Mitosis Flashcards
1
Q
The reproduction of cells is also known as cell __
A
division
2
Q
Which of the following terms refers to a series of events that ensures cell division occurs?
- Cell cycle
- Cytogenetics
- Cell apoptosis
- Cytokinesis
- Mitosis
A
Cell cycle
3
Q
A photographic representation of the chromosomes is a type of micrograph called a(n)
A
Blank 1: karyotype
4
Q
__ chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere, whereas homologous chromosomes are the two different copies of the same chromosome.
A
Blank 1: sister
5
Q
In preparation for cell division, the chromosomes are replicated and compacted into __ __.
A
Blank 1: sister
Blank 2: chromatids
6
Q
Cell division refers to the __ of cells.
A
Blank 1: reproduction, multiplication, splitting, or duplication
7
Q
The __ __ is a series of highly regulated events that leads to cell division.
A
Blank 1: cell
Blank 2: cycle
8
Q
Which of these terms refers to the visual appearance of the full complement of chromosomes in a cell?
- Genotype
- Haplotype
- Karyotype
- Idiotype
A
Karyotype
9
Q
In humans, what chromosomes determine the sex of the individual?
A
X and Y chromosomes
10
Q
Identify the chromosomes that consist of two slightly different copies of the same chromosome.
A
Homologous chromosomes
11
Q
Autosomes are chromosomes that are not __ chromosomes.
A
Blank 1: sex
12
Q
Which of the following correctly describes how eukaryotic chromosomes are prepared for cell division?
- The chromosomes are replicated and then divided into two
- The chromosomes are replicated and then shuffled
- The chromosomes are replicated and compacted into sister chromatids
- The chromosomes divide into two halves then compact into chromatids
A
The chromosomes are replicated and compacted into sister chromatids
13
Q
How many different types of autosomes do humans have?
A
22
14
Q
The reproduction of cells is also known as cell
A
Blank 1: division
15
Q
Which of the following terms refers to a series of events that ensures cell division occurs?
- Cytokinesis
- Mitosis
- Cytogenetics
- Cell apoptosis
- Cell cycle
A
Cell cycle
16
Q
True or false: In sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to the offspring.
A
True
17
Q
In humans, the X and Y chromosomes are called the __ chromosomes.
A
Blank 1: sex or sex chromosomes
18
Q
What statement is true of eukaryotic chromosomes?
- There are two sets of chromosomes in haploid cells.
- There is one set of chromosomes in diploid cells.
- They occur in pairs in diploid cells.
- They occur in pairs in haploid cells.
A
They occur in pairs in diploid cells.
19
Q
Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called __.
A
Blank 1: autosomes
20
Q
How many chromosomes are in a human cell?
A
46
21
Q
In humans, there are __ different types of autosomes.
A
Blank 1: 22, twenty-two, or twentytwo
22
Q
Cell division refers to the __ of cells
A
Blank 1: reproduction, multiplication, splitting, or duplication
23
Q
In humans, each cell of the body contains 46 chromosomes because the individual inherited one set from the __ and one set from the __.
A
Blank 1: father, dad, daddy, paternal, or sperm
Blank 2: mother, mom, mommy, maternal, or egg
24
Q
Which of the statements below are true for chromosomes in eukaryotic cells?
- Diploid cells have a maternal homologue and a paternal homologue.
- Diploid cells have either a maternal homologue or a paternal homologue.
- Diploid cells have one version of each chromosome.
- Diploid cells have two versions of each chromosome.
A
- Diploid cells have a maternal homologue and a paternal homologue.
- Diploid cells have two versions of each chromosome.
25
In ______ cells, eukaryotic chromosomes occur in ______.
diploid; homologous pairs
26
Humans have a total of __ chromosomes.
46
27
How many different types of autosomes do humans have?
22
28
A diploid organism contains
two sets of chromosomes.
29
Cells of a human being have ______ chromosomes each because the person obtained one set from both mother and father.
46
30
The letter n is used in genetics to refer to a set of
Blank 1: chromosomes
31
True or false: In sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to the offspring.
True
32
Sperm and egg cells are known as
Blank 1: gametes or sex cells
33
What statement is true of eukaryotic chromosomes?
- There are two sets of chromosomes in haploid cells.
- They occur in pairs in diploid cells.
- There is one set of chromosomes in diploid cells.
- They occur in pairs in haploid cells
They occur in pairs in diploid cells.
34
Gametes are haploid. Haploid means that the cells contain how many sets of chromosomes?
One
35
How many chromosomes are in a human cell?
46
36
In a diploid organism, a pair of chromosomes consists of two
homologs.
37
When the cells of an organism carry two sets of chromosomes, that organism is said to be
diploid
38
How similar are homologous chromosomes to each other?
They are nearly identical in size and contain a very similar composition of genetic material.
39
Geneticists use the letter __ to represent a set of chromosomes.
n
40
In multicellular eukaryotic organisms, the production of new cells follows a highly regulated sequence of growth, DNA replication, and division. This sequence is referred to as the cell __, which consists of the G1, S, G2, and M phases.
Blank 1: cycle
41
The gametes are the __ and __ cells.
Blank 1: sperm or spermatocyte
| Blank 2: egg, oocyte, ova, or ovum
42
Cells, such as gametes, that contain one set of chromosomes are called ______ cells.
haploid
43
The phases of the cell cycle are G1, S, G2, and M phase. Mitosis and __ occur during the M phase.
Blank 1: cytokinesis
44
If an organism is diploid, the two members of a pair of chromosomes are called
Blank 1: homologs, homologues, homologous, or homologous chromosomes
45
The two chromosomes in a __ __ are nearly identical in size and are very similar in their genetic composition.
Blank 1: homologous
| Blank 2: pair
46
The sequence of growth, replication, and division that produces new cells is called
the cell cycle.
47
Match the stages of the cell cycle to the correct cell activity: G1
A cell grows and becomes committed to divide.
48
Match the stages of the cell cycle to the correct cell activity: S
Chromosomes are replicated.
49
Match the stages of the cell cycle to the correct cell activity: G2
A cell makes protein for chromosome sorting and cell division
50
Match the stages of the cell cycle to the correct cell activity: M
A cell divides into two daughter cells.
51
M phase in order
1 = Prophase
2 = Prometaphase
3 = Metaphase
4 = Anaphase
5 = Telophase
6 = Cytokinesis
52
In a cell's life, cell growth occurs primarily during what phase?
G1
53
Place the phases of the cell cycle in order. Start at the top with G1.
G1, S, G2, M
54
In a diploid organism, a pair of chromosomes consists of two
homologs.
55
During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated?
S phase
56
How similar are homologous chromosomes to each other?
They are nearly identical in size and contain a very similar composition of genetic material.
57
Cell __ usually occurs during the G1 phase.
Blank 1: growth or development
58
When the S phase is complete, a cell has ______ as many chromatids as the number of chromosomes in the G1 phase.
two times
59
The phases of the cell cycle are G1, S, G2, and M phase. Mitosis and __ occur during the M phase.
Blank 1: cytokinesis
60
In the G2 phase, the cell synthesizes __ needed for chromosome sorting and cell division.
Blank 1: proteins or polypeptides
61
Chromosome replication occurs in the __ phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle.
Blank 1: S, synthesis, or interphase
62
Mitosis serves to divide __ cell nucleus into __ nuclei. This allows each daughter cell to receive the same complement of duplicated chromosomes.
Blank 1: one, a, 1, single, the, parent, or mother
| Blank 2: two, 2, or double
63
The two chromosomes in a __ __ are nearly identical in size and are very similar in their genetic composition.
Blank 1: homologous
| Blank 2: pair
64
Mitosis is usually followed by cytokinesis, which is
the division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells.
65
The division of the cytoplasm to produce two distinct daughter cells is referred to as
Blank 1: cytokinesis or cytokineses
66
After completion of the __ phase, a cell has twice as many chromatids as the number of chromosomes in the G1 phase.
Blank 1: S or synthesis
67
What are the main proteins responsible for advancing a cell through the phases of the cell cycle?
Cyclins
Cyclin-dependent kinases
68
Cells produce proteins that are necessary for chromosome sorting and cell division during what phase of the cell cycle?
G2 phase
69
In order to determine if a cell is in the proper conditions to divide, a cell employs ______ critical regulatory points called checkpoints.
three
70
The purpose of mitosis is to divide one cell nucleus into two nuclei, distributing the duplicated chromosomes so that each ______ cell will receive the same complement of chromosomes.
daughter
71
What proteins delay the division of a cell that has DNA damage or abnormalities in the chromosome number?
checkpoint proteins
72
In most cases, mitosis is followed by __, which is the division of the cytoplasm to produce two distinct daughter cells.
Blank 1: cytokinesis
73
Both the G1 and G2 checkpoints check for damage of what?
DNA
74
Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two different cells called _______ cells.
daughter
75
The __ checkpoint senses the integrity of the spindle apparatus.
metaphase
76
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent __ are proteins that advance a cell through the cell cycle.
kinases
77
The __ checkpoint is the third checkpoint in the cell cycle.
metaphase or M
78
The three critical regulatory points found in the cell cycle of eukaryotic cells are called __ (one word please).
checkpoints or check-points
79
Mitotic cell division is:
cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells
80
The checkpoint proteins prevent the division of a cell that has DNA __ or abnormalities in the chromosome __.
Blank 1: damage, injury, harm, or mutations
| Blank 2: number, sequence, structure, numbers, or amount
81
The G2 checkpoint also checks for __ damage.
DNA or chromosome
82
What is the metaphase checkpoint used for?
It senses the integrity of the spindle apparatus.
83
The third checkpoint in the cell cycle is the
metaphase checkpoint
84
Mitotic cell division is important for __ reproduction and for the production and maintenance of multicellularity.
asexual or a-sexual
85
During the process of __ cell division, a cell divides to produce two new cells that are genetically identical to the original cell.
mitotic, mitosis, or binary fission
86
What proteins delay the division of a cell that has DNA damage or abnormalities in the chromosome number?
checkpoint proteins
87
When a cell prepares to divide, what structures become highly compacted and readily visible under a microscope?
Sister chromatids
88
Both the G1 and G2 checkpoints check for damage of which of the following?
DNA
89
Name the region where the two sister chromatids are tightly associated.
Centromere
90
The __ checkpoint senses the integrity of the spindle apparatus.
metaphase
91
What cell structure is composed of microtubules and is responsible for organizing and sorting the chromosomes during cell division?
Mitotic spindle
92
Asexual reproduction and the production and maintenance of multicellularity are two purposes served by:
Mitotic cell division
93
The mitotic __ is composed of microtubules.
spindle
94
Mitotic cell division is:
cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells
95
Identify the three types of spindle microtubules.
- kinetochore
- polar
- astral
96
In preparation for division, the __ become very condensed and can easily be viewed with a microscope.
chromosomes, chromatids, or sister chromatids
97
The precise transmission of __ during every cell division is critical so that all cells receive the correct amount of genetic material.
chromosomes
98
In a replicated chromosome, the two sister chromatids are bound closely at a region known as the
centromere
99
What is the function of the mitotic spindle?
Organizes and sorts chromosomes during division
100
In actively dividing cells, the G1, S, and G2 phases are collectively known as which of the following?
Interphase
101
The mitotic spindle is made up of which of the following?
Microtubules
102
Astral, polar, and kinetochore microtubules are the three types of __ microtubules.
spindle or mitotic spindle
103
The first phase of mitosis is called
prophase
104
Transmission of chromosomes during every cell __ is critical because all cells have to inherit the right number of chromosomes.
division or cycle
105
The nucleolus is no longer visible in the __ stage of mitosis.
prophase
106
Mitosis occurs as a continuum of phases that proceed in the following order: __, prometaphase, metaphase, __, and lastly __.
Blank 1: prophase
Blank 2: anaphase
Blank 3: telophase
107
Identify the phase in which the nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles.
Prometaphase
108
During interphase of the cell cycle, the cell grows and copies which of the following in preparation for cell division?
Chromosomes
109
The formation of the mitotic spindle is complete during which phase?
Prometaphase
110
The mitotic __ is composed of microtubules.
spindle
111
The attachment of pairs of sister chromatids to kinetochore microtubules from opposite poles occurs during the __ stage of mitosis.
metaphase or prometaphase
112
Which phase marks the beginning of mitosis?
Prophase
113
In what phase of mitosis does the fragmentation of the nuclear envelope begin?
Prophase
114
During __ the chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles.
metaphase
115
Which of the following events occur during prometaphase of mitosis?
- Sister chromatids of a chromosome are separated
- Centrosomes move apart and demarcate the two poles
- Spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids
- The mitotic spindle is fully formed
- Homologous chromosome pairs align with each other
- Nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles
Centrosomes move apart and demarcate the two poles
Spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids
The mitotic spindle is fully formed
Nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles
116
The stage in mitosis when the mitotic spindle is first fully formed is called
prometaphase
117
After metaphase, the next step in the sorting process of mitosis is known as
anaphase
118
Identify the step in mitosis during which the chromosomes get attached to the spindle apparatus.
Prometaphase
119
At anaphase of mitosis, sister __ separate from one another and begin to move toward the poles of the cell.
chromatids
120
The first phase of mitosis is called
prophase
121
During telophase, the nuclear envelope re-forms to produce two separate
nuclei or nucleus
122
The pairs of sister chromatids align themselves in a single row along a plane half-way between the poles during which of the following phases of mitosis?
Metaphase
123
Identify the phase of mitosis where each group of chromosomes reaches a pole of the cell and decondenses
Telophase
124
Identify the phase in which the nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles.
Prometaphase
125
Which phase of mitosis comes after metaphase?
Anaphase
126
In what cells does cytokinesis involve the formation of a cleavage furrow?
Animal cells
127
During ______ of mitosis, the kinetochore microtubules shorten, pulling the chromosomes toward the pole to which they are attached.
anaphase
128
What phase of mitosis is characterized by the reformation of the nuclear envelope and the production of two separate nuclei?
Telophase
129
During __, the chromosomes have reached their respective poles and decondense.
telophase
130
Identify the phase in which the two nuclei are segregated into separate daughter cells by the division of cytoplasm.
Cytokinesis
131
Which of the following events occur during prometaphase of mitosis?
- Sister chromatids of a chromosome are separated
- Nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles
- The mitotic spindle is fully formed
- Spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids
- Centrosomes move apart and demarcate the two poles
- Homologous chromosome pairs align with each other
Nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles
The mitotic spindle is fully formed
Spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids
Centrosomes move apart and demarcate the two poles
132
In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a
cell plate.
133
At anaphase of mitosis, sister __ separate from one another and begin to move toward the poles of the cell.
chromatids
134
During telophase, the nuclear envelope re-forms to produce two separate
nuclei or nucleus
135
In general, mitosis is quickly followed by __, in which the two nuclei are segregated into separate daughter cells.
cytokinesis
136
Identify the phase in which the nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles.
Prometaphase
137
In what cells does cytokinesis involve the formation of a cleavage furrow?
Animal cells
138
What phase of mitosis is characterized by the reformation of the nuclear envelope and the production of two separate nuclei?
Telophase
139
Identify the phase in which the two nuclei are segregated into separate daughter cells by the division of cytoplasm.
Cytokinesis
140
During telophase, the nuclear envelope re-forms to produce two separate
nuclei
