Phonological Processes Flashcards
What are phonological processes?
Systematic sound change/(patterns of errors) that affects classes of sounds (does not need to affect all sounds within a class), or sound sequences and results in a simplification of production (Lowe, 1989)
Errors are eliminated until the child’s phonological system matches the adult’s system
Are the phonological processes predictable or unpredictable?
Errors are predictable
What sounds can be affected by phonological processes?
Phonological processes can affect consonants and vowels
When is intelligibility impacted by phonological processes?
Speech intelligibility is compromised when multiple processes or atypical processes are used
What are the three categories of phonological processes? (Ingram, 1989)
> Process that affects the syllable structure
> Process that substitutes one sound for another
> Processes that result in sounds becoming more like other sounds (assimilation)
Describe syllable structure process
> Sound changes that affect the syllable shape of words
> May be in the number of syllables produced or in the shape of the syllable
What phonological processes are syllable structure processes?
syllable deletion, reduplication, epenthesis, final consonant deletion, initial consonant deletion, cluster deletion/reduction
What is reduplication?
What process category is it a part of?
Repetition of a syllable of the word
> Usually eliminated by 3 years of age
> Baby –> “be be”
Bottle –> “ba ba”
Syllable structure process
What is epenthesis?
What process category is it a part of?
A sound (usually a vowel) is inserted between two consonants
> the vowel that is inserted is the schwa
> Spoon –> “səpun”
Blue –> “bəlu”
Syllable structure process
What is final consonant deletion?
What process category is it a part of?
Deletion of a single consonant in word final position resulting in open syllable
> Usually eliminated by 3 years of age
> Skate –> “ske”
Peak –> “pi”
Syllable structure process
What is initial consonant deletion?
What process category is it a part of?
Deletion of a single consonant in initial word position
> Rare/NOT a typical process
> Team –> “im”
Seat –> “it”
Syllable structure process
What is cluster deletion/reduction?
What process category is it a part of?
Clusters or blends are adjacent consonants within a syllable
Deletion of some or all of the consonants of a cluster
> Steak –> “teɪk”
Steak –> “eɪk”
Boats –> “bot”
Boats –> “bo”
Syllable structure process
What are substitution processes?
Systematic sound change that affects classes of sounds or sound sequences
Can a substitution process occur in isolation? not just a class of sounds?
No, Pattern needs to be observed (not a process if it occurs in isolation)
What processes are considered substitution processes?
Include: stopping, stridency deletion, fronting,
depalatalization, affrication, deaffrication, backing, gliding, vowelization/vocalization, voicing, devoicing
Describe the substitution process of stopping
Replacing of fricatives with a stop
Liquids and glides may also be affected by stopping
Sun –> “t ʌ n”
Fun –> “p ʌ n”
Describe the substitution process of Stridency Deletion
Describe the substitution process of Fronting
Describe the substitution process of depalatalization
Describe the substitution process of affrication
Affrication applies to fricatives AND stops
Describe the substitution process of deaffrication
Describe the substitution process of backing
*only to velar, (not any consonants posterior to target sound)
Describe the substitution process of gliding
Describe the substitution process of Vocalization/Vowelization
Describe the substitution process of Voicing
Describe the substitution process of Devoicing
What are assimilation processes?
A phonological process
Describe labial assimilation
Describe velar assimilation
Describe nasal assimilation
Describe the assimilation process of metathesis
Describe the assimilation process of coalescence
2 adjacent consonants (cluster) - the phonetic characteristics ofone segment of the cluster are combined with the phonetic characteristics ofthe other segment, thereby yielding just one new single segment.
How does one identify a vowel process?
What are the vowel processes
Vowel backing, vowel lowering, vowel raising, centralization, vowel unrounding, diphthong reduction, Dipthongization, complete vowel harmony
Describe vowel backing
Describe vowel lowering
Describe vowel raising
Describe centralization
Describe vowel unrounding
What are the rounded vowels in General American English?
Rounded vowels are [u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ]
What are the unrounded vowels?
Unrounded vowels are [i], [ɪ], [e], [ɛ], [æ], [ɑ], [ʌ], [ə].
Describe diphthong reduction
Describe Dipthongization
Describe complete vowel harmony
Which phonological processes are eliminated/disappear by age 3?
Which phonological patterns persist after 3 years of age?
