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biology IB > ecology and conservation (tamar booklet) > Flashcards

ecology and conservation (tamar booklet) Flashcards

1
Q

species

A

group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offsprings

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2
Q

population

A

group of organisms of same species living in an area at the same time and interbreeding

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3
Q

communities

A

group of populations living and interbreeding with each other

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4
Q

ecosystems

A

open system in which both energy and matter can enter and exit

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5
Q

niche

A

the functional position and role of an organism within its environment.

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6
Q

what does the competitive exclusion principle state

A

2 species cant exist simultaneously if they live in same place

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7
Q

binomial name

A

first part genus
second part species

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8
Q

difference between an ecosystem and a biome

A

biomes are large geographically defined regions with similar climate, vegetation etc. while ecosystems are localized communities of living organisms and their ineraction within specific areas
biome eg. rainforest, desert, savannah
ecosystem, specific swamp or pond

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9
Q

biotic and abiotic factors of dessert

A

biotic; cacti, scropias, kangaroo rats, desert shrubs
abiotic, extreme temperatures, sandy, high levels sunlight, strong wind

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10
Q

biotic and abiotic factors of ocean

A

biotic; algae, fish, coral reefs, dolphins, sharks
abiotic; salinity, dissolved gases, high depth

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11
Q

biotic and abiotic factors of rainforest

A

biotic; canopy trees, monkeys, snakes, decomposers
abiotic; humidity, rainfall ,soil composition

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12
Q

main forms of nitrogen in nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen gas
found dissolved in organisms
ammonium
nitrate
nitrite
oxides of nitrogen

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13
Q

order of nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen fixation by bacteria converting atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia, ammonification where organic matter decomposes into ammonium, nitrification where bacteria convert ammonium into nitrite and then nitrate, assimilation where marine organisms take up nitrate for growth, and finally, denitrification by bacteria returning nitrate back to nitrogen gas under anaerobic conditions

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14
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

range of different ecosystems or habitat within a particular area

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15
Q

species diversity

A

number of species and their abundance in a specific area

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16
Q

genetic diversity

A

variation of genes between individuals within a species

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17
Q

overharvesting/ overhunting

A

to harvest or hunt something excessively, at harmful degree
decrease population of a species, affect the food web

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18
Q

habitat destruction for deforstation or urbanisation

A

clearing forests and habitat loss, decrease biodiversity for building cities which can furtherly produce more pollution =, increases temperature

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19
Q

invasive species

A

animals or plants from another region of the world dont belong in a new enviornment they have been introduced to due to human acitvity, can effect food web and decrease biodiversity

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20
Q

pollution

A

introduction substance into envrionemtn, negatively impact human health, and envirnemtn , acid rain, water/ soil pollution, lack of biodiversity

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21
Q

global climate change

A

long term shift to weather patterns and temperautre affects extinction of species

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22
Q

disease

A

result of exposure to unhealthy enviornmental factors, these can be natural occuring or not, causes extinction and lack of biodiversty

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23
Q

why is a large biodiversity important

A

medical reasearch eg. penicillin, used to make drugs, keeps humans helathy in first place eg. trees abrosb harmful substances soil provides microbes needed to grow food

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24
Q

cause for biodiversity loss

A

land use change, overexploitation, pollution, climate change

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25
Q

insitu conservation

A

conservation of ecosystems or species in their natural habitats

advatanges- protects entire ecosystems preserve natural processes allow species to adapt naturally

disadvantages- endangered species habitat may be fragmented, genetiv diversity may decrease, threats to species may persist

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26
Q

exsitu conservation

A

preservation of species in artificial environemnt

advantages- allows for greater control of conditions eg. climate, diet and can improve breeding success

disadvantages- genetic diversity deterioration, inbreeding depression, adaptations to captivity

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27
Q

what is the rationale behind focusing on certain species when conserving

A

some species play key roles in ecosystems and are at greater risk of extinction or hep raise awarness and support for conservation due to their beauty or emmotional appeal

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28
Q

abiotic factor

A

physical and chemical features of the enviornmetn that have an effect on a population of organisms

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29
Q

biotic factors

A

biological features of the environment that have an effect on a popultion of organisms

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30
Q

ecosystem

A

community of living organisms and the biotic factors that affect them

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31
Q

producer

A

green plants and some bacteria that make their own food

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32
Q

consumers

A

heterotrophs which obtain nourishments by feeding on othe rorganisms

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33
Q

trophic level

A

position an organism occupies in a food chain

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34
Q

community

A

all the populations that live in a particular place at the same time

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35
Q

population

A

all the organisms of the same species living together in a particular habitat

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36
Q

habitat

A

the place within an ecosystem where a population lives

37
Q

niche

A

the role an organism has in including where it lives and what it eats

38
Q

gross productivity

A

the total energy fixed during photosynthesis

39
Q

autotroph

A

an organism producing its own food from simple inorganic materials eg. by photosynthesis

40
Q

interspecific competition

A

individuals of more than one species attempt to make use of the same scarce resources

41
Q

food web

A

the complex interactions between food chains in an ecosystem

42
Q

pioneer

A

plant species found in the early stage of succession

43
Q

food chain

A

linked series of living organisms each of which is the food for the next level showing energy flow though the ecosystem

44
Q

climax comunity

A

the end stage in a succession

45
Q

biomass

A

the dry mass of organisms

46
Q

succession

A

the changes that occur in an ecosystem over time

47
Q

net productivity

A

the energy available for the next trophic level after respiration

48
Q

heterotroph

A

an organism obtaining food by feeding on complex organic matter ie. consumer

49
Q

respiration

A

the process whereby cells release energy from organic molecules

50
Q

intraspecific competition

A

individuals of the same species attempt to make use of the same scarce resources

51
Q

sere

A

the name given to each stage in a succession

52
Q

what a sapotroph example

A

a fungus that feeds by secretion of digestive enzymes onto its food and absorption of digested material

53
Q

a dung beetle that feeds on the faeces of other animals

A

detritivore

54
Q

an anemone that uses the stinging cells in its tentacles to paralyes its prey which is passed to an internal gastric cavity though a singles opening

A

carnivore, heterotroph

55
Q

a single celled eukarayote that obtains organic molecules by photosynthesis and ingestion if other single celled organisms

A

mixotroph

56
Q

hummingbirds eat flower nectar and small insects to which nutritional group do they belong

A

heterotrophs

57
Q

mixotrophs

A

both auto and heterotrophs

58
Q

what are fundamental and realized ncihes

A

fundamental=all potential conditions species could live in
realized= actual conditions species lives in

59
Q

symbiosis

A

the close relationship amongst 2 differnet organisms or living things belonging to different species. interaction between 2 different species

60
Q

commensalism

A

type of symbiotic relationship, 1 species beenfits whilst other is unaffects eg by receivng shelter or water or transport

61
Q

3 examples of commensalism

A

-golden jackals following tigers to et remains tiger left behind
-remora fish and shark, fish sticks to shrk to swim longer distances fish also feeds on sharks remains
-hyena and lions, hyena eats remains lions left behind

62
Q

mutualism

A

symbiotic relationships where both roganisms benefit

63
Q

3 examples of mututalism

A

-legumes have root nodules that provide home for nitrogen fixing bacteria= rhiobia
-orchids and funghi, funghi produce nutrientns for germinaition of seeds, orchid provides carbs for funghus
-corals and algae, algae photosynthesize providing cabrs to coral, coral rpovides shelter anr emains of organic matter

64
Q

parasitism

A

relationship where parasite benefits at expense of its host
parasite lives in or on host

65
Q

3 examples of parasitism

A

-isopod (parasite0 in fish, becomes a parasitic tongue, isopod consumes tongue of fish and eventually fish dies
-tapeworms eats nutrients, blood supplies etc. in humans or pets
-lice, feeds on human blood found in human hair

66
Q

predator prey

A

biological interaction one organism (predator) feeds on another (prey)
hunting process

67
Q

3 examples of predtor prey

A

-lion and gazella
-turtle and algae
-lion and bufallo

68
Q

sink

A

where carbon dioxide is absobed back to atmoshpere

69
Q

source

A

when carbon dioxide is released into atmosphere

70
Q

describe carbon cycle

A

-co2 absorbed by autrotophd by photosynthesis, (respiration and bruning of these autotrophs bring co2 back to atmosphere)
-feeding of autotrophs by heterotrophs, where their respiration bring co2 back to atmosphere
-death excretion and decomposition of hetero and autotrops by decomposers turn matter into coal which when burnt brings co2 back to atmosphere
-when partical decomposition of autotrophs happens peat is produced, when burnt bring co2 back to atmosphere’-co2 dissolves into ocean where autrotrophs also use co2 via photosynthesis but reales it back via respiration
-feeding by heterotrophs, death excretion and decompositionby decompsoers of auto and heterotrophs
-fossilizarion and sedmintation of this matter produces natural gas and oil when burnt release co2

71
Q

which elvel of ecological complexity invole biotic factor onl not abiotic

A

only a community
not an ecosystem or population

72
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum number of species that can be supported by a given enviornment

73
Q

example of a negative feedbakc population size

A

predation reutrning prey population to its carrying capactiy

74
Q

which statisticl ethod can show interaction and correlation between two species

A

chi squared test

75
Q

alien species

A

a species that is introduced into an area by human acitivty

76
Q

what do pyramids of energy and biomass look like

A

always a pyramid

77
Q

what processes occur in an ecosystem

A

inorganic nutrients are recyled
chemical energy is stored in carbon compounds

78
Q

chemoautrtrophic nutrition

A

oxidation reactions as the energy source

79
Q

what restricts length of a food chain

A

energy losses between trophic levels

80
Q

secondary production

A

it is the accumulation of carbon compounds in biomass by heterotrophs

81
Q

which process results in largest energy loss

A

respiration

82
Q

formula for xˆ2 in a chi squared test

A

sum of (O-E)ˆ2/E
O=values that have been collected by investigator
E= expected value calculated from obsevred (average from observed values)

83
Q

chi square

A

statistical test that analyses the association between species by the presence or absence of species in a certain area

84
Q

how do you calculate degree of freedom

A

number of variables/ categorys in the independant varibales - 1

85
Q

after calculating xˆ2 and d.f what should you do in chi square

A

you must use the xˆ2 table go to the row stated by your calculated d.f and then see value in 0.05 column
if value is smaler than calculate xˆ2 agree with Ha
ese agree with Ho

86
Q

state group for whcihh detritus is a energy source

A

detritovores

87
Q

descirbe by what means detritus could be added or removed from ecosystem

A

consumption added by predation

88
Q

what are consequences of lack of decomposer activity and accumulation of detritus

A

corrupted energy flow as nutrients arent recycled in soil

89
Q

what are material that have results from a lack of decomposer activity

A

oil and natural gas, from buried remains of marine polankton
coal and peat- from plant origin but peat from partically decomposed mateiral

biology IB (15 decks)

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