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biology IB > B4.2 > Flashcards

B4.2 Flashcards

1
Q

what determines which habitat an organism lives in

A

the zone of tolerance for abiotic and biotic variables as the specific habitat makes food being obtained via different modes be it photosynthesis or consumption and competition is minimized

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2
Q

in order to occupy a specific niche an organsim must…

A

adapt phyicially and by behaviour

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3
Q

resource partioning

A

species usually show daptations to the ecological niche which they occupy to avoid competition also referred to as resource partioning

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4
Q

obligate aerobe

A

recquires oxygen,
includes all animals, plants they need it for aerobic respiration

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5
Q

obligate anaerobic

A

killed by oxygen
for instance, some bacteria

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6
Q

faculatative anerobes

A

grow better with oxygen, can live without it
for instance, yeast

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7
Q

explain hwo some organisms produce their own food

A

for instance glucose, amino acids, other carbon containing compounds from inorganic compounds eg. CO2 AND H2O, with sunlight in photosynthesis
eg. algae , plants, bacteria

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8
Q

mode of nutrition

A

depends n ecological niche, adaptations to biotic and abiotic factors

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9
Q

what are the three main modes of nutrition

A

autotroph
heterotroph
mixotroph

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10
Q

autotroph

A

synthesize organic compounds (sugars, amino acids, fats), by using other sources of energy

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11
Q

heterotroph

A

obtain organic compounds by consuming orher organisms, internally or externally

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12
Q

mixotroph

A

perform both modes of nutrient uptake depending on availability eg. some protists

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13
Q

what are the types of autotroph

A

photoautotroph and chemoautotroph

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14
Q

photoautotroph

A

produce organic compounds from co, h2o
and light energy though photosynthesis
eg. plants, algae, mosses, some bacteria, protosits

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15
Q

chemoautotroph

A

produce organic compounds from other elements eg. iron or NH3 through chemosynthesis
eg.
archae, bacteria

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16
Q

what are the different types of heterotrophs

A

sapotrophs, parasites, holozoic

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17
Q

saprotrophs

A

obtain food from dead and decaying matter by secreting enzymes and digesting externally eg. fungi, bactera

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18
Q

parasites

A

obtain food from other organisms without killing eg. barnacles

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19
Q

holozoic

A

complex food particles are taken in broken down

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20
Q

types of holozoic

A

herbivore- rabbits, goats , carnivore- lions, tigre, omnivore- bear, humans

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21
Q

describe holozoic nutrition in animals detailed

A

animals obtain nutrients via consumption of food
large molecules broken down into smaller ones before they can be absrobed into blood stream and transported to cells in body where they are needed

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22
Q

steps in holozoic nutrition

A

ingestion- taking food into body (mouth)
digestion- breaking down food- lumen of gut
absorption- moving food into cells, epidermis of gut
assimilation- making food part of cell
elimination- removing unused food via anus

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23
Q

even without a multi organ controlled in digestivr system can organism use holozoic nutrition

A

yes
eg. amoeba

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24
Q

how does holozoic nutrition function in organisms without multi organ controlled digestive system eg. amoeba

A

food particle is ingested forming a pseudopodia
then food vacuole is formed during digestion
absorption, assimilation and then egestion

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25
Q

importance of fungi

A

fungi are saprotrophs, breakdown dead organic matter an realease important elements back into ecosystem

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26
Q

how to sprotrophs digest food

A

by secreting enxymes to break down organic compounds externally products to digest then absorb

27
Q

explain in detail mixotrophic nutrition

A

in some protists organisms use mix of different sources of energy and carbon instead of having single mode of nutrition

28
Q

facultative mixotroph

A

can be entirely autotrophic, entirely heterotrophi or use both modes

29
Q

obligate mixotroph

A

must use both modes of nutrition, often case if type of nutrient cannot be synthesized by themselves

30
Q

Eugiena Gracilis

A

is a single celled eukarayotic algae that will photosynthesize autotroph in sufficient light but can also ingest particles of food by phagocytosis which it then digests it is a faculative mixotroph

31
Q

what are the 3 domains living things can be catagorized into

A

archae, bacteria, eukarayote

32
Q

archae

A

archae normally adapt to life in extreme conditions eg. hot springs, salt lakes, volcanic craters

33
Q

what do eubacteria arche and eukarayote have in common

A

all share same universal ancestor, however eubacteria and arche are prokarayotes and eukarayote is eukarayote

34
Q

phototrophic

A

light as energy source, produce sugars (often dif pigments than chlorophyll)

35
Q

chemotrophic

A

use of inorganic chemicals eg. iron by oxidizing Fe 2+ into Fe 3+ to produce sugars

36
Q

heterotrophic

A

oxidising organic compounds obtained from other organisms and digesting them

37
Q

what information can dentition give us

A

about feeding style of organism

38
Q

how are teeths of herbivoes

A

large and flat, grind dibrous plant material

39
Q

how are teeths of omnivores

A

mix dif types of teeth t breakdown both meat and plants, molars often flat to grind seeds

40
Q

gorillas are mainly

A

herbivores

41
Q

chipanzees mainly

A

frugivores

42
Q

early hominids australopitheaus and paranthropus showed dental adaptations to

A

tough vegetation, allowing powerful chewing

43
Q

why do some insects jaw like mouthparts

A

for bitting off and chewing and ingesting pieces of lead, herbivroes
sharp edged mandibles to cut leaf

44
Q

why do some insects have tubular mouthparts

A

for piercing leaves or stems to feed on phloem sap
tubular such nectar eg. elongated proboscis

45
Q

adaptations of aphids

A

modified piercing mouth part, stylets secrete enzyme pectinase to break down polysaccharide pectin which holds together cell wall of plants, style can easily pass between cell walls and access plants sap

46
Q

what are adaptations for herbivore animals

A

specialized back teeth, digestive systems are specifically adapted to digesting plant matter, bacteria and archae living in the rumen help to break down cellulose

47
Q

what adaptations do plants develop

A

adaptations for deterring herbivore attacks eg. thorns and hairs, act as a physical barrier, difficult to eat, hairs prevent insects from reaching edible parts or block insect eggs from reaching plant
production of toxins- eg. phytotoxins made from secondary compounds (primary compounds= used by plant in metabolism); toxin can cause nausea, cardiac problems, hallusinations

48
Q

castor bean

A

produce seeds contain ricin toxic when making castor oil toxin is removed

49
Q

how have some animals reacted to toxins released in plants

A

evolved wats to neutralize the toxins so that they are not poisoned some rumninants have microbes in their gut, detoxify the toxin or proteins in salive can destroy the toxins or liver in some mammals can also neutralise some toxins

50
Q

what are adaptations of predators and why

A

as they rely on catching preys, killing, eating to obtain chemical eneergy in from of carbon compounds
they have aerodynamic body, sharp nails and teeth, camouflage to habitat

51
Q

what are the different layers in the rainforest

A

emergent, canopy, understory, forest

52
Q

describe emergent layer

A

tallest trees, some birds, insects, no animals

53
Q

describe cannopy layer

A

thickest layer, hosts most flora and fauna

54
Q

describe understory layer

A

young herbs and shrubs and bushes

55
Q

forest floow layer

A

darkest, humid, has insects and giant animals

56
Q

epiphytes adaptations

A

get up into understory or canopy t access sunlight, roots conect to tree trunks collect water trickeling along branch

57
Q

vines adaptations

A

climb up tree trunk

58
Q

lianas adaptations

A

vines take root on forest floor use trees as a way to grow high into canopy

59
Q

large surface area adaptation why

A

help plants in shrub layer to catch light

60
Q

shade tolerance adaptation explanation

A

do not need lot of light eg. herbs growing on forest floor

61
Q

fundamental niche

A

ful range enviornmental and social conditions under which it could potentially survive and reproduce taking into account all tolerance levels to abiotic and biotic factors

62
Q

realized niche

A

specific set of conditions under which it actually does survive in a given habitat or ecosystem with the limitations of other species beign present, conditions which best adapted

63
Q

what is competitive exclusion

A

if 2 species share a niche leades to interspecific competition for resources, invetbly 1 species will have a advantage over the other with less well adapted species struggling more to survive and reproduce, one will then becom extinct or forced to migrate

64
Q

why was the eastern grey squirrel more adapted to its surroundings than eurasion red squirrel

A

grey had larger and more robust than red, so less vulnerable to predators
grey can eat seeds and nuts before fully ripe and their digestivr systems cna handle tannnins in their food
grey carry a disease= squirelpox, which is fatal to red
grey are more flexible and better adapting to new surroundings

biology IB (13 decks)

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