cpar prefinals

Question 1

According to — a Trapist monk, there is no other way for us to find who we are than by finding ourselves in divine image. We have to struggle to regain spontaneous and vital awareness of our own spirituality. He talks about a continual movement away from inner and outer idols and toward union with the desert God of his Christian faith.

Answer 1

Thomas Merton 1948.

Question 2

Hindu beliefs is the transmigration of souls, reincarnation or “ metempsychosis” Essential Hinduism is is based on the belief in karma and has its first literary Expression in Upanishads. Everything in this life, say the Hindus, is a consequence of actions performed in previous existence. Only by building up a fine record, or “karma”, can final salvation be achieved.

Answer 2

A. HINDUISM: REINCARNATION and KARMA

Question 3

, traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion. It is one of the oldest Indian religions. The three main pillars of Jainism are ahiṃsā, anekāntavāda, and aparigraha. Jains take five main vows: ahiṃsā, satya, asteya, brahmacharya, and aparigraha

Answer 3

Jainism

Question 4

• the force created by a person’s actions that is believed in Hinduism and Buddhism to determine what that person’s next life will be like

Another causality characteristic, shared by karmic theories, is that like deeds lead to like the effects. Thus, good karma produces good effects on the actor, while bad karma produces bad effects. This effect may be material, moral, or emotional—that is one’s karma affects both one’s happiness and unhappiness.

Answer 4

Karma

Question 5

• that after death a person’s soul is reborn in another body. Certain religions hold this belief as a central tenet, including Hinduism and Buddhism. As being reborn or the rebirth of the soul.

Answer 5

REINCARNATION

Question 6

Nirvana means the state in which one is absolutely free from all forms of bondage and attachment. It means to overcome and remove the cause of suffering. It is also the state of perfect insight into the nature of existence. The Buddhist see one who has attained nirvana as one who is unencumbered from all the fetters that bind human beings to existence. (i.e. wealth). He has perfect knowledge, perfect peace, and perfect wisdom.

Answer 6

B. BUDDHISM: NIRVANA

Question 7

Physically we are free, yet morally bound to obey the law. The Eternal law of God Himself. According to this law, humanity must do well and avoid evil, the existence of moral obligation in every human being. Christain life is not easy. No human being should become an end to himself. We are responsible to our neighbors as we are to our own actions.

Answer 7

C. ST. AUGUSTINE AND ST. THOMAS AQUINAS: WILL AND LOVE

Question 8

1. Nobody owns my body except me alone. It is mine and mine alone.
2. A person should be responsible over what he/she owns.
3. Ownership presupposes full control over what he/she owns.

“My Body” : Is body an instrument?

Answer 8

Three conditions to meet before you can claim ownership of your body: (Dy, Philosophy of Man)

Question 9

is not an object, more so, it cannot be an instrument because an instrument is a plain object, Instrument means something being used to enhance or reinforce a part of your body.

Answer 9

Our body

Question 10

• Man is simply thrown into the world and is left alone to face what he can do because he did not will for it. He is thrown in his life- his physical appearance, parents, cultures, civilizations, among others. He must therefore start from nothing in order to achieve something.

Answer 10

1.THE CONCEPT OF DREAD

Question 11

He has to establish relationships with others – in the world. That does not mean that he has to depend on others to realize his existence or resign his freedom and possibilities.

Answer 11

2. THE CONCEPT OF BEING-OTHERS- RELATED-

Question 12

• Human person’s relatedness to entities is basically things which he encounters in the world. He is always “together” with others. He is always “together” with others. Human existence is always an existence of relationships. The world cannot exist without the human person.

Answer 12

3. THE CONCEPT OF CONCERN

Question 13

• In philosophy, guilt-feeling is something that is lacking or missing in a person. As such, a human person is a guilty creature.(pointed out by Heidegger) Thus , he has no will. His will is missing and this prevents the person from deciding things. This makes the human person guilty of his existence.

Answer 13

4 THE CONCEPT OF GUILT-FEELING

Question 14

• Conscience plays a primary role in recovering from being “lost or fallen” into this world. According to Babor, conscience enables man to find himself again, because it is a voice, a voice calling the Dasein (man)

Answer 14

5 THE CONCEPT OF CONSCIENCE

Question 15

Resoluteness is man’s readiness to be called by conscience. It is resoluteness that the human person resolved to accept himself and makeup his mind exists in the way he can call his own and understand himself.

Answer 15

6 THE CONCEPT OF RESOLUTENESS-

Question 16

Temporality imposes limits to one’s human body. The reason is that all human activities always happen in the time and through-time. The human person projects his possibilities. This projection happens in the ecstasies of time-the past, present, and the future-wh which are the fundamental outward striving of man.

Answer 16

THE CONCEPT OF TEMPORALITY -

Question 17

• The human person’s temporal existence will find its end in death. He has to admit that he is subject to death because death because death is the final direction of man’s existence. Death is one of the human person’s Possibilities but it is always a possibility that surely happens. Death is our inevitable Possibility for nobody to die for another. Death is present in all human beings.

Answer 17

8 THE CONCEPT OF DEATH

Question 18

• is an atheist who believed that God’s existence or non-existence cannot affect man’s freedom. He emphasized that man is intrinsically free therefore responsible for himself.

Answer 18

Jean- Paul Sartre

Question 19

• is the father of existentialism. According to him, are no Real human beings in this present age because the individual “man” has taken refuge in a bigger collective group or masses.

Answer 19

Soren Kierkegaard

Question 20

• Recognizes the existence of God. A human person is one who is related to others in an essential manner so that he really exert himself. The “others” play a vital role in men’s self-existence. The human a person, for Jasper, is not a self-sufficient entity, but is constituted of the things he makes his own. Therefore, the human person’s making of himself is not an end in itself, but a means to an end.

Answer 20

Karl Jaspers

Question 21

• He is known for his Logotherapy. This means that the human person is searching for the meaning of his existence; that he strives to find the meaning of his life and striving for the meaning of existence which serves as motivation that makes him the will to live.

Answer 21

Victor Frankl

Question 22

All human people want to be happy. We want to pursue good in a way that will make us happy. This means we have to learn how to act well which in turn involves an acquisition of virtue.
Virtue is all about doing the right thing, and if we do the right things, we will become happy.

Answer 22

EXERCISE PRUDENCE IN HUMAN FREEDOM:

Question 23

is the first cardinal virtue because it is the ability to look at a concrete situation and know what ought to be done.It is the ability to make right judgements. Gives us the knowledge of what must be done when it must be done, and how it must be done.

Answer 23

Prudence

Question 24

Gather all relevant information, starting with consideration of the moral principles. This includes awareness and acceptance of the authoritative teaching of the church. Since Church teaching gives us true principles, it’s important to see if they teach anything definitively about the issue at hand.

Answer 24

1. Deliberation.

Question 25

We must weigh all the evidence fairly, and then figure out the best course of action. Judgement separates the relevant information from the irrelevant information, and then applies it to the problem at hand. You can’t just think about something forever; you have to come to some sort of conclusion.

Answer 25

2. Judgment.

Question 26

Once we judge the right thing to do, we have to act! If you figure out the proper action, but then fail to perform it, what’s the benefit? You do not have the virtue of prudence until you actually do what you have judged to be right. Failure to carry out what you believe to be the proper decision is called irresoluteness.

Answer 26

3. Execution.

Question 27

Prudence was considered by the ancient Greeks and later on by Christian philosophers, most notably Thomas Aquinas, as the cause, measure and form of all virtues. It is considered to be the auriga virtutum or the charioteer of the virtues.

Answer 27

Prudence as the “Father” of all virtues

Question 28

the environment selects which is similar to natural selection. We must take into account what the environment does to an organism not only before, but also after it responds. Skinner maintains that behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences.

Answer 28

For Burrhus Frederick Skinner,

Question 29

has defined Learning behavior through an operant conditioning theory. According to him, “The behavior of an individual is influenced by the consequences. It is the form of conditioning which explains the relationship between behavior and their consequences or rewards (Reinforcements and Punishments)”.

Answer 29

Psychologist B.F. Skinner

Question 30

Two principal terms influence operant conditioning:

Answer 30

a. Reinforcements (Positive or Negative): Increase the rate of behavior.
b. Punishments ( Positive or Negative): Decrease the rate of behavior.

Question 31

: Increase the rate of behavior.

Answer 31

a. Reinforcements (Positive or Negative)

Question 32

Decrease the rate of behavior.

Answer 32

b. Punishments ( Positive or Negative):

Question 33

In Positive reinforcement, one getsrewarded for a certain kind of behavior; with this, the probability of continuing good behavior increases. Let’s have some relevant examples of positive reinforcement:

Answer 33

Examples of Positive Reinforcement

Question 34

Life is full of —-nobody could nor should control it. Nobody could not should control it. We have to be open to life, learn to accept and live with –

Answer 34

paradoxes.

Question 35

accepted that behavioral psychology is at fault for having overanalyzed the words “reward” and “punishment”. We might have miscalculated the effect of the environment on the individual.

Answer 35

STEPHEN YELON (1996)

Question 36

Following the adage (saying) of — “Liberty consists in doing what one desires” Skinner argues that even though behavior is completely determined, it is better that a person” feels free” or “believes that he is free”.

Answer 36

John Stuart Mill,

Question 37

. - There are a number of human goods to which every human person is naturally inclined. These goods are not known by the senses, but by the intellect, and so they are desired not by the sense appetite, but primarily by the will (the rational appetite), thus they are not sensible goods, but intelligible goods.

Answer 37

1. To judge what is “Good” and what is “Bad”

Question 38

• There is more to memory than the simple recall of facts. Memory is more an ability to learn from experience. And so it involves an openness to reality, a willingness to allow oneself to be measured by what is real.

Answer 38

2. Memory

Question 39

is open-mindedness, and so it requires a recognition of one’s own limitations and ready acceptance of those limits. Proud people who hope excessively in their own excellence will tend to make imprudent decisions because they fail to rely on others by virtue of their inordinate and unrealistic self-estimation.

Answer 39

3. Docility- Docility

Question 40

is the ability to quickly size up a situation on one’s own, and so it involves the ability to pick up small clues and run with them. The shrewd are highly, subtle and discreet.

Answer 40

4. Shrewdness- Shrewdness

Question 41

• Once a person sizes up a particular situation, he needs to be able to investigate and compare alternative possibilities and to reason well from premises to conclusions. He will need to be able to reason about what needs to be done, that is, what the best alternative or option is that will realize the right end.

Answer 41

5. Reasoning

Question 42

is the principal part of prudence, for the name itself (prudence) is derived from the Latin providential, which means “foresight”. Foresight involves rightly ordering human acts to the right end.

Answer 42

6. Foresight

Question 43

• It is possible that acts good in themselves and suitable to the end may become unsuitable in virtue of new circumstances. Circumspection is the ability to take into account all relevant circumstances. Showing affection to your spouse through a kiss is good in itself, but it might be unsuitable in certain circumstances, such as a funeral or in a public place.

Answer 43

7. Circumspection

Question 44

• Good choices can often generate bad effects. To choose not to act simply because bad consequences will likely ensue is contrary to prudence. But caution takes care to avoid those evils that are likely to result from a good act that we contemplate doing.

Answer 44

8. Caution

Question 45

Who is a prudent person?

Answer 45

The law does not require a person with a fiduciary responsibility to have extraordinary expertise. However, the prudent-person rule sets a reasonable expectation that the person will make rational, intelligent decisions.