els prefinals Flashcards
- this is the earliest hypothesis on the origin of life. I know
everyone is familiar with the creation. There is a Supreme Being that created
everything for 6 days. This is a core belief in most of the religions but there is no
found evidence to support this theory.
Special Creation
- it is somewhat similar to creation theory in that
it states that living organisms just unexpectedly came to life. According to this
theory that living organism arise from non-living things. Aristotle believes that all
things are full of soul so that, living or nonliving, everything can generate life. It is
also called as ABIOGENESIS.
- Spontaneous Generation
-bio (life) and genesis (beginning). It is the theory that living
things come from other living things particularly of the same type. For example:
kitten came from cats.
- Biogenesis
- “seeds everywhere”. This theory states that life had come to
Earth from other planets in the universe in the form of bacterial spores.
- Panspermia
- Life first arose from a collection of chemical
substances by a progressive series of reactions that took place about 3.8 billion
years ago. That time Earth is enduring heavy bombardment. Early Earth’s surface
and atmosphere was hot and violent. Solar radiation and lightning must have
been the chief energy source for these chemical reactions.
- Chemical Evolution
The biological levels of organization of living things follow a hierarchy
arranged from the simplest to most complex.
Levels of Organization
Moving, growing, reproducing and other activities of life require energy.
Without energy, life stops. Energy enters the ecosystem as sunlight. Plants, as a
producers convert light energy to chemical energy in the process called
photosynthesis.
Sugars, fats and other “fuel-like” molecules in the food serve as a fuel for
animals that eat them. From that there is already an interaction between
organisms and their environment.
The Flow of Energy
The theory of evolution explains how all kind of organisms came into
existence and their changes over long periods of time. I t also explains the
relationships among diverse groups of living organisms.
The only constant in this world is CHANGE. Life forms are slowly changing
and actually been changing. Adaptation allows life forms to acquire new
characteristics in response to their environment through the process of natural
selection. For example: some animals make their coats lightened to facilitate
hiding from predators.
Evolution
There is an interaction between living organisms and environment. A
living community is structured and interdependent, meaning all organisms in
ecosystem depend on each other. If one of them rises or fall, this can affect the
rest of the ecosystem. We call this interdependence.
For example: the coevolution (occurs when two or more species
reciprocally affect each other’s evolution) of flowering plants and insects has
been responsible for the diversity of both species.
Interacting System
The relationship between structure and function is evident in the entire
organism and the physiological systems that serve them. The structure determines
function, function reflects structure so technically, they are inseparable.
Within many kinds of organisms in the living world, body structures appear
to be carefully designed to bring out their purpose.
Structure and Function
It is branch of science that deals with the study of complex communities of
organisms in relation to their environment. No organism is completely secluded
from its surroundings. As part of the ecology, each organism continuously interacts
with the environment. For example: plants obtain water and nutrients from the
soil, carbon dioxide from the air and energy from sunlight. The key process in an
ecosystem is the transfer of chemicals between organisms and their
environment—breathing, drinking water, eating food and getting rid of wastes.
Ecology
Through science, humans learn about the solution to various problems. The
scientific method is able to give direction and pace for every inquiry and
technology produced machinery to lengthen the life of perishable goods.
Through the application of scientific discoveries provide comfort and
improvement to human life.
Science and Society
are landscape-changing processes that originates from inside or
beneath the surface of the Earth. These processes gets its energy from within the Earth in
the form of heat from radioactive decay from the core. This heat in turn, is transferred
upward to warm the mantle through convection currents.
Endogenic Processes
create
relief. It is defined as the difference in elevation
between the highest and the lowest points within a
specified area or on a particular surface feature.
In geology terms, endogenic processes
tend to increase the
amount of surface relief (that is, increase the
height/create a landform or increase the thickness
of the crust), while the exogenic processes work to
decrease relief.
Endogenic processes
In the early 20th century,— proposed that all of Earth’s continents were
once part of an enormous, single landmass called Pangaea
Alfred Wegener
These forces, which at the largest scale move the lithospheric plates, also cause bending,
warping, folding, and fracturing the Earth’s crust at continental, regional, and even local
scales.
Tectonic forces.
When two forces push towards each other from opposite sites, the rock layers will bend
into folds. The process by which folds are formed due to compressional forces is known as
folding.
FOLDING
An upward fold is called
an ,
anticline
a downward fold is called a . .
syncline
A plane drawn through the crest of a fold in a series of beds
is called the
axial plane of the fold.
The sloping beds on either side of an axial plane are
.
limbs
An anticline or syncline is described as — if the angles between each of
limb and the axial plane are generally similar, and asymmetrical if they are not.
symmetrical
If the
axial plane is sufficiently tilted that the beds on one side have been tilted past vertical, the
fold is known as an
overturned anticline or syncline
