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Bio 181 > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

How does photosynthesis benefit organisms that are not plants?

A
  • It produces organic molecules that other organisms use as food.
  • It produces oxygen that can be used for aerobic respiration.
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2
Q

The process by which plants capture light energy and use it to synthesize carbohydrates is called __.

A

photosynthesis or Calvin cycle

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3
Q

Photosynthesis is divided into two stages: the __ reactions and the __ cycle.

A

Blank 1: light or light-dependent

Blank 2: Calvin

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4
Q

Which of the following types of organisms can conduct photosynthesis?

  • Fungi
  • Animals
  • Bacteria
  • Plants
  • Algae
A
  • Bacteria
  • Plants
  • Algae
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5
Q

What is the general equation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + 2H2O + light energy → CH2O + O2 + H2O

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6
Q

Living organisms that are not plants depend on photosynthesis because photosynthesis produces: (1) organic molecules such as __ that can be used for nourishment; and (2) the __ gas that makes up a large portion of the Earth’s atmosphere.

A

Blank 1: glucose, sugars, sugar, or carbohydrates

Blank 2: oxygen, O2, O, 0xygen, or 02

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7
Q

How might you summarize what happens during photosynthesis?

A

Plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to synthesize organic molecules.

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8
Q

During photosynthesis in green plants, what molecule is oxidized?

A

Water

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9
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

  • Calvin cycle
  • Krebs cycle
  • Oxygen reactions
  • Cellular respiration
  • Light reactions
A

Calvin cycle

Light reactions

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10
Q

In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced and H2O is oxidized. What type of chemical reaction is this?

A

A redox reaction

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11
Q

True or false: Plants are the only living organisms that can conduct photosynthesis.

A

False

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12
Q

According to the general equation for photosynthesis, CO2+ 2H2O + light energy → __ + __ + __

A

Blank 1: CH2O, CH20, glucose, Carbohydrate, C6H12O6, or C6H1206
Blank 2: O2, 02, o2, oxygen, or 6O2
Blank 3: H2O, H20, h20, water, 6H2O, or 6H20

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13
Q

Autotrophs sustain themselves by producing organic molecules from:

A

inorganic molecules

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14
Q

What is the source of energy for photoautotrophs?

A

Light

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15
Q

What molecule is reduced during the process of photosynthesis?

A

CO2

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16
Q

Photosynthesis is a redox reaction where ______ is reduced and ______ is oxidized.

A

CO2; H2O

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17
Q

Organisms that acquire energy by consuming organic molecules from the environment are called __

A

heterotrophs or heterotrophic

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18
Q

Which of the following types of organisms can conduct photosynthesis?

  • Bacteria
  • Animals
  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Algae
A

Bacteria

Plants

Algae

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19
Q

Organisms that are able to make organic molecules from inorganic sources, such as carbon dioxide and water, are called __

A

autotrophs

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20
Q

Organisms that synthesize organic molecules using light as a source of energy are called:

A

photoautotrophs

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21
Q

Which of the following are chloroplast membranes?

  • The lumen membrane
  • The stroma membrane
  • An inner membrane
  • An outer membrane
  • The thylakoid membrane
A

An inner membrane

An outer membrane

The thylakoid membrane

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22
Q

During photosynthesis in green plants, what molecule is oxidized?

A

Water

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23
Q

Heterotrophs gain energy by:

A

consuming organic molecules from the environment

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24
Q

True or false: Plants are the only living organisms that can conduct photosynthesis.

A

False

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25
Q

Within a chloroplast, where is the stroma located?

A

Between the thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane

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26
Q

The stroma of the chloroplast is the site where the ______ takes place.

A

Calvin cycle

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27
Q

What molecule is reduced during the process of photosynthesis?

A

CO2

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28
Q

Where do the light reactions occur?

A

In the thylakoid membrane

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29
Q

Organisms that acquire energy by consuming organic molecules from the environment are called __.

A

heterotrophs or heterotrophic

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30
Q

The light reactions convert __ energy into __ energy stored in covalent bonds.

A

Blank 1: solar, light, radiant, sun, sunlight, electromagnetic, or photon
Blank 2: chemical, potential, or bond

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31
Q

The fluid-filled region of the chloroplast between the thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane is known as the __.

A

stroma

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32
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis produce three chemical products: __, __, and __.

A

Blank 1: ATP or adenosinetriphosphate
Blank 2: NADPH
Blank 3: O2, oxygen, or 02

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33
Q

The reactions of the Calvin cycle occur in the:

A

stroma

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34
Q

What molecule is used as an electron carrier during photosynthesis?

A

NADPH

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35
Q

Which of the following are chloroplast membranes?

  • The thylakoid membrane
  • The lumen membrane
  • The stroma membrane
  • An inner membrane
  • An outer membrane
A

The thylakoid membrane

An inner membrane

An outer membrane

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36
Q

The thylakoid membrane is the location of the __ reactions of photosynthesis.

A

light

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37
Q

What is the purpose of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

Conversion of light energy to chemical energy

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38
Q

Which of the following are products of the light reactions?

  • CO2
  • ATP
  • O2
  • Carbohydrates
  • NADP+
  • NADPH
A

ATP

O2

NADPH

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39
Q

Light is a type of ______ radiation because it consists of energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields.

A

electromagnetic

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40
Q

During photosynthesis, __ serves as an electron carrier that can accept two high-energy electrons.

A

NADPH, NADP+, or ferredoxin

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41
Q

True or false: Light has properties of both a particle and an elastic spring.

A

False

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42
Q

Similar to a mitochondrion, a(n) __ contains an outer and inner membrane, with an intermembrane space between the two. Unlike a mitochondrion, it also contains chlorophyll-containing membranes called __ membranes.

A

Blank 1: chloroplast

Blank 2: thylakoid

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43
Q

What is a photon?

A

A discrete particle of light

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44
Q

Where do the light reactions occur?

A

In the thylakoid membrane

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45
Q

What three things may happen to light when it strikes an object?

A

It may pass through the object.

It may be absorbed.

It may change direction.

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46
Q

The light reactions convert __ energy into __ energy stored in covalent bonds.

A

Blank 1: solar, light, radiant, sun, sunlight, electromagnetic, or photon
Blank 2: chemical, potential, or bond

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47
Q

A molecule that can absorb light energy is called a(n):

A

pigment

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48
Q

Why is light considered a form of electromagnetic radiation?

A

Because it consists of both electric and magnetic energy

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49
Q

Why are leaves green?

A

They reflect green light.

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50
Q

A photon of light has properties of both

A

a particle and a wave.

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51
Q

After absorbing energy, an electron is said to be in a(n):

A

excited state

52
Q

A discrete particle of light is called a(n) __

A

photon

53
Q

When light strikes an object, the light may pass through the object, have its direction changed by the object (reflected), or be __ by the object.

A

absorbed or absorb

54
Q

What is the function of chlorophyll during photosynthesis?

A

It absorbs light energy.

55
Q

A pigment is a molecule that can:

A

absorb light

56
Q

Leaves appear green because they __ green light.

A

reflect or reject

57
Q

When an electron absorbs energy, it becomes __.

A

excited, unstable, excited state, or energized

58
Q

Which of the following statements are true of carotenoids?

  • They are more abundant in leaves than chlorophyll pigments.
  • They are invisible.
  • They may appear yellow, orange, or red.
  • They are abundant in flowers and fruits.
A
  • They may appear yellow, orange, or red.

- They are abundant in flowers and fruits.

59
Q

What is a photon?

A

A discrete particle of light

60
Q

Green plants utilize __ a and b to absorb light energy in photosynthesis.

A

chlorophyll or chlorophylls

61
Q

The __ membrane of the chloroplast contains two independent, light capturing complexes of proteins and pigments called photosystems I and II.

A

thylakoid

62
Q

A molecule that can absorb light energy is called a(n):

A

pigment

63
Q

In the light reactions, both photosystems absorb and capture light energy in the form of excited electrons; however PSII is able to oxidize __, which results in the production of oxygen.

A

water, H2O, h20, water molecules, or H2O molecules

64
Q

Why are leaves green?

A

They reflect green light.

65
Q

How does an electron present in the pigment of the light-harvesting complexes become excited?

A

Light excites an electron in a pigment found in the light-harvesting complexes of the photosystems.

66
Q

The pigment molecules that cause autumn leaves to appear yellow and orange are called

A

carotenoids or carotenoid

67
Q

Excited electrons are moved out of photosystem II by a carrier called __. These electrons enter a cytochrome complex, and then finally are transferred to a small protein called __, which carries the electrons to photosystem I.

A

Blank 1: plastoquinone or QB

Blank 2: plastocyanin or Pc

68
Q

Photosystems I and II are located in:

A

the thylakoid membrane

69
Q

During photosynthesis, water is:

A

oxidized

70
Q

The electron transport chain directly associated with PSII is used to generate ______, while the electron transport chain directly associated with PSI is used to generate ______.

A

ATP; NADPH

71
Q

__ excite(s) electrons in pigment molecules in photosystems I and II

A

Light, Photons, Sunlight, Light energy, A photon of light, or Photons of light

72
Q

A key role of PSI is to produce high-energy electrons that are used to make

A

NADPH

73
Q

The synthesis of ATP using light as the ultimate energy source is called:

A

photophosphorylation

74
Q

True or false: Water is oxidized during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

A

True

75
Q

The electrochemical gradient generated in the light reactions of photosynthesis is used primarily to:

A

generate ATP via ATP synthase

76
Q

In the light reactions, both photosystems absorb and capture light energy in the form of excited electrons; however PSII is able to oxidize __, which results in the production of oxygen.

A

water, H2O, h20, water molecules, or H2O molecules

77
Q

The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are __, __, and __.

A

Blank 1: NADPH
Blank 2: ATP
Blank 3: oxygen, O2, 02, or o2

78
Q

During photosynthesis, NADPH is synthesized by:

A

photosystem I

79
Q

Why is water required for the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

To replace the electrons lost from P680

80
Q

Excited electrons are moved out of photosystem II by a carrier called __. These electrons enter a cytochrome complex, and then finally are transferred to a small protein called __, which carries the electrons to photosystem I.

A

Blank 1: plastoquinone or qb

Blank 2: plastocyanin or Pc

81
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

Synthesis of ATP powered by light energy

82
Q

The electrons that exit PSII are replenished by electrons from oxidized __, which yields oxygen gas that can be used by plant cells or released to the environment.

A

water, H2O, H20, or water molecules

83
Q

A major purpose of the electrochemical gradient generated in the light reactions of photosynthesis is to synthesize __.

A

ATP

84
Q

Which of the following are major chemical products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

  • oxygen
  • ATP
  • NADP+
  • NADPH
  • water
A

oxygen

ATP

NADPH

85
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis require water to supply two __ that are transferred to P680+.

A

electrons, e-, or low-energy electrons

86
Q

During photosynthesis, oxygen is produced by:

A

the removal of electrons from water in PS2

87
Q

What molecule is produced by photosystem II?

A

Oxygen

88
Q

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, ATP is produced via the protein ATP __ that uses an H+ electrochemical gradient.

A

synthase or synthetase

89
Q

The electrochemical gradient generated in the light reactions of photosynthesis is used primarily to:

A

generate ATP via ATP synthase

90
Q

Which of the following are products of the light reactions that are used by the Calvin cycle?

A

NADPH and ATP

91
Q

The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are __, __, and __.

A

Blank 1: NADPH
Blank 2: ATP
Blank 3: oxygen, O2, 02, or o2

92
Q

Plants take CO2 from the atmosphere via the ______ in order to synthesize carbohydrates.

A

Calvin cycle

93
Q

The splitting of water in photosystem II results in the production of __ gas.

A

oxygen, O2, 02, or 0xygen

94
Q

Excited electrons are moved out of photosystem II by a carrier called __. These electrons enter a cytochrome complex, and then finally are transferred to a small protein called __, which carries the electrons to photosystem I.

A

Blank 1: plastoquinone, QB

Blank 2: plastocyanin or Pc

95
Q

NADPH is produced in the stroma of the chloroplast when ______ are transferred to NADP+.

A

two high-energy electrons and one H+

96
Q

Carbohydrates are very important to plant cells because they:

A

form the building block for many organic macromolecules

can be used as an energy reserve

97
Q

Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are used as reactants in the Calvin cycle?

  • ATP
  • CO2
  • Carbohydrates
  • O2
  • NADPH
A

ATP

NADPH

98
Q

What is the origin of the carbons in a carbohydrate generated by photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

99
Q

True or false: Glucose is the primary output of the Calvin cycle.

A

False

100
Q

During photosynthesis, oxygen is produced by:

A

the removal of electrons from water in PS2

101
Q

The glucose that is made by plant cells can be converted to other carbohydrates, including:

A

sucrose

starch

102
Q

Why are carbohydrates critical for plant cells?

A

They provide a source of energy and form the precursors for most organic macromolecules

103
Q

Which of the following are products of the light reactions that are used by the Calvin cycle?

A

NADPH and ATP

104
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

Incorporation of carbon into an organic molecule that is not a gas

105
Q

What is the main product of the Calvin cycle?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

106
Q

After glucose molecules are synthesized, they can be linked together to form a polymer called __, which is stored, or used to make the disaccharide __, which can be transported to other parts of the plant.

A

Blank 1: starch

Blank 2: sucrose

107
Q

Excited electrons are moved out of photosystem II by a carrier called __. These electrons enter a cytochrome complex, and then finally are transferred to a small protein called __, which carries the electrons to photosystem I.

A

Blank 1: plastoquinone, QB

Blank 2: plastocyanin or Pc

108
Q

What chemical reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme rubisco?

A

Carbon fixation

109
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

A

Regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate

Reduction and carbohydrate production

Carbon fixation

110
Q

RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase, also known as __, is the most abundant protein in chloroplasts.

A

rubisco

111
Q

The incorporation of carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere into an organic molecule is called carbon __.

A

fixation or fixing

112
Q

The end product of phase 2 of the Calvin cycle is G3P. This molecule is used to synthesize __ and to regenerate the starting material __ bisphosphate.

A

Blank 1: carbohydrates, glucose, sugar, sugars, carbohydrate, or carbs
Blank 2: ribulose, Ru, or RuBP

113
Q

True or false: Glucose is the primary output of the Calvin cycle.

A

False

114
Q

The Calvin cycle uses energy from __, and high-energy __ supplied by NADPH.

A

Blank 1: ATP, adenosine triphosphate, or adenosinetriphosphate
Blank 2: electrons or e-

115
Q

The glucose that is made by plant cells can be converted to other carbohydrates, including:

A

sucrose

starch

116
Q

What enzyme is responsible for carbon fixation?

A

Rubisco

117
Q

What molecule is reduced in the Calvin cycle?

A

CO2

118
Q

What is the most abundant protein found in chloroplasts?

A

Rubisco

119
Q

The G3P produced at the end of the second phase of the Calvin cycle is directly used for which of the following?

A

Make glucose or other carbohydrates

Regenerate ribulose bisphosphate

120
Q

During the Calvin cycle, high-energy electrons are provided by ______, and the source of energy for the reactions is ______.

A

NADPH; ATP

121
Q

After glucose molecules are synthesized, they can be linked together to form a polymer called __, which is stored, or used to make the disaccharide __, which can be transported to other parts of the plant.

A

Blank 1: starch

Blank 2: sucrose

122
Q

In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is:

A

reduced

123
Q

RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase, also known as __, is the most abundant protein in chloroplasts.

A

rubisco

124
Q

The Calvin cycle uses energy from __, and high-energy __ supplied by NADPH.

A

Blank 1: ATP, adenosine triphosphate, or adenosinetriphosphate
Blank 2: electrons or e-

125
Q

What molecule is reduced in the Calvin cycle?

A

CO2

126
Q

What is the most abundant protein found in chloroplasts?

A

Rubisco

Bio 181 (18 decks)

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