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biology IB > A1.2 Nucleic acid > Flashcards

A1.2 Nucleic acid Flashcards

1
Q

for nucleic acid what are the monomers and what are the polymers

A

monomers= nucleotides
polymers= polynucleotides;
- dna= deoxyribose nucleic acid
rna= ribose nucleic acid

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2
Q

what are the monomers of nucleic acids (nucleotides) made of

A

phosphate group (PO4 3-)
pentose sugar= deoxyribose for DNA and ribose for RNA
nitrogenous base=
ATCG for DNA
AUCG for RNA

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3
Q

describe structure of nucleotide

A

sugar (pentose sugar= 5 carbons and one oxygen) is the middle part and the C5 connects to the phosphate group, and C1 connects to the nitrogenous base

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4
Q

what is the difference in the structure of a deoxyribose nucleic acid and a ribose nucleic acid

A

c2 has only a hydrogen in deoxyribose nucleic acid while in ribose nucleic acid is has an OH connected to C2

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5
Q

number of hydrogen bonds between AT compared to CG

A

AT= 2
CG=3

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6
Q

whats the name of the bases once they are in a nucleoside

A

adenosine
thymidine
guanosine
cytidine

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7
Q

name of the bases

A

adenine
guanine
thymine
uracil
cytosine

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8
Q

whats uracil

A

the base which pairs with adenine in an rna instead of thymine

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9
Q

what are the purines

A

contains a double ring, adenine (A)
Guanine (G)

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10
Q

what are the pyrimidines

A

single ring only
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)
Cytosine (C)

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11
Q

what happens in the condensation reaction between 2 nucleotides

A

water is removed
bond forms between the C3 of one nucelotide and C5 of another nucleotide bond is called phosphodiester bond this connects nucleotides into one single strand

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12
Q

describe dna structure

A

5’ end- has a phosphate without connection
3’ end- no phosphodiester bond with C3
DNA is made of 2 polynucleotide strands that run in opposite directions to each other (anti parallel) . They match through complementary base pairing and naturally coil into a twisted double helix.

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13
Q

what are the differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA
pentose sugar: deoxyribose (C2-H)

number of strands:
2- double helix

nitrogenous bases:
ATCG

location in cell:
nucleus

function:
Stores genetic info in the form of different lengths and sequence of nucleotides

RNA
pentose sugar:
ribose (C2-OH)

number of strands:
1-single stranded

nitrogenous bases:
AUCG

location in cell:
cytoplasm

function:
has 3

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14
Q

function of mRNA

A

messenger
carry genetic info in form of codons from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
codons= triplet of bases
each codon codes for 1 amino acid

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15
Q

function rRNA

A

ribosomal
makes up ribosome and catalyses condensation reaction between amino acids
is seperated in large subunit which has a tRNA attachment and a small subunit which has the mRNA attachment

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16
Q

function tRNA

A

transfer
brings specific amino acid to the ribosome
has anticodones which is also a triplet of bases
carries the specific amino acid found in codon

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17
Q

deoxyribose

A

a pentose sugar found in DNA

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18
Q

ribose

A

a pentose sugar found in RNA

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19
Q

purine

A

a molecule containing nitrogen and carbon, compromising two ring structures

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20
Q

pyrimidine

A

a molecule containing nitrogen and carbon comprising one ring structure

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21
Q

complementary

A

the relationship between adenine and thymine and between cytosine and guanine for example

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22
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

weak bonds between complementary bases

23
Q

adenine

A

a purine base complementary to thymine and uracil

24
Q

thymine

A

a pyrimidine base complementary to adenine

25
cytosine
a pyrimidine base complementary to guanine
26
guanine
a purine base complementary to cytosine
27
uracil
a pyrimidine base found only in RNA
28
double helix
shape of DNA molecules
29
antiparallel
the arrangement of complementary polynucleotides in the double helix
30
sugar phosphate bonds
strong bonds between adjacent nucelotides in a polynucleotide
31
pentose
general name for a five carbon sugar
32
nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids
33
polynucleotide
chain of nucleotides
34
base pair
two complementary bases held together by hydrogen bonds eg. A-T, C-G
35
when was the HERSHEY CHASE experiment and summary
1952, the discovery that DNA is heritable factor
36
what did hershey and chase experiment use
bacteriophage viruses; contain, dna and proteins and used radioisotopes of atoms, to track the movement of DNA and protein between generations of viruses
37
explain bacteriophage virsues
used in hershey and chase experiment theya re viruses that specifically ingect bacteria in order to reproduce, they inject their genetic mterial into the host cell (bacteria)
38
what were the two tests done by the hershey and chase experiment
1- test if the protein was the heritable factor 2- test if DNA was the heritable factor
39
describe the first test, test if protein was the heritable factor
conical flask with culture of bacteria phages were labelled with 35S (radioactive isotope of sulfur), the protein was coated with this sulfur, and the phages released their genetic material into the bacteria they then poured this mixture into bacteria and then into a centrifuge in the centrifuge; -pellet which is denser is the bacteria -supernatant which is lighter are the phages they then tested the centrifuge for radioactivity, and only the supernatent was radioactive showing that the protein isnt the genetic material as when testing the bacteria for radioactivity it was negative meaning protein which was radioactive wasnt transfered to bacteria
40
describe the 2- test if DNA was the heritable factor
phages labelled with 32p (radioactive isotope of phosphorous), this time DNA was radioactive blend mixture of phages and bacteria in a mixer, and then centrifuge pellet contains bacteria supernatant contains the phages this time when testing for radioactivity, the bacteria were found to be radioactive, this showed that the radioactive dna passed from the phage into the bacteria, showing that the genetic material is the DNA
41
what is the impotance of hydrogen bonds for living organisms
promotes surface tension, serves as habitat for animals/insects what links nucleotides strands making dna cohesion and adhesion used in xylem, transpiration pull secondary structure of proteins have hydrogen bonds between beta pleated sheets and alpha helix water stays liquid for higher temperatures, because of hydrogen bonds solvent properties of water in process of transcription, fomation of m RNA through transcription
42
whats the significance of positvely charged histone protein and the negatively charged dna
creates a force of attraction between both allowing coiling of dna around histones neg charged dna associates to pos charged amino acids on surface of histones protein
43
what is the role of histones
packaging of dna in chromosomes
44
what are chromosomes
chromosomes are most condensed version of nucelosomes and is only present in cells during mitosis or meiosis
45
when is chromatin present ina cell
during interphase, whenever cell isnt dividing
46
what is the chromatin fiber
stacking of nucelosomes
47
nucleosome
octomer of histones (8 histones) with 2 coils of dna around
48
what is the importance of the central histone
it has a positive charge and is an amino acid
49
why is dna negatively charged
PO4 3-
50
importance of H1 histone
linker protein avoids DNA from seperating from histomes
51
what is a nuclosome molecule composed of
beta pleated sheet alpha helixes 2 coils of dna
52
what did chargaffs data suggest
strongly hinted towards complementary base pair makeup of dna and disproved the tetra nucleotide hypothesis
53
what was the tetra nucleotide hypothesis
that dna was composed of only 4 nucleotides per molecule with the 4 bases present in euqal amounts and directed to the outside of the structure this was disproved by chargaffs experiment

biology IB (24 decks)

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