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els prelims Flashcards

1
Q
  • Earth’s place in space and the universe
A
  1. Astronomy
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2
Q
  • Composition of Earth materials,
    structures, and processes as well as how
    the planet earth changed over time and
    its organisms
A
  1. Geology
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3
Q
  • Involves weather and climate
A
  1. Meteorology
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4
Q
  • Earth’s ocean and the processes that

affects it and other bodies of water

A
  1. Oceanography & Hydrology
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5
Q 
- Dealing with the physical constitution of the
earth and its atmosphere
- Made of many branches and knowledge
concerning all aspects of the earth system:
- Geology
- Meteorology
- Climatology
- Oceanography
- Environmental science
A

EARTH SCIENCE

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6
Q

to help us learn about
the solar system, the galaxies, and the universe
- Deals with celestial bodies, space, and the
physical universe as a whole

A

ASTRONOMY

- Uses principles from earth

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7
Q
  • An idea that is suggested or presented as
    possibly true but that is not known or proven to
    be true
A

THEORY

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8
Q
  • All existing matter and space considered as a

whole; the cosmos

A

UNIVERSE

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9
Q
  • The ancient Hindi belief
  • The universe came from a “cosmic egg”
  • Ancient Hindu text “Rigveda”
  • Oscillating universe - Brahmanda
  • Concentrated on a single point that
    collapses and expands
A
  1. COSMIC EGG UNIVERSE (15TH CENTURY BCE)
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10
Q
  • Geocentric universe
  • Earth is in the middle with the other
    celestial bodies on circular orbits
    presented with the 4 classical elements
    acted upon by gravity (water, air) and
    levity (earth, fire)
A
  1. ARISTOTELIAN THEORY (4TH CENTURY BCE)
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11
Q
  • Claudius Ptolemy, a Roman-Egyptian
    mathematician and astronomer also
    described a geocentric universe like
    Aristotle
A
  1. PTOLEMAIC UNIVERSE (2ND CENTURY CE)
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12
Q
  • Christian - John Philoponus of Alexandria
  • Jewish - Saadia Gaon (10th century CE)
  • Islam - Al-Kindi (9th century) and
    Al-Ghaali (11th century)
  • All of them believed that the universe is
    finite in time, thus had a beginning.
A
  1. ABRAHAMIC UNIVERSE
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13
Q
  • Nicolaus Copernicus made the
    heliocentric model which was first
    theorized by Aristarchus of Samos (3rd
    century BCE)
A
  1. COPERNICAN UNIVERSE (1563)
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14
Q

isaac newton
- Published in “Principia”
- Static, steady state, infinite universe
- Matter is uniformly distributed, universe is
gravitationally balanced but essentially
unstable

A
  1. NEWTONIAN UNIVERSE (1687)
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15
Q 
- Edwin Hubble posited that the universe is
continuously expanding
- Supported by the discovery of cosmic
microwave background (CMB) by Arno
Penzias and Robert Wilson and 1965
- With the discovery of CMB, the ----- became the mainstream
scientific view
- It is theorized that the -----
happened 13 to 14 billion years ago
- Cosmic microwave background (CMB) is
thought to be radiation from the Big
Bang, or the time when the universe
began
A
  1. BIG BANG THEORY (1929)
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16
Q 
- Albert Einstein abandoned his original
theory in favor of this one
- He applied his theory of relativity to this,
which agrees with to the idea that the
universe is expanding continuously
- This theorizes that the universe will
undergo an endless cycle of Big Bang
followed by a Big Crunch
A
  1. OSCILLATING UNIVERSE (1930)
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17
Q 
- Proposed by american physicist Alan
Guth based on the BBT
- Incorporated a short, early, exponential
cosmic inflation in order to solve the
problems of the BBT
A
  1. INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE (1980)
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18
Q
  • The Russian-American Andrei Linde
    theorized that the universe is just one of
    many “bubble” universes
A
  1. MULTIVERSE (1983)
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19
Q
  • Based on observations
  • Holds for specific conditions
  • More descriptive
  • “What happens?”
A

LAWS

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20
Q
  • Relies heavily on inferences
  • Generalizations
  • More explanatory
  • “How does it happen?”
A

THEORIES

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21
Q
  • Based on evidence
  • Can change with new evidence
  • Cannot change within each other
A

SIMILARITIES

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22
Q
  • Universe was composed of very small, indivisible,
    and indestructible atoms
  • Universe is like a giant living body
A

ATOMIC UNIVERSE

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23
Q
  • Earth is the center of the solar system
  • Earth stayed motionless
  • Aristotle and Ptolemy
A

GEOCENTRIC UNIVERSE

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24
Q
  • Sun is the center of the solar system

- Nicolaus Copernicus

A

HELIOCENTRIC UNIVERSE

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25
Q
  • Rene Descartes
  • The vacuum of space was NOT empty at all;
    filled with matter that swirled around in large and
    small vortices
  • Gravitational effects
A

CARTESIAN VORTEX MODEL

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26
Q
  • Current accepted model on the formation of the
    universe
  • Matter was not present; only pure energy
    compressed in a single point called singularity
  • A violent explosion which caused the inflation
    and expansion of the universe
  • Gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear
    force, weak nuclear force
  • After 3 minutes, the universe began to cool
    down, allowing the protons and neutrons to fuse
    and form the nucleus of hydrogen and helium
    atoms
A

BIG BANG THEORY

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27
Q
  • Albert Einstein
  • Followed the general theory of relativity
    equations of the universe with positive curvature
  • The curvature resulted in the expansion of the
    universe for a time, and then to its contraction
    due to gravity
A

OSCILLATING UNIVERSE

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28
Q
  • Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Hermann Bondi
  • A universe that expanded but did not change its
    density
A

STEADY-STATE THEORY

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29
Q
  • One of the many “bubbles” that grew as a part

of a multiverse

A

MULTIVERSE

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30
Q

EXPLANATION
- A rogue star passed close to the sun and
stripped materials (hot gases)
- Gases continued to spin in the same direction
which formed the planets

A

ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS

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31
Q

EXPLANATION
- Solar system started as a large cloud of gas that
contracted due to self-gravity
- Started with a rotating disk (protosun), while
planets would begin forming within a disk

A

NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS

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32
Q

CONTRIBUTION
- Explained why all planets revolve in the same
direction
- Explained why inner planets (sun) are denser
than outer ones (rogue star)

A

ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS

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33
Q

PROBLEM
- Could not account why 99% of the solar system’s
mass is in the sun, but 99% of its angular
momentum is in the planets

A

NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS

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34
Q
  • Average kinetic energy
  • Adding energy (heating) atoms and
    molecules increases their motion,
    resulting in an increase in temperature
  • Venus: 471 degrees celsius
  • Earth: 14 degrees celsius
  • Mars: -63 degrees celsius
A
  1. Temperature
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35
Q 
- The presence of water allowed the first
photosynthetic organisms to thrive
- Scientists believe that water on Earth
came from two possible sources: water
released through volcanism and water
that came from the icy meteors of the
outer regions of the solar system that
bombarded Earth
- Venus: no water; 0.002% water vapor
- Earth: about 71% is water-covered
- Mars: water exists in a form of polar ice
caps
A
  1. Water
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36
Q 
- Thin layer of gases that hover above the
planet’s surface, held in place by gravity
- Tropo, strato, meso, thermo, exo
- Any planet devoid of an atmosphere
would have an average temp below
freezing
- Would experience unpredictable
weather and climates
- Extreme amount of UV radiation
A
  1. Atmosphere
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37
Q
  • Heat energy
  • Internal sources: geothermal or
    rotational
  • External source: the sun
  • Heat coming from the earth is caused by
    radiogenic heat from radioactive
    decay; extruded via volcanism at plate
    movement
  • Heat coming from the sun is trapped by
    the atmosphere
A
  1. Energy
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38
Q

TYPES OF SYSTEMS

A
  1. Isolated system
  2. Closed system
  3. Open system
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39
Q
  • Energy and matter are conserved
A
  1. Isolated system
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40
Q
  • Only matter is conserved
A
  1. Closed system
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41
Q
  • None is conserved
A
  1. Open system
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42
Q

THE SUBSYSTEMS

A
  1. Geosphere
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43
Q
  • Solid earth
  • Rocks and regolith
  • All landforms
A
  1. Geosphere
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44
Q
  • Totality of the earth’s water
A
  1. Hydrosphere
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45
Q
  • permanently frozen part
A
  • Cryosphere
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46
Q

Hydrosphere Zones

A 
- Photic zone
○ Epipelagic zone
- Aphotic zone
○ Mesopelagic zone
○ Bathypelagic zone 
○ Abyssopelagic zone
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47
Q

(where light can pass

through)

A

Photic zone

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48
Q

(sunlight zone)

A

○ Epipelagic zone

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49
Q

(no light)

A
  • Aphotic zone
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50
Q

(twilight

zone)

A

○ Mesopelagic zone

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51
Q

(midnight
zone)
→ Only bioluminescent
organisms

A

○ Bathypelagic zone

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52
Q

(the abyss)

A

○ Abyssopelagic zone

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53
Q

(the

trenches)

A

○ Hadalpelagic zone

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54
Q
  • Mixture of gases
  • 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon,
    0. 1% other gases
A
  1. Atmosphere
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55
Q
  • All life forms and organic matter
  • Interactions between subsystems are
    most dynamic
A
  1. Biosphere
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56
Q
  • Matter is recycled on the four subsystems
A

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

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57
Q

divide the ocean from the land to the sea:

A

horizontal zones

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58
Q

horizontal zones

A

Coastal zone –

Pelagic zone –

59
Q

the region in which the sea bottom is exposed during low tide
and is covered during high tide. Some animals have adapted to this environment
like sea stars, sea urchins, and some species of coral.

A

Coastal zone –

60
Q

located seaward of the coastal zone’s low tide mark and is
always covered with water. There are two divisions: neritic zone and oceanic
zone. Neritic zone lies above the continental shelf. It extends from the low tide
mark outward from the seashore and extends to a depth of 200 m. Sunlight
penetrates this zone and many sea animals are found in it. Oceanic zone extends
from the edge of the continental shelf, over the continental shelf, and over the
ocean floor. It is dark in this zone.

A

Pelagic zone –

61
Q

divide the oceans according to the amount of sunlight it

receives:

A

vertical zones

62
Q

divide the oceans according to the amount of sunlight it

receives:

A

vertical zones

63
Q

vertical zones

A

Epipelagic zone or the sunlight zone (0-200 m)
Mesopelagic zone or the twilight zone (200-1000 m) –

Bathypelagic zone or the midnight zone (1000-4000 m) –
Abyssopelagic zone or the abyss (4000-6000 m) –
Hadalpelagic zone or the trenches (6000 m-bottom) –

64
Q

zone (1000-4000 m) –

A

Bathypelagic zone or the midnight

65
Q

(4000-6000 m) –

A

Abyssopelagic zone or the abyss

66
Q

(6000 m-bottom) –

A

Hadalpelagic zone or the trenches

67
Q

like rivers and lakes supply water for household, agriculture,
commercial use. Rivers are fresh flowing bodies of water from across the surface that
goes out to the sea. Rivers flow in channels. On the other hand, lakes are reservoirs of
relatively still waters surrounded by land. They are accumulated in natural or artificial
depressions on the surface of the land. Other inland waters include ponds, springs,
streams, wetlands, floodplains and reservoirs.

A

Inland waters

68
Q

is the water found underground in the spaces or cracks of soil, sand
and rock.
is a good source of drinking
water, irrigation for crops, and an important component in many industrial processes.

A

Groundwater

69
Q

are slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and
compaction of snow from mountains or near the poles.

A

Glaciers

70
Q

It is the accumulation of water through small openings called pores in the rocks
and soil.

A

This process is called percolation.

71
Q

are the world’s major communities.
They are classified according to the predominant vegetation and the adaptations of the
organisms to a particular climate.

A

Biomes

72
Q

– consists of any part of Earth that is covered with water. This
includes freshwater and salt water. This biome can be further divided into freshwater
biomes, marine biomes, wetland biomes, coral reef biomes, and estuaries. These
subdivisions are based on the salt content of the water, the aquatic plants that live
there, and the aquatic animals that thrive there.

A

Aquatic biome

73
Q

– is the largest and has a wide variety of plants, trees, animals,
insects, and microscopic organisms. The major characteristic of this biome is its
trees. About 30% of the Earth is considered a part of this biome. The forest biome is
further subdivided by its climate and type of trees present. The subdivisions are: the
rainforest biome, temperate biome, chaparral biome, alpine biome, and taiga biome.

A
  1. Forest biome
74
Q

– has one major, distinguishing characteristic, the fact that it has
very little vegetation. The climate is very extreme ranging from very hot in summers
(African deserts) and very cold in winters (Antarctic deserts). Rainfall occurs less
than 50 cm/year.

A
  1. Desert biome
75
Q

– is the coldest of all the biomes. Comparing it to a desert, the

A
  1. Tundra biome
76
Q

has more vegetation, albeit a simple structured one. It is noted for its frost-
molded landscapes, extremely low temperatures, little precipitation, poor nutrients,

and short growing seasons.

A

tundra

77
Q

– it made of rolling hills of various grasses. They receive just
enough precipitation to maintain grass growth but not the growth of many trees.
There are a few trees that will grow in grasslands, but sporadic wildfires keep their
growth in check.

A
  1. Grassland biome
78
Q

There are two types of grassland,

A

the savannas and the temperate

grasslands.

79
Q

The core is divided into two:

A

the solid inner core and the liquid outer core.

80
Q

is hard to study for scientists because it is inaccessible. They instead gather data from
seismic information and computer models.

A

The core

81
Q

has a radius of 1,250 kilometers. It consists mainly of iron-nickel alloy
and is magnetic. It reaches a temperature of about 6,000°C, almost as hot as the surface
of the Sun. The pressure in the inner core is so great that the alloy cannot melt and
mostly stays solid.

A

The inner core

82
Q

The boundary between the

outer and inner core is sometimes referred to as

A

Lehmann discontinuity.

83
Q

is made mostly of iron and nickel. The outer core

is approximately
2,300 km thick. It is very hot; the temperature ranges between 4,000°C to 5,000°C.

Because of this high temperature, — is liquid.

A

The outer core

84
Q

gave rise to the planet’s magnetic field.

A

Earth’s molten metallic core

85
Q

is the
reason we have the north and south poles, see polar light shows called auroras, and
have a magnetosphere.

A

The core

86
Q

Iron and Nickel
Magnetic
Solid
1,250 km

A

Inner Core

87
Q 
Iron and Nickel
Magnetic
 Liquid
Cause of Earth’s Magnetic Field
2,300 km
A

Outer Core

88
Q

is the thickest layer of the Earth. It is the middle layer and is subdivided
into lower and upper —

A

The mantle

89
Q

The mantle is mostly.—- This
—— circulates in currents determined by the cooling and sinking of heavier minerals
and the heating and rising of lighter ones.

A

molten rocks called magma

90
Q

Elemental composition is mostly oxygen,
silicon, and magnesium. Small amounts of iron, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and
potassium are also present.

A

mantle

91
Q

The mantle is about —- thick.

A

2,900 km

92
Q

is hot and exhibits plasticity (what does this mean?). The higher
pressure in the layer causes formation of minerals that are different from those of the
upper layer.

A

The lower mantle

93
Q

The boundary between the lower mantle and the outer core is called—
. This boundary exists because of changes in perceived seismic
waves.

A

Gutenberg discontinuity

94
Q

The lower mantle is– thick.

A

2,240 km

95
Q

is the ductile layer above the lower mantle extending from 100
km to 700 km below the Earth’s surface.

A

The asthenosphere

96
Q

This term asthenosphere was given by British geologist

A

Joseph

Barrell in 1914.

97
Q

It is derived from the Greek word asthenos meaning “weak.”

A

asthenosphere

98
Q

It is the layer
where solid materials are subjected to pressure and temperature in such a way where it
is not fully melted but not entirely solid.

A

asthenosphere

99
Q

It is said that the — plays a critical

role in the movement of tectonic plates.

A

asthenosphere

100
Q

forms the lithosphere and are

relatively rigid.

A

The uppermost mantle and the Earth’s crust together

101
Q

The upper boundary that separates the upper mantle from the Earth’s
crust is called

A 
Moho discontinuity (also Mohorovicic discontinuity, named after Andrija
Mohorovicic (1857-1936), Croatian geophysicist).
102
Q

Modern instruments have determined

that the velocity of seismic waves increases at this boundary.

A 
Moho discontinuity (also Mohorovicic discontinuity, named after Andrija
Mohorovicic (1857-1936), Croatian geophysicist).
103
Q 
Asthenosphere 
Soft/magma 
Exhibits “plasticity” 
Convection currents
2,240 km
A

Lower/Mid-Mantle

104
Q

Lithosphere
Rigid/Solid
Moho Boundary
660 km

A

Upper Mantle

105
Q

is the thin, topmost layer of the Earth.

A

The crust

106
Q

There are two different kinds of crust—

A

continental crust and oceanic crust.

107
Q 
Dark-colored 
Rock sample: Basalt 
More dense 
Thin layer 
50 km
A

Oceanic Crust

108
Q 
Light-colored
Rock sample: Granite
Less dense
Coarse-textured
Thick layer
40-70 km
A

Continental Crust

109
Q

Near the surface are the lightest rocks, the granitic rocks which contains silicates and
aluminum, thus making the

A

sial layer.

110
Q

Below the sial layer is the —- of basaltic

rocks containing silicates and magnesium. There is no sial layer on the oceanic crust.

A

sima layer

111
Q

– it is the lowest layer. It
contains about 80% of the total mass of the
atmosphere. Most of the water vapor
present in the atmosphere is found here. All
weather-associated clouds are also in this
layer. The thickness of this layer varies; at
the average it reaches 12 km, 9 km at the
poles, and 17 km at the equator.

A

Troposphere

112
Q

Temperature decreases as the altitude
increases because the atmosphere goes
thinner and absorbs less solar radiation. The
temperature stops decreasing at the
tropopause which is the topmost part of the
troposphere. Conversely, the warmest part
of this layer would be the bottommost, which
is closest to the Earth’s surface

A

Troposphere

113
Q

– this is above the tropopause. This layer extends from the top of the
troposphere at 12 km above the Earth’s surface to the stratopause, with an altitude of 50
km. This layer is where our ozone (O3) is concentrated which absorbs ultraviolet rays
(UV rays). Because of this, unlike the troposphere where the temperature goes lower as
we go up, in this layer the temperature goes up the higher we go. We all know that the
ozone layer protects us from ultraviolet rays which damage living beings. This is also
where jet planes (not the passenger ones) fly. It also lacks the weather-producing air
turbulence and is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather.

A

Stratosphere

114
Q

– the third layer of the atmosphere. It extends from the stratopause at
an altitude of about 50 km to the mesopause at about 80 km. In here, the temperature
goes down as we go up. At the upper mesosphere is where we can measure the coldest
temperature on the atmosphere, about -90°C. The temperature stops decreasing at the
mesopause. This layer also protects us from meteoroids (what do you call meteoroids
that manage to enter the Earth and collide on the planet’s surface?).

A

Mesosphere

115
Q

– the fourth layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. It extends from the
mesopause at an altitude of 80 km up to around 700 km. In this layer, where it gets
bombarded by ultraviolet rays and X-rays from the sun, temperature ranges from 500°C
to 2,000°C. This is where almost all man-made satellites are located.

A

Thermosphere

116
Q

It is also in this layer where we can find the ionosphere, about 80 km to 550 km
above the Earth’s surface. It is a layer where highly ionized gas is present. The ionized
gas is formed when ultraviolet rays knock off electrons from nitrogen and oxygen which is
abundant in this layer. The ions in this part of the atmosphere form layers or bands which
reflect radio waves. At the poles, the ions interact with air molecules along with the
Earth’s magnetic field, to form auroras.

A

Thermosphere

117
Q

– this is the outermost layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. It extends at
about 700 km and has no clear upper boundary. Some say that the exosphere extends to
somewhere between 100,000 km to 190,000 km above the surface of the Earth which is
almost halfway to the Moon. It is a region where it is already considered a part of outer
space.

A

Exosphere

118
Q

Air molecules are mainly oxygen and hydrogen that rarely collide but follow a
somewhat “ballistic trajectory” because of Earth’s gravity (like a cannon ball). Because of
this trajectory, some molecules go back down to the lower layers of the atmosphere or
possibly “leak out” to space if the molecule has greater momentum than the gravity can
pull.

A

Exosphere

119
Q
  • a lot of
    astronomers supported this idea,
    including Galileo Galilei
    -
A
  • Copernican Revolution
120
Q

extended Copernicus’ idea by
positing the existence of a multitude of stars extending to infinity rather than just using a
narrow band of fixed stars. In 1584, Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno In 1605, Johannes Kepler

A

Thomas Digges (1576)

121
Q

suggested that
even the Solar System is not the center of the universe, but rather an insignificant star
system among an infinite number of other systems.

A
  • Giordano Bruno (1584)
122
Q

posited that
orbits are not circular but elliptical, explaining the strange apparent movements of the
planets.

A
  • Johannes Kepler (1605)
123
Q

supported Copernicus’ theory which

made him an enemy of the Church, particularly, the Inquisitors.

A

Even in the early 17th century, Galileo Galilei

124
Q 
DISCOVERED cosmic
microwave background (CMB) by
A

Arno

Penzias and Robert Wilson and 1965

125
Q

– the American physicist Alan Guth proposed a model of
the universe based on the Big Bang. He incorporated a short, early period of exponential
cosmic inflation in order to solve the horizon and flatness problems of the standard Big
Bang model.

A

Inflationary Universe (1980)

126
Q

– The Russian-American physicist Andrei Linde developed the
inflationary universe with his chaotic inflation theory in 1983. The theory sees our universe
as just one of many “bubbles” that grew as a part of a multiverse.

A

Multiverse (1983)

127
Q

is situated in one of the many arms of the Milky Way galaxy.

A

Our Solar System

128
Q

This
galaxy is a disk-shaped collection of gases and dusts called interstellar clouds, in addition
to the stars, the planets, and other galactic bodies in it. The —–has an estimated
diameter of 150,000 to 180,000 light-years. Around the center of the galaxy, the galactic
bodies cluster to form the spiral arms of the —–.

A

Milky Way galaxy.

129
Q

The arm where the Solar System is

located is called the

A

Orion Arm.

130
Q

is just one of the approximately 400 billion stars

in this galaxy and situated 28,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way.

A

Our Sun

131
Q

The nearest
star to our Solar System is —-about 4.5 million light-years away, while the
.

A

Proxima Centauri

132
Q

nearest neighbor galaxy is the

A

Andromeda Galaxy

133
Q

the two common

models of the Solar System.

A

The first was the geocentric model by Claudius Ptolemy (90-
168 CE), which states that the Earth is the center of the solar system, and the heliocentric
model by Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), which states that the Sun is the center
instead.

134
Q

which states that the Earth is the center of the solar system,

A

The first was the geocentric model by Claudius Ptolemy (90-

168 CE),

135
Q

which states that the Sun is the center

instead.

A

and the heliocentric

model by Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543),

136
Q

, a French
mathematician and physicist explained the
orbits of the planets in terms of primary
whirlpool-like motion and the satellites around
the planets as secondary whirlpool-like motion.

A
  1. Descartes’ Vortex Theory - Rene

Descartes (1596-1650)

137
Q

is a French naturalist in the 18th century who
proposed that the planets were formed by the
collisions of the Sun with a giant comet. The
resulting debris formed into planets that rotate
in the same direction as they revolve around
the Sun.

A
  1. Buffon’s Collision Theory – George

Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)

138
Q

proposed the nebular theory which
posited that a great cloud of gas and dust,
called nebula, begins to collapse because of
gravitational pull. As the cloud contracted, it
spun more rapidly. The spinning cloud flattens
into a pancake-like object with a bulge at the
center. And as the nebula collapses further,
local regions contract on their own due to
gravity. These local regions become the sun
and the planets. This theory was found
problematic because of the angular momentum
exhibited by the sun was not enough to make
the young planets around it spin and gain its

A
  1. Kant-Laplace Nebular Hypothesis –
    based on the ideas of Descartes, Immanuel
    Kant (1724-1804), and Pierre Simon Laplace
    (1749-1827)
139
Q

suggested that
the planets were formed from the material that was torn out of the sun when a speeding
massive star passed near it. Gravitational pull caused some debris from the Sun to be
pulled off. The torn off material subsequently condensed to form the planets.

A
  1. Jeans-Jeffreys’ Tidal Hypothesis – Sir James Hopwood Jeans (1877-1946), a
    British mathematician and astrophysicist and Harold Jeffreys (1891-1989),
140
Q

– this theory addresses the problem of angular momentum that
is exhibited by the Kant-Laplace Hypothesis. This theorizes that the solar system was
formed as a result of the condensation of hydrogen gas and dust referred to as interstellar
clouds. A violent disturbance, such as an exploding supernova, is needed to trigger the
reaction for the condensation of the gas and dust clouds to occur. This collapse will form
the Sun and the planets.

A
  1. Solar Nebular Theory
141
Q

According to the theory, the formation of the planets involves stages, in contrast to the
single process of nebular theory. The first stage is the ——–These
objects are now called planetisimals.

A

accretion of grain-sized particles to

form small-sized particles which will later grow to several kilometers in diameter.

142
Q

The second stage involves

A

formation of more massive
objects from coalescing planetisimals turning them to protoplanets. As more materials
coalesce to these bodies, they eventually form planets.

143
Q

4TH Finally, the

A

young planetary system will consist of only rocky planets and gas giants.
Give it more millions of years, the system will end up with planets in stable orbits.

144
Q

3RD After the system is formed, it is speculated that —– If the protoplanet is
large enough, its gravity will pull in some of the lighter nebular gas which will turn the
protoplanet into a gas giant. If not, then the protoplanet will stay as a rocky or icy bodied
planet.

A

in a million years a solar wind will sweep

away all of the leftover nebular gases from the young planetary system.

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