philo midterm Flashcards
is merely your perspective on things. It may
be based on facts, but the facts speak for themselves.
An opinion
The opinion you form based
on the facts is nothing more than an—Because it’s not a fact, it can
neither be right or wrong.
interpretation.
It is provable by a third party, can be independently
replicated and leads to predictions precise enough to be tested.
fact.
We can improve our ability to communicate by learning to be efficient and
accurate. There is a piece of wisdom that says “If you propose to speak, always ask
yourself if it’s true, if it’s necessary and if it’s kind”. Try to make it through one day
doing this and take note of how you feel.
Many of us default to sarcasm in our daily communication and this is nothing more
than a defense mechanism. Speaking only true, necessary and kind words will
cause you to see just how much of your speech is not designed to contribute, but
rather to defend or ridicule.
Actionable Advice
“To say of what
is that it is, or of what is not that it is not,
is true.” In other words, the world
provides “what is” or “what is not,” and
the true saying or thought corresponds
to the fact so provided. This idea
appeals to common sense and is the
germ of what is called the
correspondence theory of truth. As it
stands, however, it is little more than a
platitude and far less than a theory. Indeed, it may amount to merely a wordy
paraphrase, whereby, instead of saying “that’s true” of some assertion, one says
“that corresponds with the facts.” Only if the notions of fact and correspondence
can be further developed will it be possible to understand truth in these terms.
aristotle (384–322 BCE):
is an accepted statement. It agrees with facts and
reality.
TRUTH
needs to be supported by factual evidence. If
there is no evidence, or there is insufficient evidence, then
the statement is an opinion. Logic does not prove anything.
No truth must be verifiable and be able to undergo rigorous
testing.
Truth
Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent
one. Reality is the real business of physics.
Relativity teaches us the connection between the
different descriptions of one and the same reality.
The cult of individual personalities is always, in my
view, unjustified.
albert einstein
believed that there are truths to be
discovered; that knowledge is possible. Moreover,
he held that truth is not, as the Sophists thought,
relative. Thus, for —, knowledge is justified, true
belief. Reason and the Forms. Since truth is
objective, our knowledge of true propositions must
be about real things.
Plato
is a judgement, viewpoint, or statement that is
not conclusive, rather than facts, which are true
statements.
An opinion
is referred to as an opinion. It has
something to do with how someone feels about something.
Others may agree or disagree with a viewpoint, but they
are unable to prove or disprove it. This is what makes
anything an opinion. Unlike facts, opinions are neither true
nor false. A belief, attitude, meaning, decision, or feeling
may all be expressed through an opinion.
A personal belief
● As per my view
● The officer thinks that
● Experts suspect that
● The results argued
Opinion
He wrote one of the early
textbooks in the field of critical thinking, the useful and
charmingly written, Argument: A Guide to Critical
Thinking (McGraw Hill, 1978). –was a founding
member of the Association for Informal Logic and Critical
Thinking.
Perry Weddle
the “Whose?” test: It always makes sense to ask “ whose opinion is it?
but never “Whose fact is it?”
Perry Weddle
Most people will passionately defend what they believe to be true whether it’s true
or just opinion. People state what they believe to be true. They used certain
methods to defend what they believe-whether true or not.
Methods of Philosophizing
is a general or established way or order of doing anything.
A method
is typically employed by philosophers when they present their ideas,
concepts and arguments in an orderly and systematic manner not only in aiding
reputation but also to make them less prone to making flawed arguments.
The method of
philosophy
- Conceptual Analysis
- Logical Analysis.
- Method of Systematic Doubt.
- Phenomenological Method.
- Philosophical Dialogue.
- Historical Method.
- Comparative-Descriptive Method.
- Comparative-Constructive Method.
- Deconstructive Method.
METHODS OF PHILOSOPHY EMPLOYED BY PHILOSOPHERS:
Its analysis concept. Science analyzes facts through observation,experimentation
and sense experience. Facts are known but concepts are understood. (It is a
known fact that the Philippines was discovered by Magellan).
An ordinary person can understand the facts about
Magellan unless he understands the concept of
discovery.
- Conceptual Analysis
It’s a method of determining whether the assertion offered as reason for
accepting the assertion justifying that
acceptance in the way the speaker intended.
The purpose of logical analysis is not to win in
an argumentation
but to use the argument as a means of
deciding which belief option is the
most and closest to the truth.
- Logical Analysis.
The “doubt” as a method of philosophy is called the methodological doubt
or indubitable or sometimes referred to as Cartesian doubt advocated by
Rene (1596-1650) a French philosopher.
When we begin to think philosophically, the first
thing we should do is to doubt everything of
which we cannot be absolutely certain. Since,
there are many beliefs (true or false)
That surrounds us, the person must distance
himself from the whole mixture of beliefs.
- Method of Systematic Doubt.
Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) a German philosopher is
postulated to transcendental phenomenology. The
phenomenon which means to appear. In the
phenomenological
method, we describe ourselves and the world around us
on the basis of subjective experience, which is often referred to as “Lived
experience”.
- Phenomenological Method.
A spoken dialogue is much more effective in giving life to ideas. The
usefulness of this method is that it brings a
philosopher into contact with many ideas in a short
period of time, especially when there are more than
two opinions being argued. It also creates a
community mentality in which those of different
viewpoints are engaged in real conversation for the
common goal of truth seeking.
- Philosophical Dialogue.
There is value in explaining the implications of an argument in a society.
Negative implications do not simply imply an absence of truth, nor do positive
one’s imply its presence. Historical method is the collection of techniques and
guidelines that historians use to research and write histories of the past. In the
philosophy of history, the question of nature, and the possibility of a sound historical
method is raised within the sub-field of epistemology. In which a topic is considered
in terms of its earliest phases and followed in an historical course through its
subsequent evolution and development.
- Historical Method.
This is a valuable learning tool, since we often come to understand concepts
in relation to what we already know. Comparative philosophy—sometimes
called cross-cultural philosophy—is a subfield of philosophy in which
philosophers work on problems by intentionally setting into dialogue sources
from across cultural, linguistic, and philosophical streams.
- Comparative-Descriptive Method.
Creating new ideas, which are extremely important to the process of truth
seeking. Comparative Philosophy is a peer-reviewed, open-access/non-profit
international journal of philosophy, with emphasis on the constructive
engagement of distinct approaches to philosophical issues, problems,
themes from different philosophical traditions (whether distinguished
culturally or by style/orientation)
- Comparative-Constructive Method.
Its value is that it allows a thinker to challenge his own cultural
preconceptions and thus gain a somewhat more objective point of view.
What it does not do is to prove an argument incorrect, since it simply points
out that there is a reason to doubt. This approach is most commonly used when
looking at situations regarding ethics.
- Deconstructive Method.
