els midterm Flashcards by v v

are building blocks of rocks.

Minerals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are the most common

materials we can see in our surrounding.

Rocks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Naturally occurring solids
Non-living
Composed of one or more minerals

Rocks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is formed by the hardening and crystallization of
molten material that originates from deep within the earth. The rock material is called
magma.

Igneous Rocks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is divided into 2 groups,-extrusive and intrusive.

An igneous rock

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

form when magma flows onto the surface of the earth or floor of the ocean through deep
cracks or fissures and at volcanic vents. The magma then cools and hardens.

Extrusive rocks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

results when magma solidifies beneath the earth’s surface.

An intrusive

rock

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

have finer

grained texture than intrusive rocks.

Extrusive rocks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

vary from thin sheets to huge,

irregular masses.

Intrusive rocks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are obsidian, pumice and peridotite.

Examples of igneous rocks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

develop from sediments. Sediments are
tiny grains of dirt, sand, mud and clay weathered or worn off rocks. These are then
washed into streams, rivers, lakes and oceans and they settle in the bottom of these
bodies of water. Minerals in the water and very tiny sea animals become mixed with the
dirt and sand to form layers of sediment. Every day more sediments are added. After
thousands and millions of years deep accumulations of sediment are produced. The
weight and pressure from the upper layers turn the sediment in the bottom into
sedimentary rocks.

Sedimentary Rocks – Sedimentary rocks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are limestone, conglomerate, shale

and sandstone. The Island of Cebu is famous for its limestone and dolomite deposits.

Examples of sedimentary rocks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

These rocks can come from igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks

or even from other metamorphic rocks.

Metamorphic Rocks –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How are these rocks formed? When a rock is
subjected to high temperature, high pressure and chemically active fluids, it becomes
unstable and begins to re-crystallize into different stable minerals. This causes change in
the composition of the rock as well as the rock type. The Island of Romblon is the famous
for its marble rocks. Mindoro Island has marble rocks too.

Metamorphic Rocks –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is a solid
inorganic compound, represented by a chemical formula. A rock is an aggregate of one or
more minerals. For example, coal is a sedimentary rock composed of carbon.

A mineral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

describes the

orderly geometric spatial arrangement of atoms in the internal structure of a mineral.

Crystal structure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The external shape of a crystal or groups of crystals is observed as these crystals growin
open spaces. The form reflects the internal structure of crystals. This includes prismatic,
tabular, bladed, platy, reniform and equant. A mineral without crystal structure is
amorphous.

CRYSTAL HABIT

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It is a measure of the resistance of a mineral (not specifically surface) to abrasion. Mohs
Scale of Hardness by Friedrich Mohs in 1812. this compares the resistance of a mineral
relative to the 10 reference minerals with known hardness by scratching them with common
objects of known hardness.

HARDNESS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Maybe a unique identifying property of certain minerals. But a lot of minerals share
similar or same colors and some exhibit a range of colors. Color varies because of the
impurities within the crystals structure of modified by weathering. Streak is the color of
mineral in powder form it is better diagnostic property compared to color.

COLOR AND STREAK

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral

LUSTER / TRANSPARENCY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

LUSTER / TRANSPARENCY types

Metallic, Non-metallic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

— generally opaque and exhibit a resplendent shine similar to polished metal

Metallic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

vitreous (glassy), adamantine (brilliant/ diamond-like), resinous, silky,
pearly, dull (earthy), greasy, etc.

Non-metallic —

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It is the property of some minerals to break
along parallel repetitive planes of weakness to
form smooth, flat surfaces.

CLEAVAGE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exogenic processes are external processes that occur at or near the surface of Earth. Exogenic processes are part of the rock cycle. They are responsible for transforming rocks into sediments. Exogenic processes include degradation processes (deposition).

WEATHERING

The physical breakdown and/ or chemical alteration of rocks at or near Earth's surface is referred to as -------- It is a degradation process and does not involve movement movement of materials.

weathering.

There are two types of weathering:

Mechanical and Chemical | Weathering.

1. Frost Wedging - 2. Insolation - 3. Exfoliation - Juniper Pine and Rock Weathering - EPOD - a service of USRA 3. Plant Growth - unloading thermal expansion and contraction salt crystal growth hydration

MECHANICAL WEATHERING

- Cracking of rock mass by the expansion of water as it freezes in crevices and cracks.

1. Frost Wedging

- Repeated heating and cooling of materials cause rigid substances to crack and separate.

2. Insolation

- As underlying rock layers are exposed, there is less pressure on them and they expand. This causes the rigid layers to crack and sections to slide off (similar to peeling of outer skin layers after a sunburn).The expanding layers often form a dome.

3. Exfoliation

- a service of USRA

Juniper Pine and Rock Weathering - EPOD

- As plants such as trees send out root systems, the fine roots find their way into cracks in the rocks. As the roots increase in size, they force the rock sections apart, increasing the separation and weathering.

3. Plant Growth

1. Carbonation - 2. Oxidation - 3. Hydrolysis - 4. Biological Action -

CHEMICAL WEATHERING

- Carbonic acid form from rain dissolves minerals and rocks with calcium carbonate.

1. Carbonation

Minerals may combine with oxygen to form new minerals that are not as hard. For example, the iron- containing mineral pyrite forms a rust y-colored mineral called limonite. PYRITE LIMONITE Limonite: an iron oxide used as pigment and iron ore

2. Oxidation -

- Minerals may chemically combine with water to form new minerals. Again these are generally not as hard as the original material. FELDSPAR Feldspar | Minerals Education Coalition KAOLINITE (CLAY) Kaolinite: The clay mineral kaolinite information and pictures

3. Hydrolysis

Some plants and animals may create chemical weathering by releasing chelating compounds that reacts with some minerals in rocks. Decaying remains of dead plants in soil may form organic acids and when dissolved in water may cause chemical weathering.

4. Biological Action -

is the process of transporting weathered sediments by agents of ---to different places. Some agents of -- are Splash, sheet, Gully, Valley, Bank, Coastline and Seaside cliff erosion.

erosion

Materials are transported in four distinct ways as

solution, suspension, by traction or through saltation.

- Materials are described in water and carried along by water.

1. Solution

The suspended particles are carried by a medium ( air, water, or ice ).

2. Suspension -

- Particles move by rolling, sliding, and shuffling along eroded surface. These movements occur in all erosion agents.

3. Traction

- Particles move from the surface to the medium in quick repeated cycles. The repeated cycle has enough force to detach new particles.

4. Saltation

The mass movement of rocks, soil and regolith is often referred to as . It is the the step that follows weathering and is also a degradation process.

mass wasting

The driving force of mass wasting is--- . Although -- is the controlling force there are other factors that influence or trigger the down slope movement of materials with water, such as over steeping of slopes beyond the angle of repose, removal of anchoring vegetation, and ground vibration from earthquakes.

gravity

The types of mass wasting are

Rock and Debris falls, | Landslides and Flows.

helps hold soil, loos rocks and regolith, through the roots of plants. Plant debris like leaves, and twigs protect the soil. Observing practices, such as selective logging, reforestation, planting trees on steeper slopes and along streams and rivers, and not removing or burning plant debris, may reduce mass movement.

Vegetation

may be due to quarrying, open pit mining, home building on steep slopes, highway construction (road cuts) and adding weight to slopes with housing construction. Reducing the slope may reduce mass movement. Thus, it can be done through proper grading or building terraces, reinforcing the base of the slope, and reducing the load in the slope.

Over steeping slopes

Adding--- to slopes through lawn watering, leakage and draining in swimming pool and water reservoir leakage also induces mass movement. Water serves as lubricanting mass movement. Reducing water in a slope makes the slope more stable

moisture

erosional stripping of overlying rocks removal of great weight on the surface

unloading

occurs when temperature changes rapidly

thermal expansion and contraction

water with dissolved salt creates space and then evaporates, and growing salt crystals wedge rocks apart

salt crystal growth

water molecules attach to the crystalline structure of a mineral and the expands when hydrated, shrinks when dehydrated

hydration

water oxygen carbon dioxide

catalysts and reactive agents of chemical weathering

climate type of rock nature and amount of fractures

variability in weathering

arid climate

physical weathering

humid climate

chemical weathering

soil-thin and unconsolidated earth-thicker soil debris-wide range of grain sizes mud-saturated sediment

Type of material

thin and unconsolidated

soil-

-thicker soil

earth

-wide range of grain sizes

debris

saturated sediment

mud-

Heaving process slow migration but most persistent CREEP

*SLOW MASS WASTING

most common in high latitudes and high elevation tundra regions permafrost active layer summer thaw

solifluction

falls avalanches slides flows

*FAST MASS | WASTING

weathering weakens the bond between clasts and cliff large rock masses that fall from a cliff face or an overhanging ledge

falls

material is pulverized and flows rapidly

avalanches

rapid slides of mass of rocks, mud, debris mountain areas water plays a big role

slides

earth flow debirs flow mud flow rich in clay and silt

flow