B4.2 Flashcards
what determines which habitat an organism lives in
the zone of tolerance for abiotic and biotic variables as the specific habitat makes food being obtained via different modes be it photosynthesis or consumption and competition is minimized
in order to occupy a specific niche an organsim must…
adapt phyicially and by behaviour
resource partioning
species usually show daptations to the ecological niche which they occupy to avoid competition also referred to as resource partioning
obligate aerobe
recquires oxygen,
includes all animals, plants they need it for aerobic respiration
obligate anaerobic
killed by oxygen
for instance, some bacteria
faculatative anerobes
grow better with oxygen, can live without it
for instance, yeast
explain hwo some organisms produce their own food
for instance glucose, amino acids, other carbon containing compounds from inorganic compounds eg. CO2 AND H2O, with sunlight in photosynthesis
eg. algae , plants, bacteria
mode of nutrition
depends n ecological niche, adaptations to biotic and abiotic factors
what are the three main modes of nutrition
autotroph
heterotroph
mixotroph
autotroph
synthesize organic compounds (sugars, amino acids, fats), by using other sources of energy
heterotroph
obtain organic compounds by consuming orher organisms, internally or externally
mixotroph
perform both modes of nutrient uptake depending on availability eg. some protists
what are the types of autotroph
photoautotroph and chemoautotroph
photoautotroph
produce organic compounds from co, h2o
and light energy though photosynthesis
eg. plants, algae, mosses, some bacteria, protosits
chemoautotroph
produce organic compounds from other elements eg. iron or NH3 through chemosynthesis
eg.
archae, bacteria
what are the different types of heterotrophs
sapotrophs, parasites, holozoic
saprotrophs
obtain food from dead and decaying matter by secreting enzymes and digesting externally eg. fungi, bactera
parasites
obtain food from other organisms without killing eg. barnacles
holozoic
organism ingests solid food, internally digests it using enzymes, absorbs nutrients, and then excretes waste products, basically all animlas eg.humans
types of holozoic
herbivore- rabbits, goats , carnivore- lions, tigre, omnivore- bear, humans
describe holozoic nutrition in animals detailed
animals obtain nutrients via consumption of food
large molecules broken down into smaller ones before they can be absrobed into blood stream and transported to cells in body where they are needed
steps in holozoic nutrition
ingestion- taking food into body (mouth)
digestion- breaking down food- lumen of gut
absorption- moving food into cells, epidermis of gut
assimilation- making food part of cell
elimination- removing unused food via anus
even without a multi organ controlled in digestivr system can organism use holozoic nutrition
yes
eg. amoeba
how does holozoic nutrition function in organisms without multi organ controlled digestive system eg. amoeba
food particle is ingested forming a pseudopodia
then food vacuole is formed during digestion
absorption, assimilation and then egestion
importance of fungi
fungi are saprotrophs, breakdown dead organic matter an realease important elements back into ecosystem
how to sprotrophs digest food
by secreting enxymes to break down organic compounds externally products to digest then absorb
explain in detail mixotrophic nutrition
in some protists organisms use mix of different sources of energy and carbon instead of having single mode of nutrition
facultative mixotroph
can be entirely autotrophic, entirely heterotrophi or use both modes
obligate mixotroph
must use both modes of nutrition, often case if type of nutrient cannot be synthesized by themselves
Eugiena Gracilis
is a single celled eukarayotic algae that will photosynthesize autotroph in sufficient light but can also ingest particles of food by phagocytosis which it then digests it is a faculative mixotroph
what are the 3 domains living things can be catagorized into
archae, bacteria, eukarayote
archae
archae normally adapt to life in extreme conditions eg. hot springs, salt lakes, volcanic craters
what do eubacteria arche and eukarayote have in common
all share same universal ancestor, however eubacteria and arche are prokarayotes and eukarayote is eukarayote
phototrophic
light as energy source, produce sugars (often dif pigments than chlorophyll)
chemotrophic
use of inorganic chemicals eg. iron by oxidizing Fe 2+ into Fe 3+ to produce sugars
heterotrophic
oxidising organic compounds obtained from other organisms and digesting them
what information can dentition give us
about feeding style of organism
how are teeths of herbivoes
large and flat, grind dibrous plant material
how are teeths of omnivores
mix dif types of teeth t breakdown both meat and plants, molars often flat to grind seeds
gorillas are mainly
herbivores
chipanzees mainly
frugivores
early hominids australopitheaus and paranthropus showed dental adaptations to
tough vegetation, allowing powerful chewing
why do some insects jaw like mouthparts
for bitting off and chewing and ingesting pieces of lead, herbivroes
sharp edged mandibles to cut leaf
why do some insects have tubular mouthparts
for piercing leaves or stems to feed on phloem sap
tubular such nectar eg. elongated proboscis
adaptations of aphids
modified piercing mouth part, stylets secrete enzyme pectinase to break down polysaccharide pectin which holds together cell wall of plants, style can easily pass between cell walls and access plants sap
what are adaptations for herbivore animals
specialized back teeth, digestive systems are specifically adapted to digesting plant matter, bacteria and archae living in the rumen help to break down cellulose
what adaptations do plants develop
adaptations for deterring herbivore attacks eg. thorns and hairs, act as a physical barrier, difficult to eat, hairs prevent insects from reaching edible parts or block insect eggs from reaching plant
production of toxins- eg. phytotoxins made from secondary compounds (primary compounds= used by plant in metabolism); toxin can cause nausea, cardiac problems, hallusinations
castor bean
produce seeds contain ricin toxic when making castor oil toxin is removed
how have some animals reacted to toxins released in plants
evolved wats to neutralize the toxins so that they are not poisoned some rumninants have microbes in their gut, detoxify the toxin or proteins in salive can destroy the toxins or liver in some mammals can also neutralise some toxins
what are adaptations of predators and why
as they rely on catching preys, killing, eating to obtain chemical eneergy in from of carbon compounds
they have aerodynamic body, sharp nails and teeth, camouflage to habitat
what are the different layers in the rainforest
emergent, canopy, understory, forest
describe emergent layer
tallest trees, some birds, insects, no animals
describe cannopy layer
thickest layer, hosts most flora and fauna
describe understory layer
young herbs and shrubs and bushes
forest floow layer
darkest, humid, has insects and giant animals
epiphytes adaptations
get up into understory or canopy t access sunlight, roots conect to tree trunks collect water trickeling along branch
vines adaptations
climb up tree trunk
lianas adaptations
vines take root on forest floor use trees as a way to grow high into canopy
large surface area adaptation why
help plants in shrub layer to catch light
shade tolerance adaptation explanation
do not need lot of light eg. herbs growing on forest floor
fundamental niche
ful range enviornmental and social conditions under which it could potentially survive and reproduce taking into account all tolerance levels to abiotic and biotic factors
realized niche
specific set of conditions under which it actually does survive in a given habitat or ecosystem with the limitations of other species beign present, conditions which best adapted
what is competitive exclusion
if 2 species share a niche leades to interspecific competition for resources, invetbly 1 species will have a advantage over the other with less well adapted species struggling more to survive and reproduce, one will then becom extinct or forced to migrate
why was the eastern grey squirrel more adapted to its surroundings than eurasion red squirrel
grey had larger and more robust than red, so less vulnerable to predators
grey can eat seeds and nuts before fully ripe and their digestivr systems cna handle tannnins in their food
grey carry a disease= squirelpox, which is fatal to red
grey are more flexible and better adapting to new surroundings
