C4.2

Question 1

open systems

Answer 1

energy and matter can be exchanged in open systems like an ecosystem substance exchanged eg. warer, nutrients, gases

Question 2

closed systems

Answer 2

only allow exchange of energy eg. bottle garden, grows because plans photosynthesize and other organisms respirate/ cellular respiration so water cycle is self containd process

Question 3

sunlight

Answer 3

principal source of eneergy sustains most ecosystems needed to produce glucose in photosynthesis

Question 4

heterotrophs

Answer 4

use sunlight inderictly feed on autotrophs so dependent on it

Question 5

describe a basic food web

Answer 5

light -> producer -> herbivore (where energy and chemical elements are transferred) -> carnivore (where energy and chemical elements are transferred),

then energy and chemical elements are transferred from producer herbivore and carnivore pass through detrius to decomposer and finally only chemical elements or inorganic compounds pass back to the producer

Question 6

what are some places which dont receve a lot of sunlight

Answer 6

caves and deep sea

Question 7

describe cave and adaptations

Answer 7

streams entering cave bring dead organic molten supplies source of energy some caves do not receive any influx, energy is produced by chemoautotrop bacteria through chemical reactions with sulfides, methane or other inorganic materials as substrates
eg.olm= eyeless so other senses very well developed

Question 8

describe deep sea and adaptations

Answer 8

marine and freshwater ecosystems light must pass through water to reach producers, transmission is not 100% only shorter wavelengths penetrate source of energy deep sea often originate from bacteria can use sulfides as source of energy to synthesize glucose

Question 9

examples of adaptations organisms use in deep sea

Answer 9

some organisms use chemosynthesis to create food instead of photosynthesis
bioluminiscense communicate attract prey or deter predators

Question 10

describe flow of chemical energy through food chains

Answer 10

energy enters as lights, flows as nutrients through food chains and usually leaves as heat

Question 11

recycling nutrients

Answer 11

is a good example of interaction between biotic and abiotic factors within enviornment, nutrients absorbed from enviornemnt, used by living organisms returned to enviornment

Question 12

describe nutrient cycle

Answer 12

dead leaves (other plants and animal matter) go to decomposers which breakdown organic matter which then end up as minerals and other nutrinets into soil which gows into plant growth

rocky subsoil goes into rocks browken down and water an air penetrate soil

Question 13

food chains

Answer 13

show flow of energy through sequence of organisms producer= 1st and ends up with consumers

Question 14

food web

Answer 14

represent complexity of feeding relationships, showing interacting and interconnecting food chains and many consumers they are

Question 15

decomposer tasks

Answer 15

all chemical energy stuck in nutrients has to be recycled, the supply of energy to decomposers as carbon compounds in organic matter coming from dead organisms and matter eg. faeces, shed exoskeleton, dead plant materials

Question 16

sapotrops

Answer 16

eg. fungi and mushrooms
breakdown complex insoluble carbon compounds into soluble ones, recycling dead matter, decomposers secrete digestive enzymes into dead organic matter, digest it externally by abrosbing products of digestion eg. sugars and amino acids

Question 17

describe how hypha work

Answer 17

fungal hypha digest its path into dead organic matter
digestive enxymes secreted into dead organic matter, products of digestion are absorbed by active transport or facilitated diffusion

Question 18

autotrophs

Answer 18

organism which use external eneergy sources to synthesize carbon compounds from inroganic susbtances