A2.2 cell structure and B2.2 organelles compartmentalization Flashcards
What are common structures of all cells
cell membrane
cytoplasm
DNA
ribosomes
what are prokarayotes and eukarayotes
prokarayotes are less evolved cells and eukarayotes are more evolved cells
what does prokarayotic stand for
pro- before
karayotic- nucleus
what does eukarayotic stand for
eu-self/real
karayotic- nucleus
where are prokarayotes found in
archae (bacteria cells fund in extreme enviornment)
eubacteria- bacterial cells
where are eukarayotes found in
fungi, protists, plant, animal
what are characteristics of prokarayotes
-free dna; not enclosed inside the nucleus
-naked dna; not associated with histones
-no compartimentalisation
-70s ribosomes
-circular dna
what are characteristics of eukarayotes
-dna inside nucleus
-dna associated with histones forming chromatin
-cellular compartmentalisation into organelles (cell processes protected insdie compartments)
-80s ribosomes
-linear dna can form double helix)
what are structures of a prokarayotic cell
-pilli (cell attachment)
-cell wall made of peptidoglycan
-cell membrane
-70s ribosomes
-nucleoid region (free/ naked/ circular DNA)
-plasmid (additional circular DNA that provides antibiotic resistance)
-flagella(sing. flagellum), twice the size of body, important for movement
-a capsule (external to the cell wall can be present)
what is the equivalent of 1 cm
100000 Um
what are organelles found in prokarayotes
plasma membrane and ribosomes
what are organelles found in eukarayotes
centrioles, lysosomes, vesicles, golgi apparatus, nucelues, plasma membrane, ribosomes, RES, SER, mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuole
ribosomes found in prokarayotes vs eukarayotes
pro- 70s
eu-80s
cell wall composition in prokarayotes
peptidoglycan
cell wal composition in eukaratoes
plants; cellulose
fungi;chitin
organelles
membrane bound, discrete units inside the cell
what are considered organelles
centrioles, lysosomes, vesciles golgi apparatus, nucleus, plasma membrane, ribosomes, RES/SER, mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuole
what are not considered organelles
cytoplasm, cell wall, cytoskeleton
what organelles are made of phospholipid bilayer
nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, chloroplast
what organelles are made of one phospholipid layer
centrioles, lysosomes, vesicles, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, RES/SER, vacuole
do prokarayot cells have compartmentalistation
no only eukarayotes
why is compartmentalisation of organelles i eukarayotes important?
higher efficency and accuracy of metabolic reactions as specific enzymes, substrates and products dont mix
function flagellum
movement
function ribosomes
protein synthesis
function pilli
attachment and DNA transfer
function cell wall
protective coating can be gram positive or gram negative
function cytoplasm
contains enzymes for metabolism
function nucleoid
region containing closed- loop DNA
plasma membrane
controls entry and exit of substances
structures of an animal eukrayotic cell
centrioles (involved cell division)
mitochondrion
plasma membrane
SER (synthesizes lipid)
cytoplasm
intermediate filament (anchors organelles in cytoplasm)
lysosome (internal cellular digestion- more present in animal cell)
transport vesicle
golgi complex (modifies and packages protein synthesized in the RER)
secretory vesicles
80s ribosomes
microtubule (maintain cell shape)
RER
nuclear pore + nuclear membrane= nucleus
nucleolus (synthesizes ribosomes)
//animals can have smaller vacuoles
eukarayotic plant cell structure
cell wall
lysosome
microfilament
free 80s ribosome
golgi apparatus
secretory vesicle
transport vesicle
RER
attached 80s ribosome
nuclear pore + nuclear membrane= nucleus
nucleulus
microtubules
DNA
intermediate filaments
cytoplasm
large vacuole
plasma membrane
amyloplast (storage vesicle of amyloplast)
chloroplasts (larger than mitochondria)
mitochondria
//no centrioles
//much larger than animal cells
what must interpretive drawings have
if asks for annoted diagrams must add labels with functions of organelles
which organelle contains chromatin
nucleus
which organelle is the site of translation
ribosome
what is the main function of the mitochondrion
aerobic respiration
which organelle produces the spindle fibres during mitosis
centriole
which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of lipids in the cell
smooth ER
which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes
lysosome
what is the main function of the nucleulus
production of ribosomal RNA
which organelle is made of stacks of membranes and covered in ribosomes
rough ER
which organelle packages proteins for export from the cell by exocytosis
golgi apparatus
which organelle is the site of respiration in a prokaryotic cell
mesosome
prokarayotes contain what type of ribosomes
70s
what susbtance forms the cell wall of prokarayotes
peptidoglycan
which term means before the nucleus
proarayotic
which type of ribosomes do eukaryotes contain in their cytoplasm
80s
how many membranes surround the nucleus
2
which organelle in animal cells other than the nucleus also cotnain DNA
mitochondrion
which organelle is never found in prokarayotes or animal cells
chloroplasts
what is the function of the plasma membrane
control of transport into and out of cell
which structures increase the surface area of the inner mitochnodrial membrane
cristae
whcih processes describes how proteins are exported from cells
exocytosis
what susbtance is the plant cell wall made of
cellulose
which strucutres present in soem animal cells increase the surface area of the cell membrane
microvilli
which pigment makes chloroplasts green
chlorophyll
which term means true nucleus
eukarayotic
number of cells
prokarayotic
eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
uni
pluri
pluri
uni/pluri
cell shape
prokarayotic
eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
round spherical hellical
usually circular
usually rectangular
helical round and spherical
flagella
prokarayotic
eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
yes
only in sperm cell
no
no
cell wall
prokarayotic
eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
yes-peptidoglycan
no
yes-cellulose
yes-clartin
nucelus
prokarayotic
eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
no
yes
yes
yes
dna
prokarayotic
eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
circular free naked
enclosed linear associated with proteins X 3
ribosomes
prokarayotic
eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
70s
80
80s
80s
plastid
prokarayotic
eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
no
no
chloroplast
no
centrioles
prokarayotic
eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
noi
yes
no
no
vacuoles
prokarayotic
eukarayotic; animal, plant, fungi
no
smaller
larger
no
euchromatin heterochromatin and chromosome
explain
euchromatin and heterochromatin are types of chromatin (DNA protein complex) which build up chromosomes
euchromatin= less condensed and transcriptially active
heterochromatin= highly condensed and transcriptially active
function golgi
packages proteins for export from cells by exocytosis
descirption and function of cell wall
-strucutral element
outer layer of cellulose
protection and support
descirption and function of cytoskeleton
-strucutral element
network of protein filaments
strucutral support cell movement
desciprtion and function of flagella and cilia
-strucutral element
cellular extension with 9 + 2 arrangement of pairs of microtubules
motility of moving fluids over surfaces
description and function of plasma membrane
-plasma membrane and endomembrane system
lipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded
regulates what passes into and out of cell; cell to cell recognition
description and function of endoplasmic reticulum
-plasma membrane and endomembrane system
network of internal membrane
forms compartments and vesicles; participates in protein and lipid synthesis
description and function of nucleus
-plasma membrane and endomembrane system
strucutre (usually spherical) surrounded by double membrane that contans chromosomes
control centre of cell directs protein synthesis and cell reproduction
description and function of golgi complex
-plasma membrane and endomembrane system
stacks of flattned vesicles
packages protein for export from the cell; forms secretory vesicles
description and function of lysosomes
-plasma membrane and endomembrane system
vesicles dervied from golgi complex that contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes
digest worn out organelles and cell debris play role in cell death
description and function of peroxisomes
-plasma membrane and endomembrane system
vesicles formed from ER containing oxidative and other enxymes
isolate particular chemical activities from rest of cell
description and function of mitochondria
-energy producing organelles
bacteria like elements with double membrane
site of oxidative metabolism provides ATP for cellular energy
description and function of chloroplasts
-energy producing organelles
bacteria like organelles found in plants and algae; complex inner membrane consists of stacked vesicles
site of photosynthesis
description and function of chromosomes
-elements of gene expression
long threads of DNA that form a complex with protein
contain hereditary info
description and function of nucleolus
-elements of gene expression
site of genes for rRNA synthesis
assembles ribosomes
description and function of ribosomes
-elements of gene expression
small complex assemblues of protein and RNA often vound to endoplasmic reticulum
sites of protein synthesis
permenant vacuole
stroes sugary solution create an osmotic enviornment
