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biology IB > A2.2 cell structure and B2.2 organelles compartmentalization > Flashcards

A2.2 cell structure and B2.2 organelles compartmentalization Flashcards

1
Q

What are common structures of all cells

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
DNA
ribosomes

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2
Q

what are prokarayotes and eukarayotes

A

prokarayotes are less evolved cells and eukarayotes are more evolved cells

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3
Q

what does prokarayotic stand for

A

pro- before
karayotic- nucleus

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4
Q

what does eukarayotic stand for

A

eu-self/real
karayotic- nucleus

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5
Q

where are prokarayotes found in

A

archae (bacteria cells fund in extreme enviornment)
eubacteria- bacterial cells

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6
Q

where are eukarayotes found in

A

fungi, protists, plant, animal

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7
Q

what are characteristics of prokarayotes

A

-free dna; not enclosed inside the nucleus
-naked dna; not associated with histones
-no compartimentalisation
-70s ribosomes
-circular dna

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8
Q

what are characteristics of eukarayotes

A

-dna inside nucleus
-dna associated with histones forming chromatin
-cellular compartmentalisation into organelles (cell processes protected insdie compartments)
-80s ribosomes
-linear dna can form double helix)

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9
Q

what are structures of a prokarayotic cell

A

-pilli (cell attachment)
-cell wall made of peptidoglycan
-cell membrane
-70s ribosomes
-nucleoid region (free/ naked/ circular DNA)
-plasmid (additional circular DNA that provides antibiotic resistance)
-flagella(sing. flagellum), twice the size of body, important for movement
-a capsule (external to the cell wall can be present)

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10
Q

what is the equivalent of 1 cm

A

100000 Um

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11
Q

what are organelles found in prokarayotes

A

plasma membrane and ribosomes

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12
Q

what are organelles found in eukarayotes

A

centrioles, lysosomes, vesicles, golgi apparatus, nucelues, plasma membrane, ribosomes, RES, SER, mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuole

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13
Q

ribosomes found in prokarayotes vs eukarayotes

A

pro- 70s
eu-80s

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14
Q

cell wall composition in prokarayotes

A

peptidoglycan

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15
Q

cell wal composition in eukaratoes

A

plants; cellulose
fungi;chitin

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16
Q

organelles

A

membrane bound, discrete units inside the cell

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17
Q

what are considered organelles

A

centrioles, lysosomes, vesciles golgi apparatus, nucleus, plasma membrane, ribosomes, RES/SER, mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuole

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18
Q

what are not considered organelles

A

cytoplasm, cell wall, cytoskeleton

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19
Q

what organelles are made of phospholipid bilayer

A

nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, chloroplast

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20
Q

what organelles are made of one phospholipid layer

A

centrioles, lysosomes, vesicles, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, RES/SER, vacuole

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21
Q

do prokarayot cells have compartmentalistation

A

no only eukarayotes

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22
Q

why is compartmentalisation of organelles i eukarayotes important?

A

higher efficency and accuracy of metabolic reactions as specific enzymes, substrates and products dont mix

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23
Q

function flagellum

A

movement

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24
Q

function ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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25
function pilli
attachment and DNA transfer
26
function cell wall
protective coating can be gram positive or gram negative
27
function cytoplasm
contains enzymes for metabolism
28
function nucleoid
region containing closed- loop DNA
29
plasma membrane
controls entry and exit of substances
30
structures of an animal eukrayotic cell
centrioles (involved cell division) mitochondrion plasma membrane SER (synthesizes lipid) cytoplasm intermediate filament (anchors organelles in cytoplasm) lysosome (internal cellular digestion- more present in animal cell) transport vesicle golgi complex (modifies and packages protein synthesized in the RER) secretory vesicles 80s ribosomes microtubule (maintain cell shape) RER nuclear pore + nuclear membrane= nucleus nucleolus (synthesizes ribosomes) //animals can have smaller vacuoles
31
eukarayotic plant cell structure
cell wall lysosome microfilament free 80s ribosome golgi apparatus secretory vesicle transport vesicle RER attached 80s ribosome nuclear pore + nuclear membrane= nucleus nucleulus microtubules DNA intermediate filaments cytoplasm large vacuole plasma membrane amyloplast (storage vesicle of amyloplast) chloroplasts (larger than mitochondria) mitochondria //no centrioles //much larger than animal cells
32
what must interpretive drawings have
if asks for annoted diagrams must add labels with functions of organelles
33
which organelle contains chromatin
nucleus
34
which organelle is the site of translation
ribosome
35
what is the main function of the mitochondrion
aerobic respiration
36
which organelle produces the spindle fibres during mitosis
centriole
37
which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of lipids in the cell
smooth ER
38
which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes
lysosome
39
what is the main function of the nucleulus
production of ribosomal RNA
40
which organelle is made of stacks of membranes and covered in ribosomes
rough ER
41
which organelle packages proteins for export from the cell by exocytosis
golgi apparatus
42
which organelle is the site of respiration in a prokaryotic cell
mesosome
43
prokarayotes contain what type of ribosomes
70s
44
what susbtance forms the cell wall of prokarayotes
peptidoglycan
45
which term means before the nucleus
proarayotic
46
which type of ribosomes do eukaryotes contain in their cytoplasm
80s
47
how many membranes surround the nucleus
2
48
which organelle in animal cells other than the nucleus also cotnain DNA
mitochondrion
49
which organelle is never found in prokarayotes or animal cells
chloroplasts
50
what is the function of the plasma membrane
control of transport into and out of cell
51
which structures increase the surface area of the inner mitochnodrial membrane
cristae
52
whcih processes describes how proteins are exported from cells
exocytosis
53
what susbtance is the plant cell wall made of
cellulose
54
which strucutres present in soem animal cells increase the surface area of the cell membrane
microvilli
55
which pigment makes chloroplasts green
chlorophyll
56
which term means true nucleus
eukarayotic
57
number of cells prokarayotic eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
uni pluri pluri uni/pluri
58
cell shape prokarayotic eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
round spherical hellical usually circular usually rectangular helical round and spherical
59
flagella prokarayotic eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
yes only in sperm cell no no
60
cell wall prokarayotic eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
yes-peptidoglycan no yes-cellulose yes-clartin
61
nucelus prokarayotic eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
no yes yes yes
62
dna prokarayotic eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
circular free naked enclosed linear associated with proteins X 3
63
ribosomes prokarayotic eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
70s 80 80s 80s
64
plastid prokarayotic eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
no no chloroplast no
65
centrioles prokarayotic eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
noi yes no no
66
vacuoles prokarayotic eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
no smaller larger no
67
euchromatin heterochromatin and chromosome explain
euchromatin and heterochromatin are types of chromatin (DNA protein complex) which build up chromosomes euchromatin= less condensed and transcriptially active heterochromatin= highly condensed and transcriptially active
68
function golgi
packages proteins for export from cells by exocytosis
69
descirption and function of cell wall -strucutral element
outer layer of cellulose protection and support
70
descirption and function of cytoskeleton -strucutral element
network of protein filaments strucutral support cell movement
71
desciprtion and function of flagella and cilia -strucutral element
cellular extension with 9 + 2 arrangement of pairs of microtubules motility of moving fluids over surfaces
72
description and function of plasma membrane -plasma membrane and endomembrane system
lipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded regulates what passes into and out of cell; cell to cell recognition
73
description and function of endoplasmic reticulum -plasma membrane and endomembrane system
network of internal membrane forms compartments and vesicles; participates in protein and lipid synthesis
74
description and function of nucleus -plasma membrane and endomembrane system
strucutre (usually spherical) surrounded by double membrane that contans chromosomes control centre of cell directs protein synthesis and cell reproduction
75
description and function of golgi complex -plasma membrane and endomembrane system
stacks of flattned vesicles packages protein for export from the cell; forms secretory vesicles
76
description and function of lysosomes -plasma membrane and endomembrane system
vesicles dervied from golgi complex that contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes digest worn out organelles and cell debris play role in cell death
77
description and function of peroxisomes -plasma membrane and endomembrane system
vesicles formed from ER containing oxidative and other enxymes isolate particular chemical activities from rest of cell
78
description and function of mitochondria -energy producing organelles
bacteria like elements with double membrane site of oxidative metabolism provides ATP for cellular energy
79
description and function of chloroplasts -energy producing organelles
bacteria like organelles found in plants and algae; complex inner membrane consists of stacked vesicles site of photosynthesis
80
description and function of chromosomes -elements of gene expression
long threads of DNA that form a complex with protein contain hereditary info
81
description and function of nucleolus -elements of gene expression
site of genes for rRNA synthesis assembles ribosomes
82
description and function of ribosomes -elements of gene expression
small complex assemblues of protein and RNA often vound to endoplasmic reticulum sites of protein synthesis
83
permenant vacuole
stroes sugary solution create an osmotic enviornment

biology IB (23 decks)

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