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biology IB > A1.1- water > Flashcards

A1.1- water Flashcards

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1
Q

water are the four reasons water is important

A

water is a solvent, water is a metabolite, water provides optimum temp for enzymes, maintains biological strucutres

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2
Q

explain importance of water as a solvent

A

has ability to dissolve molecules thus transport them around organisms acting as a medium in which chemical reactions happen in

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3
Q

explain importance of water as a metabolite

A

in chemical reactions in cells water either is the reactant or product
condensation- water product
hydrolysis- water reactant

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4
Q

explain importance of water providing optimum ph

A

in metabolic reactions which uses enzymes, they need optimum temperatures which water provides
water has a high specific heat capacity thus can stay liquid for long

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5
Q

explain importance of water maintaining biological structures

A

contributes to formation of cell membrane (phospholipid heads interact with water, phospholipid tail avoids water, this makes protein fold into shape needed to perform function)
surrounds DNA to support double helix (needed to follow instructions encoded DNA or pass instructions into future cells)

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6
Q

how did the solar system form

A

when a cloud of gas and dust collapsed into a swirling disk; some of the cloud was water

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7
Q

why liquid water could not be found in early inner solar system

A

young sun intense heat prevented water vapour from condensing

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8
Q

what is the main hypothesis for origin of water on earth

A

tiny grains of dust acted as condensation nuclei, let droplets form particles coalesced into young planet along with water carried when earth cooled rocks in crust reacted with chemicals in earths atmosphere to create more water molecules; water existed inside earth mantle but not as individual h2o molecules but as oh or simply h

most of water was imported from asteroids or comets, beleived that jupiter was closer to the sun and its gravity caused millions of asteroids to be pushed towards earth

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9
Q

what is evidence that asteroids and comets provided water to earth

A

every h2o molecule, a fraction of it has a hydrogen atom which has an extra neutron in nucleus
water from a comet vs asteroid has different ratios of these heavy hydrogen atoms and when comparing this with normal water, the waters atomic fingerprint is more closely related to that of an asteroid thus majority of water came from asteroids not comets

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10
Q

what does goldilock zone mean

A

habitable zone where it has just right distance from a star for water to remain at least periodically in loquid form on surface, earth orbits sun just right distance for water to remain lqiuid thus in goldilock zone

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11
Q

explain mars relationship to goldilock zone

A

mars is in the goldilock zone however it is too small to keep an atmosphere which is needed to sustain life

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12
Q

what are the circumstances for life to be present in a planet

A

luck- having all right chemicals at same place same time
time- evolution is complex took billions of years
location- not too hot or too cold to have liquid water on surface

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13
Q

chemicals- water

A

functions as solvent allowing key chemical reactions to take place, heat conduction, surface tension and high specific heat capacity

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14
Q

chemicals- carbon

A

simple building block that organisms need to form organic compounds eg, protein carbs and lipids

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15
Q

chemicals- phosphorus

A

key component of ATP molecule provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells

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16
Q

chemicals- nitrogen

A

needed to make amino acids

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17
Q

chemicals- sulphur

A

part of many biochemical processes on earth most enzymes cant function without

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18
Q

what 2 characteristics support retention fo water

A

distance of earth from sun keeps temp below water vaproisation, water is able to stay liquid or ice from due to cohesion of water molecules via h2 bonds
earths gravity keeps water from escaping planet

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19
Q

name of equipment that explores planet surface

A

rover

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20
Q

location on earth with similiar H:N ratio as asteroids

A

oceans

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21
Q

waters property to sustain life

A

solvent

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22
Q

name of bond between O and H

A

polar covalent bonds

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23
Q

charges of O and H

A

O= -
H= +

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24
Q

water molecules polar or non polar

A

polar

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25
Q

polar meaning

A

hydrophilic molecule
water loving

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26
Q

non polar meaning

A

hydrophobic molecule
water fear

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27
Q

name of bond between different H2O molecules

A

hydrogen bonding

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28
Q

how many bonds can a single H2O bond possess with other H2O molecules

A

4

29
Q

definition of cohesion

A

attraction between water molecules
force by which individual water molecules stick together through hydrogen bonding

30
Q

definition of adhesion

A

attraction of water molecules and another very thin surface
force by which individual water molecules stick to surrounding ionic or polar molecules through hydrogen bonding this allows water molecules to associate to soil particles and diffuse to the roots of plants by osmosis

31
Q

definition of thermal (property in water)

A

1- high thermal conductivity water conducts transfers and absorbs heat
2- high specific heat capacity (water needs a lot of energy to change its temperature because of meany h2 bonds which must be broken)

32
Q

definition of solvent (property in water)

A

water is the universal solvent due to its polarity

33
Q

definition of viscosity (property in water)

A

measure to resistance of a fluid to flow water has a higher tendency to reduce flow whn it has solutes dissolved on it than air

34
Q

definition of buoyancy (property in water)

A

objects that are denser than water will sink while objects that are less dense than water will float

35
Q

examples of cohesion organisms exploit of property

A

surface tension- results from great attraction of water molecules to each other (cohesion)
fishing spiders ad water striders rely on surface tension to move across surface
surface tension stronger than force of gravity pulling down

36
Q

examples of adhesion organisms exploit of property

A

allows capillary action movement of water through thin tube without assistance or opposition of external forces helps move water up thin xylem vessels inside stem

37
Q

examples of thermal conductivity organisms exploit of property

A

thick layer of fat provies insulation from cold ocean temp in marine animals
water ib blood carrying heat generated at contracting muscles to skin where it lost fro body (thermoregulation) body changes blood supply in response to change in activity
water rapidly conducts body heat away from the body becomes hypothermic more quickly in water than air

38
Q

examples of high specific heat capacity organisms exploit of property

A

important to maintain stable internal and external environment helps body temp rise and fall slowly when temp changes

39
Q

examples of solvent organisms exploit of property

A

water being able to dissolve polar or ionic substances solutes whenever water goes eg. ground or body takes along valuable chemicals nutrients minerals
water, proteins, nutreints, enzymes, salts, metabolites, hormones are all able to dissolve in blood/water in body

40
Q

examples of viscosity organisms exploit of property

A

formation of hydrogen bonds reduce waters tendency to flow water can dissolve many solutes which increase viscosity of blood
waters low viscosity makes easy for organisms to move through it aquatic life, allows swimming allows efficient transfer of nutrients and o2 throughout body of aquatic organism

41
Q

examples of buyouncy organisms exploit of property

A

bony fish change their denisty by changing size of swim bladder filling with gases or not thus able to move up or down in water\birds main limb bonws are hollow with struts inside to strengthen them and making it less dense to bloat in water

42
Q

surface tension

A

water moelcules on the surface are more attracted to each other, cohesion, than they are to molecules in the air. the net effect is an inward force at the surface that provides a habitat for some organisms eg. mosquito larvae to live on.

43
Q

capillary action

A

movement of water molecules (cohesion) throguh a thin capillary tube adhesion without the assistance of or even in opposition to any external force like gravity this allows the movement of water up the xylem vessles in plants as water molecules stick to cellulose

44
Q

black throated loon adaptations for buoyancy

A

hollow bones (main limbe bones) with struts inside to strengthen them and make less dense thus float on water

45
Q

black throated loon adaptations for viscosity

A

webbed feet and streamlined body shape which overcome viscosity of water

46
Q

black throated loon adaptations for thermal conductivity

A

oil gland near their tail use beaks to rub oil over feathers and make waterproof

47
Q

black throated loon adaptations for specific heat capcity

A

oil gland near their tail use beaks to rub oil over feathers and make waterproof

48
Q

ringed seal adaptations for buoyancy

A

changes position stays in back which increases surface area

49
Q

ringed seal adaptations for viscosity

A

streamlined body shape and paddle like feet overcome viscosity of water

50
Q

ringed seal adaptations for thermal conductivity

A

thick blubber under their skin for insulation reduces heat loss from seals internal organs

51
Q

ringed seal adaptations for specific heat capacity

A

thick blubber under their skin for insulation reduces heat loss from seals internal organs
when water freezes seal changes habitat goes into ice caps or immigrates for food

52
Q

what properties explain why water makes a good solvent

A

polaritty of water molecules
high specific heat capacity of water

53
Q

define cohesion

A

force by which individual molecules of same type are attracted

54
Q

in regard to water molecules where do hydrogen bonds form

A

between different water molecules between the positevly charged hydrogen atom and negatively charged oxygen atom

55
Q

why was water retained in the early earth

A

temp were low enough to condense water

56
Q

define buyouncy

A

ability of an animal to float or remain suspended in a fluid

57
Q

define viscosity

A

the measure of a substances resistance to flow

58
Q

define thermal conductivity

A

measure of how easily heat flows through materials

59
Q

define specific heat capacity

A

measure of how easily heat flows through materials

60
Q

to overcome bouyant force of water to dive under and catch fish the black throated loom has

A

solid bones and the ability to compress air in the lungs

61
Q

to remain bouyant on the surface of the water the black throated loom…

A

traps air in its feathers this helps the loom to stay afloat and exert less energy

62
Q

to overcome the viscosity of water the black throated loon has

A

webbed feet and a streamlined body this helps because the loon can exert less energy to swim in the less viscous air the loon can fly due to its light feathers

63
Q

what makes it easy fro water to absorb heat from organisms

A

high thermal conductivity
high specific heat capacity

64
Q

to reduce heat loss in water the loon…

A

makes itself waterproof using oils spread on its feathers

65
Q

under the water a seal remains bouyant because of its..

A

thick layer of blubber that is less dense than water

66
Q

to overcome the viscosity of water the seal has…

A

powerful flippers and streamlined body this helps because the seal can use less energy to swim

67
Q

to reduce heat loss in water due to its high thermal conductivity, the seal has…

A

blubber to slow down heat transfer

68
Q

the specific heat capacity of air is lower than water so air temperatures

A

fluctuates

69
Q

as water has a higher speicific heat capacity water provides a

A

much more stable enviornment for the seal

biology IB (10 decks)

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