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Bio 181 > Gene Expression 1 > Flashcards

Gene Expression 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A(n) __ can be broadly defined as a unit of heredity.

A

gene

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2
Q

Gene function either at the molecular level or at the level of traits is referred to as gene __.

A

expression

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3
Q

ncRNAs are RNAs that do not encode __.

A

polypeptides

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4
Q

The synthesis of an RNA copy of a gene is called:

A

transcription

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5
Q

DNA is ______ to produce mRNA, which is then ______ to produce proteins that determine the traits an organism expresses.

A

transcribed; translated

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6
Q

A unit of heredity is also known as a(n) ______.

A

gene

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7
Q

The term pre-mRNA is another name for the initial RNA ______.

A

transcript

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8
Q

What term refers to gene function at the level of traits or at the molecular level?

A

Gene expression

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9
Q

A gene that stores information for the production of a polypeptide is called a(n) __ gene.

A

structural

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10
Q

Genes that encode polypeptides are called protein-__ genes.

A

encoding

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11
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

It carries information from DNA to ribosomes.

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12
Q

During the process of __, an RNA copy of a gene is produced.

A

transcription

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13
Q

Gene expression occurs in two steps. First, the __ found in a cell is transcribed to produce __, which is then translated into __.

A

DNA, RNA, polypeptide

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14
Q

The process of synthesizing a specific polypeptide on a ribosome is known as:

A

translation

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15
Q

In eukaryotes, the RNA original transcript, called pre-__, must be modified in several ways to make it a functionally active mRNA.

A

mRNA

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16
Q

What do structural genes store?

A

Information to specify a polypeptide

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17
Q

The central dogma states that DNA is __ into mRNA, which is then __ into a polypeptide.

A

transcribed, translated

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18
Q

Messenger RNA carries information from the DNA to cellular components called __, which play a key role in the synthesis of polypeptides.

A

ribsosomes

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19
Q

The synthesis of an RNA copy of a gene is called:

A

transcription

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20
Q

In transcription, a(n) __ sequence is copied into a(n) __ sequence.

A

DNA, mRNA

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21
Q

An mRNA molecule is used to synthesize a specific polypeptide on a ribosome in the process of __.

A

translation

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22
Q

At the molecular level, a gene is an organized unit of ______ sequences that can be transcribed into RNA.

A

nucleotide

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23
Q

The term pre-mRNA is another name for the initial RNA ______.

A

transcript

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24
Q

Which of the following are products of nonstructural genes?

  • polypeptides
  • pre-mRNA
  • messenger RNA
  • transfer RNA
  • ribosomal RNA
A

transfer RNA

ribosomal RNA

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25
Q

The central dogma of gene expression at the molecular level is comprised of two steps. These two steps are:

A

transcription of DNA into mRNA

translation of mRNA into a polypeptide

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26
Q

Transfer RNA translates the language of ______ into that of amino acids.

A

mRNA

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27
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

It carries information from DNA to ribosomes.

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28
Q

In the process of __, a DNA sequence is copied into an RNA sequence.

A

transcription

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29
Q

Ribosomal RNA is a component of ribosomes, which are the sites of:

A

translation

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30
Q

A gene is a unit of nucleotide sequences that enables a segment of DNA to be transcribed into __, which can then be translated to produce a polypeptide.

A

mRNA

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31
Q

While the transcription of structural genes produces mRNA that specifies a polypeptide, the transcription of nonstructural genes can produce two important products: __ RNA and __ RNA.

A

transfer, ribosomal

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32
Q

Which region of a structural gene signals the beginning of transcription?

A

promotor

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33
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is needed to make what during translation?

A

Polypeptides

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34
Q

Transcription begins next to a site in DNA called the:

A

promoter

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35
Q

Messenger RNA carries information from the DNA to cellular components called __, which play a key role in the synthesis of polypeptides.

A

ribosomes

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36
Q

The __ is a DNA sequence that specifies the end of transcription.

A

terminator

37
Q

__ RNA forms part of the cell structure that provides the site where proteins are synthesized.

A

R

38
Q

The stages of transcription are called:

A

initiation, elongation and termination

39
Q

At the molecular level, a gene is an organized unit of ______ sequences that can be transcribed into RNA.

A

nucleotide

40
Q

During the initiation stage of bacterial transcription, the gene region called the __ functions as a recognition site for the sigma factor of RNA polymerase.

A

promoter

41
Q

Which region of a bacterial gene signals the end of transcription?

A

Terminator

42
Q

Which of the following events occur during the initiation stage of transcription?

  • Sigma factor is released.
  • DNA near the promoter is unwound to form an open complex.
  • RNA polymerase binds to the promoter.
  • The RNA transcript dissociates from the DNA.
A

DNA near the promoter is unwound to form an open complex.

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter.

43
Q

The promoter of a gene signals the beginning of:

A

transcription

44
Q

What is synthesized during the elongation stage of transcription?

A

RNA

45
Q

What part of a gene signals the end of transcription?

A

Terminator

46
Q

The DNA strand that is complementary to the RNA strand produced during transcription is called the __ strand.

A

template

47
Q

Transcription occurs in three stages: initiation, __, and __.

A

elongation, termination

48
Q

In E. coli, what protein recognizes the base sequence of the promoter and causes RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter?

A

Sigma factor

49
Q

During which stage of transcription does RNA polymerase bind to the promoter?

A

Initiation

50
Q

RNA polymerase synthesizes the RNA transcript during the __ stage of transcription.

A

elongation

51
Q

In the coding strand, the __ in the DNA is replaced with __ in the mRNA.

A

thymine, uracil

52
Q

The strand of DNA that is used by RNA polymerase during transcription is called the __ strand.

A

template

53
Q

During the elongation stage of transcription, nucleotides bind to the template strand and are covalently connected in which direction?

A

5’ to 3’

54
Q

During the initiation stage of bacterial transcription, the gene region called the __ functions as a recognition site for the sigma factor of RNA polymerase.

A

promotor

55
Q

The sequence of a DNA template is 3’-GGTTCCTT-5’. What is the sequence of the RNA molecule that will be transcribed from this template strand?

A

5’-CCAAGGAA-3’

56
Q

Which of the following events occur during the initiation stage of transcription?

  • The RNA transcript dissociates from the DNA.
  • Sigma factor is released.
  • RNA polymerase binds to the promoter.
  • DNA near the promoter is unwound to form an open complex.
A

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter.

DNA near the promoter is unwound to form an open complex.

57
Q

During the termination stage of transcription, what happens when the RNA polymerase and the RNA transcript reach the terminator?

A

RNA polymerase dissociates from the DNA

58
Q

In a double-stranded DNA molecule, what DNA strand has almost the exact same sequence of bases as the mRNA that is synthesized from that molecule? Note that the only exception in sequence is that thymine in that DNA strand is replaced with uracil in the RNA.

A

The coding strand

59
Q

What RNA produced in eukaryotic transcription is the longest?

A

pre-mRNA

60
Q

Before leaving the nucleus, pre-mRNA transcripts are modified by splicing, as well as the addition of
__ and __ to the ends of the mRNA.

A

caps, tails

61
Q

During transcription, ribonucleotides are added to the

A

3’ end of the mRNA transcript

62
Q

What sequence of RNA will be transcribed from a DNA template strand that is 5’-ACGTAAC-3’?

A

3’-UGCAUUG-5’

63
Q

When RNA polymerase reaches a site called the __ region, it dissociates from the DNA at the end of transcription.

A

terminator

64
Q

Pre-mRNA molecules contain intervening sequences that are not translated. The intervening sequences are also known as:

A

introns

65
Q

In eukaryotes, transcription initially produces a longer RNA molecule called the __-__. This longer mRNA molecule is spliced, capped, and polyadenylated prior to translation.

A

pre mRNA

66
Q

How are eukaryotic mRNAs modified before leaving the nucleus?

A

Introns are removed by splicing.

A cap is added to the 5’ end.

A poly(A) tail is added to the 3’ end.

67
Q

During the elongation stage of transcription, nucleotides bind to the template strand and are covalently connected in which direction?

A

5’ to 3’

68
Q

The sequence of a DNA template is 3’-GGTTCCTT-5’. What is the sequence of the RNA molecule that will be transcribed from this template strand?

A

5’-CCAAGGAA-3’

69
Q

The sequences that are removed from mRNA and not translated are called

A

introns

70
Q

In eukaryotic mRNA, sequences found in the mature mRNA are termed __.

A

exons

71
Q

What happens during the process of mRNA splicing?

A

Exons are joined together.

Introns are removed from the transcript.

72
Q

During transcription, ribonucleotides are added to the

A

3’ end of the mRNA transcript

73
Q

Which end of a eukaryotic mRNA is processed by the addition of a modified guanine cap?

A

5’

74
Q

Mature mRNAs of eukaryotes have a modified form of guanine covalently attached at the 5’ end. This event is known as

A

capping

75
Q

What is the role of the 5’ cap on a eukaryotic mRNA molecule?

A

It allows the mRNA to bind to a ribosome for translation.

It facilitates the exit of mRNA from the nucleus.

76
Q

At the molecular level, coding sequences that are translated are found in:

A

exons

77
Q

How is the 3’ end of a eukaryotic mRNA modified?

A

A poly A tail is added to it.

78
Q

How is the 5’ end of a eukaryotic mRNA modified

A

A cap is added to it.

79
Q

What are the functions of the poly A tail on a mature eukaryotic mRNA?

A

It stabilizes the mRNA.

It aids in the export of mRNA from the nucleus.

80
Q

Due to __, mature mRNAs of eukaryotes have a modified guanosine covalently attached at the 5’ end.

A

capping

81
Q

The average human gene has about __ introns.

A

9

82
Q

In eukaryotic mRNAs, the 5’ cap functions in all of the following EXCEPT

A

removal of introns from the mRNA

83
Q

In eukaryotic mRNA, sequences found in the mature mRNA are termed

A

exons

84
Q

A poly A tail is added to the ______ end of eukaryotic mRNAs.

A

3’

85
Q

What is the name of the complex that removes introns from eukaryotic pre-mRNA molecules?

A

Spliceosome

86
Q

A long poly A tail aids in the export of mRNAs from the:

A

nucleus

87
Q

What is true of introns?

A

Introns are found in many eukaryotic genes.

A gene may have multiple introns.

88
Q

What is the role of the 5’ cap on a eukaryotic mRNA molecule?

A

It facilitates the exit of mRNA from the nucleus.

It allows the mRNA to bind to a ribosome for translation.

Bio 181 (18 decks)

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