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Bio 181 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following are common monosaccharides found in nature?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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2
Q

A sugar being broken down into glucose and galactose is an example of a(n) ______
reaction.

A

Hydrolysis

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3
Q

What type of sugar are ribose and deoxyribose?

A

Pentose

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4
Q

Match each type of carbohydrate with the number of sugar monomers it contains:
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

A

Monosaccharide: One monomer
Disaccharide: Two monomers
Polysaccharide: Many monomers

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5
Q

Carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides are called ____

A

Disaccharides

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6
Q

Pentose sugars have _______ carbon atoms, and hexose sugars have __ carbon atoms.

A

Pentose sugars have 5 carbon atoms, and hexose sugars have 6 carbon atoms.

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7
Q

What type of chemical reaction occurs when a glycosidic bond forms between two monosaccharides?

A

Dehydration

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8
Q

The three chemical elements that are found in all carbohydrates are __ , ______ and ___.

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen

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9
Q

The covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction is called a(n) __ linkage.

A

glycosidic (bond/linkage)

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10
Q

Glucose and galactose are examples of:

A

monosaccharides

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11
Q

Carbohydrate polymers are called:

A

polysaccharides

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12
Q 
Which of the following sugars are pentoses?
Maltose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Galactose
Glucose
Sucrose
A

Deoxyribose

Ribose

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13
Q 
Match each polysaccharide with its function in living organisms:
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Chitin
Glycosaminoglycan
A

Cellulose: Cell wall of plants
Starch: Energy storage in plants
Glycogen: Energy storage in animals
Chitin: Exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans and the cell wall of fungi
Glycosaminoglycan: Extracellular matrix and cartilage of animals

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14
Q

Disaccharides are formed when monosaccharides are:

A

linked together by dehydration reactions

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15
Q

In living things, starch is found in _ cells and glycogen is found in certain types of _ cells.

A

In living things, starch is found in plant cells and glycogen is found in certain types of animal cells.

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16
Q

What changes occur during the formation of a glycosidic bond?

A

A hydroxyl group is removed from one monomer, and a hydrogen atom is removed from the other monomer.

Two monosaccharides are linked together by a dehydration or condensation reaction.

When two monosaccharides form a glycosidic bond, there is a net yield of one molecule of water.

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17
Q

What type of bond forms between two sugar molecules?

A

Glycosidic bond

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18
Q 
Which of the following carbohydrates are polymers of glucose?
Sucrose
Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch
Peptidoglycan
Chitin
A

Cellulose

Glycogen

Starch

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19
Q

When many monosaccharides are linked together, they form long polymers called __

A

polysaccharides

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20
Q

Rank the following polysaccharides of glucose in order of most branched form (at the top of the list) to least branched form (at the bottom of the list):
Cellulose
Glycogen
Startch

A
  1. Glycogen
  2. Starch
  3. Cellulose
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21
Q

Which of the following accurately describes the function of cellulose, starch, and glycogen in cells?

A

Cellulose is used for structural purposes while starch and glycogen are used for energy storage.

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22
Q

In what organisms are starch and glycogen found?

A

Starch is found in plants and glycogen is found in animals.

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23
Q 
Match the major class of lipid with its function in living organisms:
Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes
A

Fats: Energy storage
Phospholipids: Plasma membrane structure
Steroids: form hormones important to reproduction
Waxes: create a barrier to water loss

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24
Q

What type of chemical reaction occurs when a glycosidic bond forms between two monosaccharides?

A

Dehydration

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25
Q

Lipids are molecules that are composed of primarily what two elements?

A

carbon

hydrogen

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26
Q

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all polymers of the monosaccharide ___
.

A

glucose

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27
Q

Match the polysaccharide with the degree of branching of glucose chains
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen

A

Cellulose: unbranched
Starch: moderatly branched
Glycogen: Most branched

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28
Q 
Match each type of lipid with the correct description of its structure: 
Triglyceride
Phospholipid
Steroid
Wax
A

Triglyceride: Glycerol linked to three fatty acids
Phospholipid: Glycerol linked to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
Steroid: Four fused rings of carbon atoms attached to one or more hydroxyl groups
Wax: Very long hydrocarbon chain

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29
Q

Lipids are composed primarily of the elements:

A

carbon and hydrogen

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30
Q

The major classes of lipids are

____, ____, steroids, and waxes.

A

The major classes of lipids are

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.

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31
Q

Lipids are nonpolar molecules that are

A

insoluble in water

32
Q

Which of the following are correct names for fat molecules, one of the major classes of lipids?

A

triglycerides

33
Q

Name all of the major classes of lipids.

A

waxes

steroids

phospholipids

triglycerides

34
Q

How do fatty acids found in fats and other lipids differ from one another?

A

Fatty acids differ in length of the hydrocarbon chain.

Fatty acids differ in the presence or amount of double bonds.

35
Q

What feature of lipid molecules makes them insoluble or poorly soluble in water?

A

Lipids are nonpolar molecules

36
Q

Fatty acids without carbon-carbon double bonds, are called ___
fatty acids.

A

saturated fatty acids

37
Q

Fats, a type of lipid, are also called ___ and contain three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

A

Triglycerides

38
Q

Which type of fatty acid has at least one C=C double bond?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

39
Q

How does the presence of a double bond influence the shape of a fatty acid?

A

Double bonds between carbon molecules introduce kinks in the otherwise linear structure of fatty acids

40
Q

Compared to unsaturated fats, saturated fats:

A

have a higher melting point

pack together more tightly

41
Q

What are sources of variation in fatty acid molecules?

A

The length of the the fatty acids and presence of double bonds

42
Q

A(n) ___ fatty acid contains one or more C=C double bonds. A(n) ___ fatty acid contains no C=C double bonds.

A

A(n) unsaturated fatty acid contains one or more C=C double bonds. A(n) saturated fatty acid contains no C=C double bonds.

43
Q

The C=C double bonds in fatty acids introduce a(n) __ into the linear shape of the fatty acid chain, which changes its 3-dimensional structure.

A

The C=C double bonds in fatty acids introduce a(n) kink into the linear shape of the fatty acid chain, which changes its 3-dimensional structure.

44
Q

Typically, fats found in animals (usually solid) are ___ fats while fats found in plants (usually liquid) are __ fats

A

Typically, fats found in animals (usually solid) are saturated fats while fats found in plants (usually liquid) are unsaturated fats

45
Q

Unsaturated fats have ___ melting points than saturated fats.

A

lower

46
Q

What accurately describes oils, such as olive oil?

A

Oils have low melting points and are liquid at room temperature.

Oils are fats high in unsaturated fatty acids.

47
Q

Triglycerides contain long fatty acid chains that can be metabolized to make __

A

ATP

48
Q

A phospholipid consists of a

A

glycerol attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

49
Q

Oils are fats that are high in ___ fatty acids.

A

unsaturated

50
Q

What are the two major structural components of phospholipids that make them amphipathic?

A

polar phosphate group

nonpolar fatty acids

51
Q

In a phospholipid bilayer, the ____ regions of the phospholipids face water and the ___ regions face the interior of the membrane away from water.

A

In a phospholipid bilayer, the polar regions of the phospholipids face water and the nonpolar regions face the interior of the membrane away from water.

52
Q

The function of fats in organisms includes:

A

energy storage

53
Q

A phospholipid molecule consists of

A

a head that is polar and hydrophilic, and two tails that are nonpolar and hydrophobic.

54
Q

What type of lipid is composed of a molecule of glycerol attached to one phosphate group and two fatty acids?

A

Phospholipid

55
Q

Phospholipids are amphipathic because they contain both __ and __ groups.

A

Phospholipids are amphipathic because they contain both polar and nonpolar groups.

56
Q

Which regions of a phospholipid bilayer face water and which face the interior of the membrane away from water?

A

The polar regions face water, and the nonpolar regions face the interior

57
Q

In an aqueous environment, phospholipids form lipid __ with hydrophobic ends facing the interior because this is energetically most favorable for these molecules.

A

In an aqueous environment, phospholipids form lipid bilayer with hydrophobic ends facing the interior because this is energetically most favorable for these molecules.

58
Q

What are all the parts that make up the polar hydrophilic region of a phospholipid molecule

A

Phosphate group

Glycerol backbone

Charged nitrogen-containing region

59
Q

A phospholipid consists of a

A

glycerol attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

60
Q

What type of lipid contains ring structures?

A

steroid

61
Q 
Which of the following are common steroids?
starch
glycogen
estrogen
androgens
cholesterol
A

estrogen

androgens

cholesterol

62
Q

Where is cholesterol commonly found in animals?

A

Plasma membranes

63
Q

Why do phospholipids arrange into bilayers?

A

The bilayer is the most energetically favorable arrangement in aqueous solution.

The hydrophilic ends attract water while the hydrophobic ends exclude water.

64
Q

Steroids are lipids that contain what chemical structure that is distinct from other lipids?

A

carbon rings

65
Q

Cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone are examples of:

A

steroids

66
Q

The steroid molecule called __ is commonly found in the cellular membranes of animals.

A

cholesterol

67
Q

Proteins are polymers composed of

A

amino acids

68
Q

Polysaccharides are polymers composed of

A

sugars

69
Q

Which group of molecules are insoluble in water?

A

Lipids

70
Q

Which category of macromolecules is associated with catalytic (enzymatic) activity?

A

proteins

71
Q

A negative control is a sample that you know will give you a negative result. You are testing for the presence of proteins, simple sugars, starch, and lipids in various foods. What would be the best negative control for this experiment?

A

Distilled water, because it does not contain any of the molecules you are testing for.

72
Q

__________ are organic molecules that are hydrophobic and composed of primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms, plus some oxygen atoms.

A

Lipids

73
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

storage of energy

membrane structure

signaling molecules (such as hormones or neurotransmitters)

74
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

catalytic (enzymatic) activity

transport of molecules/ions through blood and across plasma membranes

structural support

75
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

storage of energy

structural support

76
Q

Which classes of macromolecules have a significant role in energy storage?

A

Lipids and Carbohydrates

Bio 181 (18 decks)

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