPH (reduction) one CO2 expelled from reaction
produces 4c
5. rearrangement
ADP-> ATP
substrates level phosphoralation, one ATP produced by substrate level phsophoralation per molecule of cycle
FAD->FADH2
NAD->NADPH
process is oxidative as NAD and FAD addition fo hydrogen

4c compound produced= oxolacetate

acetyl added to 4c processes starts over

general yield of krebs cycle

2 atp
6 NADH
2 FADH2

steps involved in glycolysis

phosphorylation
hexose sugar (6c) addition of 2 phosphates and 2 ATP are used = hexose phosphate
2.lysis (splitting), hexose phosphate is then split into 2 triose phosphate
oxidation
NAD+ -> NADH + H+ = reductionn
trio phosphate is oxidized (removal of hydrogen) to pyruvate NAD is reduced (addition of hydrogen to NADH+ Nad is the most common hydrogen acceptor
energy released from oxidation allows ATP formation, 4 ATP produced
ATP formed from ADP + Pi
by susbrate level phospholrylation 4ATP are produced

electron transport chain

series of transmembrane proteins in inner membrane of the mitochondria, acts as electron carriers

first step in etc

NADH dehydrogenase
this oxideses NADH into NAD+ (returns to matrix) and pumps H+ accross inner membrnae (matrix to inter membrane space) small area with high concentration of H+

second step etc

e- lost from NADH move along etc and activates next transmembrane protein=
succinate reductase
it oxidises FADH2-> FAD+ (returns to matrix) and pumps H+ accross inner membrane (matric-> inter membrane space

overall products of glycolysis

2 pyruavtes 2 ATP (as we used 2 ATP in beginning and produces 4 ATP net yield = 2ATP) 2 NADH

third step etc

2X e- lost frpm FADH2 move along etc activates cytochrome oxidase pumping of H+ in the inter membrane space forms an electrochemical graidnet that must be positive because= H+ this is maintained to allow chemiosmosis (diffusion of H+) cytochrome oxidase reduces O2 (final electron acceptor) into H2O all free H+ in matrix are combined with O2 to keep the concentration of H+ high in the inter membrane space

last step etc

H+ from inter membrane space diffuse through ATP sythase by chemiosomosis movents of H+ drives rotation of ATP sythase and ATP is made

where does glycolysis occur in

cytoplasm

where does the link reaction take place

mitochndrial matrix

molecules in and out in glycolysis

in: glucose x1 ATP x2 NAD x2 Pi x4 ADP x4 out ATP x4 NADH x2 pyruvate x2

molecules in and out in link reacton

in: CoA x2 pyruvate x2 NAD x2 out: acytal CoA x2 CO2 x2 NADH x2

molecules in and out in krebs cycle

in; Acetyl Coa x2 oxaloacetate x2 NAD x6 FAD x2 ADP x2 Pi x2 out; CO2 x4 NADH x6 FADH2 x2 ATP x2 CoA x2

what happens when ATP is converted into ADP

energy released hydrolysis reaction

which processes doesnt recquire ATP examples

catabolism

anaerobic respirartion bullet points

- doesnt occur in presecne of oxygen - glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm glucose broken into 3c molecues= pyruavte - 2ATP is released, said to be less efficient than aerobic respiration as less energy is released - known as fermentation

lactic acid fermentation bullet points

- occurs in humans in certain activities eg. spritning -lactate produced -after performing vigurous excerise, get out of breath, not enough o2 can reach muscles, to produce ATP in fastest way to maximise power of muscle contraction anaerobic respiration takes place in muscle -there is a max lactate conc tat body can tolerate as its toxic, causes cramps -lactate must be broken down by liver into water and co2 -demand for o2 that builds up during period of anaerobic respiration= oxygen debt

alchol fermentation bullet points

-takes place bacter and some funghi eg. yeast and in plants when deprived of o2 -glucose-> 2 co2 + 2 ethanol + small amount of energy -yeast used in baking, ethanol evaporates, co2 cant escape from dough, forms bubbles, dough rises and swells -ethanol from fermentation used beer and wine, glucose from beer comes from batery and from wine from grapes -most bioehtanol produced from sugar cane and maize, using yeast -fermenters used to keep yeast in optimum conditions

alchol fermentation process

happens in yeast (funghi) 1. glucose converts into pyruvate - NAD + x2 -> NADH x2 - ADP +pi x2 -> 2ATP 2. pyruvate -> 2 acetaldehyde co2 expelled pyruvate decarboxylase (enzyme) 3. 2 acetaldehydhe -> 2 ethanol alchol dehydrogenase (enzyme) 2x NADH (from first step) -> 2 x NAD+ ( goes back to first step)

lactate fermenatation steps

happens in humans 1. glucose-> pyruvate 2x NAD+ -> 2 x NADH 2 x ADP +Pi -> 2xATP 2. pyruvate -> 2x lactate 2 x NADH ( from first step) -> 2 x NAD+ (goes back to first step) uses lactate dehydrogenase (enzyme)