Macromolecules Flashcards
Which of the following are common monosaccharides found in nature?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
A sugar being broken down into glucose and galactose is an example of a(n) ______
reaction.
Hydrolysis
What type of sugar are ribose and deoxyribose?
Pentose
Match each type of carbohydrate with the number of sugar monomers it contains:
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide: One monomer
Disaccharide: Two monomers
Polysaccharide: Many monomers
Carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides are called ____
Disaccharides
Pentose sugars have _______ carbon atoms, and hexose sugars have __ carbon atoms.
Pentose sugars have 5 carbon atoms, and hexose sugars have 6 carbon atoms.
What type of chemical reaction occurs when a glycosidic bond forms between two monosaccharides?
Dehydration
The three chemical elements that are found in all carbohydrates are __ , ______ and ___.
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
The covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction is called a(n) __ linkage.
glycosidic (bond/linkage)
Glucose and galactose are examples of:
monosaccharides
Carbohydrate polymers are called:
polysaccharides
Which of the following sugars are pentoses? Maltose Deoxyribose Ribose Galactose Glucose Sucrose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Match each polysaccharide with its function in living organisms: Cellulose Starch Glycogen Chitin Glycosaminoglycan
Cellulose: Cell wall of plants
Starch: Energy storage in plants
Glycogen: Energy storage in animals
Chitin: Exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans and the cell wall of fungi
Glycosaminoglycan: Extracellular matrix and cartilage of animals
Disaccharides are formed when monosaccharides are:
linked together by dehydration reactions
In living things, starch is found in _ cells and glycogen is found in certain types of _ cells.
In living things, starch is found in plant cells and glycogen is found in certain types of animal cells.
What changes occur during the formation of a glycosidic bond?
A hydroxyl group is removed from one monomer, and a hydrogen atom is removed from the other monomer.
Two monosaccharides are linked together by a dehydration or condensation reaction.
When two monosaccharides form a glycosidic bond, there is a net yield of one molecule of water.
What type of bond forms between two sugar molecules?
Glycosidic bond
Which of the following carbohydrates are polymers of glucose? Sucrose Cellulose Glycogen Starch Peptidoglycan Chitin
Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch
When many monosaccharides are linked together, they form long polymers called __
polysaccharides
Rank the following polysaccharides of glucose in order of most branched form (at the top of the list) to least branched form (at the bottom of the list):
Cellulose
Glycogen
Startch
- Glycogen
- Starch
- Cellulose
Which of the following accurately describes the function of cellulose, starch, and glycogen in cells?
Cellulose is used for structural purposes while starch and glycogen are used for energy storage.
In what organisms are starch and glycogen found?
Starch is found in plants and glycogen is found in animals.
Match the major class of lipid with its function in living organisms: Fats Phospholipids Steroids Waxes
Fats: Energy storage
Phospholipids: Plasma membrane structure
Steroids: form hormones important to reproduction
Waxes: create a barrier to water loss
What type of chemical reaction occurs when a glycosidic bond forms between two monosaccharides?
Dehydration
Lipids are molecules that are composed of primarily what two elements?
carbon
hydrogen
Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all polymers of the monosaccharide ___
.
glucose
Match the polysaccharide with the degree of branching of glucose chains
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose: unbranched
Starch: moderatly branched
Glycogen: Most branched
Match each type of lipid with the correct description of its structure: Triglyceride Phospholipid Steroid Wax
Triglyceride: Glycerol linked to three fatty acids
Phospholipid: Glycerol linked to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
Steroid: Four fused rings of carbon atoms attached to one or more hydroxyl groups
Wax: Very long hydrocarbon chain
Lipids are composed primarily of the elements:
carbon and hydrogen
The major classes of lipids are
____, ____, steroids, and waxes.
The major classes of lipids are
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
Lipids are nonpolar molecules that are
insoluble in water
Which of the following are correct names for fat molecules, one of the major classes of lipids?
triglycerides
Name all of the major classes of lipids.
waxes
steroids
phospholipids
triglycerides
How do fatty acids found in fats and other lipids differ from one another?
Fatty acids differ in length of the hydrocarbon chain.
Fatty acids differ in the presence or amount of double bonds.
What feature of lipid molecules makes them insoluble or poorly soluble in water?
Lipids are nonpolar molecules
Fatty acids without carbon-carbon double bonds, are called ___
fatty acids.
saturated fatty acids
Fats, a type of lipid, are also called ___ and contain three fatty acids attached to glycerol.
Triglycerides
Which type of fatty acid has at least one C=C double bond?
Unsaturated fatty acids
How does the presence of a double bond influence the shape of a fatty acid?
Double bonds between carbon molecules introduce kinks in the otherwise linear structure of fatty acids
Compared to unsaturated fats, saturated fats:
have a higher melting point
pack together more tightly
What are sources of variation in fatty acid molecules?
The length of the the fatty acids and presence of double bonds
A(n) ___ fatty acid contains one or more C=C double bonds. A(n) ___ fatty acid contains no C=C double bonds.
A(n) unsaturated fatty acid contains one or more C=C double bonds. A(n) saturated fatty acid contains no C=C double bonds.
The C=C double bonds in fatty acids introduce a(n) __ into the linear shape of the fatty acid chain, which changes its 3-dimensional structure.
The C=C double bonds in fatty acids introduce a(n) kink into the linear shape of the fatty acid chain, which changes its 3-dimensional structure.
Typically, fats found in animals (usually solid) are ___ fats while fats found in plants (usually liquid) are __ fats
Typically, fats found in animals (usually solid) are saturated fats while fats found in plants (usually liquid) are unsaturated fats
Unsaturated fats have ___ melting points than saturated fats.
lower
What accurately describes oils, such as olive oil?
Oils have low melting points and are liquid at room temperature.
Oils are fats high in unsaturated fatty acids.
Triglycerides contain long fatty acid chains that can be metabolized to make __
ATP
A phospholipid consists of a
glycerol attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
Oils are fats that are high in ___ fatty acids.
unsaturated
What are the two major structural components of phospholipids that make them amphipathic?
polar phosphate group
nonpolar fatty acids
In a phospholipid bilayer, the ____ regions of the phospholipids face water and the ___ regions face the interior of the membrane away from water.
In a phospholipid bilayer, the polar regions of the phospholipids face water and the nonpolar regions face the interior of the membrane away from water.
The function of fats in organisms includes:
energy storage
A phospholipid molecule consists of
a head that is polar and hydrophilic, and two tails that are nonpolar and hydrophobic.
What type of lipid is composed of a molecule of glycerol attached to one phosphate group and two fatty acids?
Phospholipid
Phospholipids are amphipathic because they contain both __ and __ groups.
Phospholipids are amphipathic because they contain both polar and nonpolar groups.
Which regions of a phospholipid bilayer face water and which face the interior of the membrane away from water?
The polar regions face water, and the nonpolar regions face the interior
In an aqueous environment, phospholipids form lipid __ with hydrophobic ends facing the interior because this is energetically most favorable for these molecules.
In an aqueous environment, phospholipids form lipid bilayer with hydrophobic ends facing the interior because this is energetically most favorable for these molecules.
What are all the parts that make up the polar hydrophilic region of a phospholipid molecule
Phosphate group
Glycerol backbone
Charged nitrogen-containing region
A phospholipid consists of a
glycerol attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
What type of lipid contains ring structures?
steroid
Which of the following are common steroids? starch glycogen estrogen androgens cholesterol
estrogen
androgens
cholesterol
Where is cholesterol commonly found in animals?
Plasma membranes
Why do phospholipids arrange into bilayers?
The bilayer is the most energetically favorable arrangement in aqueous solution.
The hydrophilic ends attract water while the hydrophobic ends exclude water.
Steroids are lipids that contain what chemical structure that is distinct from other lipids?
carbon rings
Cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone are examples of:
steroids
The steroid molecule called __ is commonly found in the cellular membranes of animals.
cholesterol
Proteins are polymers composed of
amino acids
Polysaccharides are polymers composed of
sugars
Which group of molecules are insoluble in water?
Lipids
Which category of macromolecules is associated with catalytic (enzymatic) activity?
proteins
A negative control is a sample that you know will give you a negative result. You are testing for the presence of proteins, simple sugars, starch, and lipids in various foods. What would be the best negative control for this experiment?
Distilled water, because it does not contain any of the molecules you are testing for.
__________ are organic molecules that are hydrophobic and composed of primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms, plus some oxygen atoms.
Lipids
What are the functions of lipids?
storage of energy
membrane structure
signaling molecules (such as hormones or neurotransmitters)
What are the functions of proteins?
catalytic (enzymatic) activity
transport of molecules/ions through blood and across plasma membranes
structural support
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
storage of energy
structural support
Which classes of macromolecules have a significant role in energy storage?
Lipids and Carbohydrates
