B4.1 Adaptation to enviornment Flashcards
habitat
place in which a community, species, population or organism lives, can be in turn to its geographical or physical location within its ecosystem
adaptations of organisms…
adapt based on abiotic environment of their habitat, they adapt to their biotic and abiotic actors within envionrment
biotic factors
living factors which have impact on feeding, predator- prey symbiotic, mutualistic or other forms of interdependent relationships eg. fungi, bacteria, plants, animals
abiotic factors
non living physical factors, have influence on specific adaptations of organism to live in their respective habitat eg.air, light, temperature, mineral, PH, humidity
describe abiotic factors of high habitat
UV radiation, low temp, water scarcity, frozen soil (permafrost), makes rooting and absorption of nutrients and water difficult
describe abiotic factors of dry habitat
water conservation challenge, tolerance of high salt concentration hinders water uptake via osmosis, sand retains little water and contains little organic matter ( normally helps store water)
describe abiotic factors of waterlogged habitat
mangrove swamps develop in tropic and subtropics where they grow in sheltered conditions and where mud accumulates, soil is waterlogged, anaerobic and with high salt conc (due to evaporation of water)
adaptation= white reflective and wooly hair; purpose of structure
intercept and deenergise harmful UV radiation before reaches plant cell
limits water evaporation
trap heat, reduce transpiration, protect against wind
adaptation= small leaves, stunted growth to stay low on ground; purpose of structure
help conserve energy and withstand challenging conditions eg. strong winds, also minimise water loss via transpiration, also help plants access soil at slightly warmer temperatures
adaptation= thick fleshy leaves (just like succulents); purpose of structure
reduce water loss, protect against harmful UV, hold moisture
1.thick waxy covering on leaves (cuticle),
2.leaves that can roll up during droughts,
3.stomata (pores in leafs) in indentations, reason for structure, in plants growing in sand dunes
1- reduces water loss through transpiration
2- rolled up leaves create a humid hamper and reduce exposure to wind (reducing transpiration)
3- stomata in indentations keep humid air with no exposure to wind
underground stems, reason for structure, in plants growing in sand dunes
provide stability, extend deep into ground to obtain water
accumulation of carbs in roots and leaf cell reason for structure, in plants growing in sand dunes
storage of sugars increase osmotic potential + helps to absorb water
pneumaticophores nd cable roots, reason for structure, in plants growing in waterlogged soil
pneumatophers are vertical roots which grow in the air +absorb oxygen
cable roots provide stability and often grow close to the ground to absorb oxygen
stilt roots growing in a downward arch from the stem reason for structure, in plants growing in waterlogged soil
anchor the trees into the ground and increase stability
buyount seeds reason for structure, in plants growing in waterlogged soil
can be carried away by ocean currents and allow dispersal to fertile soil
salt glands in leaves reason for structure, in plants growing in waterlogged soil
excess salt removal due to increased salt water potential
distribution maps
reflect factors that affect species, especially abiotic factors by showing the distribution of a species in its natural habitat
what are animal distributions affected by
water aviliability, temp
what are plant distributions affected by
temp, water avilability, light intesnity, soil ph, soil salinity, availability of mineral nutrients
what are prime abiotic factors for the edelweis
high altitude, mountainoues regions
cold climates, cool summers, harsh winters
well drained, rocky, mineral rich soils
full sunlight
well drianed conditions
some wind exposure
high altitude, mountainoues regions
cold climates, cool summers, harsh winters
well drained, rocky, mineral rich soils
full sunlight
well drianed conditions
some wind exposure
what plant is found in this conditions
edelweis
what are prime abiotic factors for the willow
abundant moisture eg.riverbanks
deeply, loamy, well drained soil
withstand old winters and warm summers
full sun, open areas
slightly acidic to neutral soil
wind sheltered, near water bodies
abundant moisture eg.riverbanks
deeply, loamy, well drained soil
withstand old winters and warm summers
full sun, open areas
slightly acidic to neutral soil
wind sheltered, near water bodies
what species thrive in these conditions
willow
what are prime abiotic factors for the globeflower
moist well drained soil, rich organic matter
consistent moisture, found damp meadows, wetalnds
partial shade flourish full sunlight o light shade
cool to moderate temp
mountanous regions, higher elevations
acidic to neutral soil ph
moist well drained soil, rich organic matter
consistent moisture, found damp meadows, wetalnds
partial shade flourish full sunlight o light shade
cool to moderate temp
mountanous regions, higher elevations
acidic to neutral soil ph
what plant thrives in these conditions
globeflower
what are prime abiotic factors for the pasqueflower
full sunlight
welldrained soil
alkaine, limestone based soils
full sunlight
welldrained soil
alkaine, limestone based soils
what plant thrives in these conditions
pasqueflower
what are prime abiotic factors for the swiss stone pine
cold harsh climate, subalpine zone
fresh humid deep well drained soil
acidic raw soils
cold harsh climate, subalpine zone
fresh humid deep well drained soil
acidic raw soils
what plant thrives in these conditions
swiss stone pine
how can you investigate the range of tolerance of a limiting factor
transect can be used, different types of smapling data with transects
what are the two types of transects
line transect
belt transect
when and how is a line transect used
organisms found at regular sample points, recorded, line with specific points equal distance apart, t these points measure amount of an organism found
when and how is a belt transect used
quadrants placed at regular sample points and abundance of organisms within each are recorded
what are coral reefs
biodiverse marine ecosystems, only able to develop in conditions suitable for hard corals, corals are animal share mutualistic relationships with algael cells= zooxanthellae which perform photosynthesis
what are the conditions which coral reef need to form
low depth- so that light can penetrate and photosynthesis can be carried out
clarity- turbidity prevents light penetration
salinity- avoid osmotic problems
warm temp- optimal temp for coral and zooxanthellae
ph- above 7or 8 allow deposition of CaCO3 in coral skeleton
biome
biogeographical unit consisting of biological commmunity that has formed in response to physical enviornment in whcih they are found and shared regional climate
groups of ecosystems with similiar communities due to similar abiotic conditions and convergent evolution
what are two factors which determine the distribution of terrestrial biomes
earth temperature and annual rainfall
the species composition of an organism varies based on what
depending on geographical location but adaptations are likely to be similiar
what are the different biomes
tropical, temperate,taiga (boreal), desert, grassland, tanara
tropical
temp= high
seasonal variation= minimal
precipitation=high
plant communities include=very high plant biodiversity
temperate
temp= medium
seasonal variation= warm summers and cold winters spring and autumn
precipitation=medium/high
include=broad leafed trees which loose leaves in colder season
taiga (boreal)
temp= low
seasonal variation= short summers and long cold winters
precipitation=medium/high
plant communities include=evergreen forests dominated by conifer trees
desert
temp= high
seasonal variation= minimal variation
precipitation=very low
plant communities include=little vegetation often with spines for leaves adapted for water conservation
grassland
temp= high/medium
seasonal variation= dry and cold seasons
precipitation=medium/high
plant communities include=grass species little significant tree growth because of lack of water
tandra
temp= very low
seasonal variation= short summers very cold winters
precipitation= medium/low
plant communities include=no trees because lack water, short growing season soil frosen most year so little growth
plants growing in the tundra all share similiar adaptations to abiotic enviornemnt no matter where in the world they grow, what are they
grow typically close to ground
small in heihgt, slow growing, hair to trap heat, germinate flower set seeds within very short growing season
their waxy leaves help to perserve water and shallow root system avoids permafrost
what are some adaptations to life in hot deserts and tropical rainforests cacti
spines instead of eaves- reduce water loss, protect against predators
thick waxy cuticle- reduce water loss, reflect heat
photosynthetic stems- store water and other resources
CAM- photosynthetic pathway allow cacti acquire CO2 at night
cooling ribs
when sudden temp change- cacti close stomate, adjust metabolic activity, alter growing pattern
contourned surface
feenec fox adaptations to desert
large ears- release excess heat, thermoregulate
light coloured fur- reflects heat, camouflage with sand
efficient kidneys- dont waste water
furry feet- protect hot sand, help dig
panting- increase breathing rate, regulates temo
button nose- help pinpoint prey, even when burried
spider monkey adatations to tropical rainforest
long tails- grasp bracnhes, swing hang
light bodies- easily swing
long arms- reahc things, climb
scare predatos- jump, shake, scream
sleep dense canopies- avoid predators
blue poison dart adpatations to tropical rainforest
bright coloration- warning to predators of skin containing toxins
sticky tongue- catch fast moving preys
toxins in skin- stun or kill predatirs
sense vision-very good, help catch preys
philodendron adaptations to tropical rainforest
climbing- allow reach sulihgt, modified roots wrap tree trunks
aerial roots- provide support, absorb nutrients, take up moisture from air
leaf shape- flexibility maximise esposure to light for photosynthesis, large broad leaves
