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Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

The reproduction of cells is also known as cell __

A

division

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2
Q

Which of the following terms refers to a series of events that ensures cell division occurs?

  • Cell cycle
  • Cytogenetics
  • Cell apoptosis
  • Cytokinesis
  • Mitosis
A

Cell cycle

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3
Q

A photographic representation of the chromosomes is a type of micrograph called a(n)

A

Blank 1: karyotype

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4
Q

__ chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere, whereas homologous chromosomes are the two different copies of the same chromosome.

A

Blank 1: sister

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5
Q

In preparation for cell division, the chromosomes are replicated and compacted into __ __.

A

Blank 1: sister

Blank 2: chromatids

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6
Q

Cell division refers to the __ of cells.

A

Blank 1: reproduction, multiplication, splitting, or duplication

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7
Q

The __ __ is a series of highly regulated events that leads to cell division.

A

Blank 1: cell

Blank 2: cycle

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8
Q

Which of these terms refers to the visual appearance of the full complement of chromosomes in a cell?

  • Genotype
  • Haplotype
  • Karyotype
  • Idiotype
A

Karyotype

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9
Q

In humans, what chromosomes determine the sex of the individual?

A

X and Y chromosomes

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10
Q

Identify the chromosomes that consist of two slightly different copies of the same chromosome.

A

Homologous chromosomes

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11
Q

Autosomes are chromosomes that are not __ chromosomes.

A

Blank 1: sex

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12
Q

Which of the following correctly describes how eukaryotic chromosomes are prepared for cell division?

  • The chromosomes are replicated and then divided into two
  • The chromosomes are replicated and then shuffled
  • The chromosomes are replicated and compacted into sister chromatids
  • The chromosomes divide into two halves then compact into chromatids
A

The chromosomes are replicated and compacted into sister chromatids

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13
Q

How many different types of autosomes do humans have?

A

22

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14
Q

The reproduction of cells is also known as cell

A

Blank 1: division

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15
Q

Which of the following terms refers to a series of events that ensures cell division occurs?

  • Cytokinesis
  • Mitosis
  • Cytogenetics
  • Cell apoptosis
  • Cell cycle
A

Cell cycle

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16
Q

True or false: In sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to the offspring.

A

True

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17
Q

In humans, the X and Y chromosomes are called the __ chromosomes.

A

Blank 1: sex or sex chromosomes

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18
Q

What statement is true of eukaryotic chromosomes?

  • There are two sets of chromosomes in haploid cells.
  • There is one set of chromosomes in diploid cells.
  • They occur in pairs in diploid cells.
  • They occur in pairs in haploid cells.
A

They occur in pairs in diploid cells.

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19
Q

Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called __.

A

Blank 1: autosomes

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20
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human cell?

A

46

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21
Q

In humans, there are __ different types of autosomes.

A

Blank 1: 22, twenty-two, or twentytwo

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22
Q

Cell division refers to the __ of cells

A

Blank 1: reproduction, multiplication, splitting, or duplication

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23
Q

In humans, each cell of the body contains 46 chromosomes because the individual inherited one set from the __ and one set from the __.

A

Blank 1: father, dad, daddy, paternal, or sperm

Blank 2: mother, mom, mommy, maternal, or egg

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24
Q

Which of the statements below are true for chromosomes in eukaryotic cells?

  • Diploid cells have a maternal homologue and a paternal homologue.
  • Diploid cells have either a maternal homologue or a paternal homologue.
  • Diploid cells have one version of each chromosome.
  • Diploid cells have two versions of each chromosome.
A
  • Diploid cells have a maternal homologue and a paternal homologue.
  • Diploid cells have two versions of each chromosome.
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25
Q

In ______ cells, eukaryotic chromosomes occur in ______.

A

diploid; homologous pairs

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26
Q

Humans have a total of __ chromosomes.

A

46

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27
Q

How many different types of autosomes do humans have?

A

22

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28
Q

A diploid organism contains

A

two sets of chromosomes.

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29
Q

Cells of a human being have ______ chromosomes each because the person obtained one set from both mother and father.

A

46

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30
Q

The letter n is used in genetics to refer to a set of

A

Blank 1: chromosomes

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31
Q

True or false: In sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to the offspring.

A

True

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32
Q

Sperm and egg cells are known as

A

Blank 1: gametes or sex cells

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33
Q

What statement is true of eukaryotic chromosomes?

  • There are two sets of chromosomes in haploid cells.
  • They occur in pairs in diploid cells.
  • There is one set of chromosomes in diploid cells.
  • They occur in pairs in haploid cells
A

They occur in pairs in diploid cells.

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34
Q

Gametes are haploid. Haploid means that the cells contain how many sets of chromosomes?

A

One

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35
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human cell?

A

46

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36
Q

In a diploid organism, a pair of chromosomes consists of two

A

homologs.

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37
Q

When the cells of an organism carry two sets of chromosomes, that organism is said to be

A

diploid

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38
Q

How similar are homologous chromosomes to each other?

A

They are nearly identical in size and contain a very similar composition of genetic material.

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39
Q

Geneticists use the letter __ to represent a set of chromosomes.

A

n

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40
Q

In multicellular eukaryotic organisms, the production of new cells follows a highly regulated sequence of growth, DNA replication, and division. This sequence is referred to as the cell __, which consists of the G1, S, G2, and M phases.

A

Blank 1: cycle

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41
Q

The gametes are the __ and __ cells.

A

Blank 1: sperm or spermatocyte

Blank 2: egg, oocyte, ova, or ovum

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42
Q

Cells, such as gametes, that contain one set of chromosomes are called ______ cells.

A

haploid

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43
Q

The phases of the cell cycle are G1, S, G2, and M phase. Mitosis and __ occur during the M phase.

A

Blank 1: cytokinesis

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44
Q

If an organism is diploid, the two members of a pair of chromosomes are called

A

Blank 1: homologs, homologues, homologous, or homologous chromosomes

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45
Q

The two chromosomes in a __ __ are nearly identical in size and are very similar in their genetic composition.

A

Blank 1: homologous

Blank 2: pair

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46
Q

The sequence of growth, replication, and division that produces new cells is called

A

the cell cycle.

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47
Q

Match the stages of the cell cycle to the correct cell activity: G1

A

A cell grows and becomes committed to divide.

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48
Q

Match the stages of the cell cycle to the correct cell activity: S

A

Chromosomes are replicated.

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49
Q

Match the stages of the cell cycle to the correct cell activity: G2

A

A cell makes protein for chromosome sorting and cell division

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50
Q

Match the stages of the cell cycle to the correct cell activity: M

A

A cell divides into two daughter cells.

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51
Q

M phase in order

A

1 = Prophase

2 = Prometaphase

3 = Metaphase

4 = Anaphase

5 = Telophase

6 = Cytokinesis

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52
Q

In a cell’s life, cell growth occurs primarily during what phase?

A

G1

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53
Q

Place the phases of the cell cycle in order. Start at the top with G1.

A

G1, S, G2, M

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54
Q

In a diploid organism, a pair of chromosomes consists of two

A

homologs.

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55
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated?

A

S phase

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56
Q

How similar are homologous chromosomes to each other?

A

They are nearly identical in size and contain a very similar composition of genetic material.

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57
Q

Cell __ usually occurs during the G1 phase.

A

Blank 1: growth or development

58
Q

When the S phase is complete, a cell has ______ as many chromatids as the number of chromosomes in the G1 phase.

A

two times

59
Q

The phases of the cell cycle are G1, S, G2, and M phase. Mitosis and __ occur during the M phase.

A

Blank 1: cytokinesis

60
Q

In the G2 phase, the cell synthesizes __ needed for chromosome sorting and cell division.

A

Blank 1: proteins or polypeptides

61
Q

Chromosome replication occurs in the __ phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle.

A

Blank 1: S, synthesis, or interphase

62
Q

Mitosis serves to divide __ cell nucleus into __ nuclei. This allows each daughter cell to receive the same complement of duplicated chromosomes.

A

Blank 1: one, a, 1, single, the, parent, or mother

Blank 2: two, 2, or double

63
Q

The two chromosomes in a __ __ are nearly identical in size and are very similar in their genetic composition.

A

Blank 1: homologous

Blank 2: pair

64
Q

Mitosis is usually followed by cytokinesis, which is

A

the division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells.

65
Q

The division of the cytoplasm to produce two distinct daughter cells is referred to as

A

Blank 1: cytokinesis or cytokineses

66
Q

After completion of the __ phase, a cell has twice as many chromatids as the number of chromosomes in the G1 phase.

A

Blank 1: S or synthesis

67
Q

What are the main proteins responsible for advancing a cell through the phases of the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins

Cyclin-dependent kinases

68
Q

Cells produce proteins that are necessary for chromosome sorting and cell division during what phase of the cell cycle?

A

G2 phase

69
Q

In order to determine if a cell is in the proper conditions to divide, a cell employs ______ critical regulatory points called checkpoints.

A

three

70
Q

The purpose of mitosis is to divide one cell nucleus into two nuclei, distributing the duplicated chromosomes so that each ______ cell will receive the same complement of chromosomes.

A

daughter

71
Q

What proteins delay the division of a cell that has DNA damage or abnormalities in the chromosome number?

A

checkpoint proteins

72
Q

In most cases, mitosis is followed by __, which is the division of the cytoplasm to produce two distinct daughter cells.

A

Blank 1: cytokinesis

73
Q

Both the G1 and G2 checkpoints check for damage of what?

A

DNA

74
Q

Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two different cells called _______ cells.

A

daughter

75
Q

The __ checkpoint senses the integrity of the spindle apparatus.

A

metaphase

76
Q

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent __ are proteins that advance a cell through the cell cycle.

A

kinases

77
Q

The __ checkpoint is the third checkpoint in the cell cycle.

A

metaphase or M

78
Q

The three critical regulatory points found in the cell cycle of eukaryotic cells are called __ (one word please).

A

checkpoints or check-points

79
Q

Mitotic cell division is:

A

cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells

80
Q

The checkpoint proteins prevent the division of a cell that has DNA __ or abnormalities in the chromosome __.

A

Blank 1: damage, injury, harm, or mutations

Blank 2: number, sequence, structure, numbers, or amount

81
Q

The G2 checkpoint also checks for __ damage.

A

DNA or chromosome

82
Q

What is the metaphase checkpoint used for?

A

It senses the integrity of the spindle apparatus.

83
Q

The third checkpoint in the cell cycle is the

A

metaphase checkpoint

84
Q

Mitotic cell division is important for __ reproduction and for the production and maintenance of multicellularity.

A

asexual or a-sexual

85
Q

During the process of __ cell division, a cell divides to produce two new cells that are genetically identical to the original cell.

A

mitotic, mitosis, or binary fission

86
Q

What proteins delay the division of a cell that has DNA damage or abnormalities in the chromosome number?

A

checkpoint proteins

87
Q

When a cell prepares to divide, what structures become highly compacted and readily visible under a microscope?

A

Sister chromatids

88
Q

Both the G1 and G2 checkpoints check for damage of which of the following?

A

DNA

89
Q

Name the region where the two sister chromatids are tightly associated.

A

Centromere

90
Q

The __ checkpoint senses the integrity of the spindle apparatus.

A

metaphase

91
Q

What cell structure is composed of microtubules and is responsible for organizing and sorting the chromosomes during cell division?

A

Mitotic spindle

92
Q

Asexual reproduction and the production and maintenance of multicellularity are two purposes served by:

A

Mitotic cell division

93
Q

The mitotic __ is composed of microtubules.

A

spindle

94
Q

Mitotic cell division is:

A

cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells

95
Q

Identify the three types of spindle microtubules.

A
  • kinetochore
  • polar
  • astral
96
Q

In preparation for division, the __ become very condensed and can easily be viewed with a microscope.

A

chromosomes, chromatids, or sister chromatids

97
Q

The precise transmission of __ during every cell division is critical so that all cells receive the correct amount of genetic material.

A

chromosomes

98
Q

In a replicated chromosome, the two sister chromatids are bound closely at a region known as the

A

centromere

99
Q

What is the function of the mitotic spindle?

A

Organizes and sorts chromosomes during division

100
Q

In actively dividing cells, the G1, S, and G2 phases are collectively known as which of the following?

A

Interphase

101
Q

The mitotic spindle is made up of which of the following?

A

Microtubules

102
Q

Astral, polar, and kinetochore microtubules are the three types of __ microtubules.

A

spindle or mitotic spindle

103
Q

The first phase of mitosis is called

A

prophase

104
Q

Transmission of chromosomes during every cell __ is critical because all cells have to inherit the right number of chromosomes.

A

division or cycle

105
Q

The nucleolus is no longer visible in the __ stage of mitosis.

A

prophase

106
Q

Mitosis occurs as a continuum of phases that proceed in the following order: __, prometaphase, metaphase, __, and lastly __.

A

Blank 1: prophase
Blank 2: anaphase
Blank 3: telophase

107
Q

Identify the phase in which the nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles.

A

Prometaphase

108
Q

During interphase of the cell cycle, the cell grows and copies which of the following in preparation for cell division?

A

Chromosomes

109
Q

The formation of the mitotic spindle is complete during which phase?

A

Prometaphase

110
Q

The mitotic __ is composed of microtubules.

A

spindle

111
Q

The attachment of pairs of sister chromatids to kinetochore microtubules from opposite poles occurs during the __ stage of mitosis.

A

metaphase or prometaphase

112
Q

Which phase marks the beginning of mitosis?

A

Prophase

113
Q

In what phase of mitosis does the fragmentation of the nuclear envelope begin?

A

Prophase

114
Q

During __ the chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles.

A

metaphase

115
Q

Which of the following events occur during prometaphase of mitosis?

  • Sister chromatids of a chromosome are separated
  • Centrosomes move apart and demarcate the two poles
  • Spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids
  • The mitotic spindle is fully formed
  • Homologous chromosome pairs align with each other
  • Nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles
A

Centrosomes move apart and demarcate the two poles

Spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids

The mitotic spindle is fully formed

Nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles

116
Q

The stage in mitosis when the mitotic spindle is first fully formed is called

A

prometaphase

117
Q

After metaphase, the next step in the sorting process of mitosis is known as

A

anaphase

118
Q

Identify the step in mitosis during which the chromosomes get attached to the spindle apparatus.

A

Prometaphase

119
Q

At anaphase of mitosis, sister __ separate from one another and begin to move toward the poles of the cell.

A

chromatids

120
Q

The first phase of mitosis is called

A

prophase

121
Q

During telophase, the nuclear envelope re-forms to produce two separate

A

nuclei or nucleus

122
Q

The pairs of sister chromatids align themselves in a single row along a plane half-way between the poles during which of the following phases of mitosis?

A

Metaphase

123
Q

Identify the phase of mitosis where each group of chromosomes reaches a pole of the cell and decondenses

A

Telophase

124
Q

Identify the phase in which the nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles.

A

Prometaphase

125
Q

Which phase of mitosis comes after metaphase?

A

Anaphase

126
Q

In what cells does cytokinesis involve the formation of a cleavage furrow?

A

Animal cells

127
Q

During ______ of mitosis, the kinetochore microtubules shorten, pulling the chromosomes toward the pole to which they are attached.

A

anaphase

128
Q

What phase of mitosis is characterized by the reformation of the nuclear envelope and the production of two separate nuclei?

A

Telophase

129
Q

During __, the chromosomes have reached their respective poles and decondense.

A

telophase

130
Q

Identify the phase in which the two nuclei are segregated into separate daughter cells by the division of cytoplasm.

A

Cytokinesis

131
Q

Which of the following events occur during prometaphase of mitosis?

  • Sister chromatids of a chromosome are separated
  • Nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles
  • The mitotic spindle is fully formed
  • Spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids
  • Centrosomes move apart and demarcate the two poles
  • Homologous chromosome pairs align with each other
A

Nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles

The mitotic spindle is fully formed

Spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids

Centrosomes move apart and demarcate the two poles

132
Q

In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a

A

cell plate.

133
Q

At anaphase of mitosis, sister __ separate from one another and begin to move toward the poles of the cell.

A

chromatids

134
Q

During telophase, the nuclear envelope re-forms to produce two separate

A

nuclei or nucleus

135
Q

In general, mitosis is quickly followed by __, in which the two nuclei are segregated into separate daughter cells.

A

cytokinesis

136
Q

Identify the phase in which the nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles.

A

Prometaphase

137
Q

In what cells does cytokinesis involve the formation of a cleavage furrow?

A

Animal cells

138
Q

What phase of mitosis is characterized by the reformation of the nuclear envelope and the production of two separate nuclei?

A

Telophase

139
Q

Identify the phase in which the two nuclei are segregated into separate daughter cells by the division of cytoplasm.

A

Cytokinesis

140
Q

During telophase, the nuclear envelope re-forms to produce two separate

A

nuclei

Bio 181 (18 decks)

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