gb midterm Flashcards
1
Q
3 tenets cell theory
A
• All living things are made up of a cell
it is The basic unit of a structure in
organisms
•
All cells come from pre-existing cells by
division
-structural and functional
2
Q
• Basic unit of life
• Filipino ‘‘sihay’’
Like an organism with parts & structure
to make it functional
A
cell
3
Q
, outer layer
Structure: phospholipid bilayer with embedded
proteins
•
Function; controls what enters and exits the
cell
A
- Cell membrane; plasma membrane
4
Q
Biological model, cell membrane lipid bilayer
with varying embedded proteins
A
Fluid mosaic model
5
Q
•
Lipid bilayer gives fluidity & elasticity to
membrane
A
Fluid mosaic model
6
Q
• Proteins may be found on the surface of the membrane or freely mowing within the membrane •
A
Fluid mosaic model
7
Q
• Free-moving proteins act as channels
Some act like small pumps actively pushing
molecules
A
Fluid mosaic model
8
Q
not fixed; moves around • Active transport: needs energy • Passive transport: does not need energy
A
Fluid mosaic model
9
Q
Structure
2 layers each phospholipid has polar hydrophilic(watersoluble) & non polar hydrophobic head ( water-insoluble)
tail
Function
Semi permeable structure that does not allow material
to pass freely; protects the environment of a cell
A
Phospholipid bilayer:
10
Q
Structure:
found spanning the membrane in the cytoplasm. has
hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
Function:
Carrier proteins that control the movement of specific
ions and molecules
A
Membrane Proteins:
11
Q
Structure: short carbohydrate chains attached to polypeptide chains. Extracellular regions Function: cell-to-cell recognition
A
Glycoproteins:
12
Q
Structure:
carbohydrate chains attached to phospholipids on the
outside surface of a membrane
Function:
recognition sites for specific chemical; cell to cell
attachment in forming tissues.
A
Glycolipids:
13
Q
\: located inside the cell, enclosed by cell membrane; 90% water 2. Structure: jelly-like; all membrane bound organelles are in cytoplasm • Functions: holds, cushions, and protects all membrane bound organelles.
A
Cytoplasm
14
Q
\: found in cytoplasm; usually the center but also found anywhere inside the cell 3. Structure: phospholipid bilayers with a dense region; contains the chromosome of the cell • Functions: contains chromosomes(DNA) controls all the cell functions CONTROL CENTER OF A CELL
A
Nucleus
15
Q
: two lipid membrane studded with
special protein that separates nucleus from cytoplasm
A
Nuclear envelope
16
Q
: tiny holes found in the nuclear envelope;
passage of materials (RNA& proteins) between nucleus
and cytoplasm
A
Nuclear pore
17
Q
: thin long strands of DNA and protein
A
Chromatin
18
Q
:makes RNA(type of nucleic acid); most dense
A
Nucleolus
19
Q
: located in the cytoplasm; powerhouse
of a cell; has its own DNA, membrane, and ribosome
4.
• Structure: rod shaped with double membranes
Function: sight of cellular respiration; makes and
stores usable energy (ATP) adenosine triphosphate
A
Mitochondria
20
Q
\: located in cytoplasm commonly found in plant cells 6. Structure: fluid filled spaces; surrounded by single membranes • Function: stores food, water, nutrients, and cell wastes • **plant vacuoles take up most of the cell/animal vacuoles are really small**
A
Vacuole
21
Q
located in cytoplasm; membrane bound 7. Structure: appears as stack of flat sacks with two faces: Cis & Trans face • • Function: transportation of products • Camillo Golgi
A
Golgi Apparatus:
22
Q
entrance for
vesicles
A
Cis face:
23
Q
Exit for
vesicles
A
Trans face:
24
Q
small membrane-bound; spherical sac that facilitates metabolism, transport, and storage of molecules • Made in the Golgi body and endo reticulum or from cell membrane • • Carries materials within them
A
Vesicles:
25
```
: located in
cytoplasm and attached to the outside of
nuclear envelope
8.
Structure: complex network of tubes and sacks
enclosed by membrane; studded with many
ribosomes
•
Function: ribosomes attached to RER is a major
site for protein making
```
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
26
```
attached to
the rough er
9.
Structure: complex tube and sacks; studded
with ribosomes
•
Function: making lipids, modify proteins, break
down toxins
```
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
27
bound ribosomes attached to RER; free
ribosomes float around
10.
Structure: not membrane bound; very tine and has small
and large sub units
•
Function: important in protein production; RNA &
ribosome form polyribosome important in protein
synthesis
Ribosomes:
28
only found in animals. Organizes microtubules
| that positions chromosomes during cell division.
Centrioles:
29
located in cytoplasm
Structure: long, hollow cylinders; proteins
Function: help organelles move within cell
Microtubules:
30
: extends from the cell membrane
Structure: long; hair-like
Function: movement of cell
Flagella
31
extends from cell membrane
Structure: short; hair-like
Function: moves water past outside cells to detect/ trap
foreign objects
Cilia:
32
transfer of nutrients to
mitochondrion; large number of channels to facilitate
transfer of molecules
Outer mitochondrial membrane:
33
stores large proteins for cell
| respiration
Intermembrane space:
34
: store membrane protein for energy
production; has folds (cristae) that provides increased
surface area for ATP production
Inner membrane
35
found in cytoplasm; made by
Golgi apparatus or endoplasmic reticulum
Structure: sack-like with single membrane;
holds digestive enzymes
Function: breakdown old cells, organelles,
and food particles.
"programmed cell death"(apoptosis)
Lysosome:
36
organ sculpting; resorption, elimination
Apoptosis:
37
outside cell membrane; outermost layer of plant cell
Structure: rigid covering (cellulose) has many pores
Function: form shape of plant cell; provides structural
support (does not allow bending)
Cell wall:
38
cytoplasm of the cell
Structure: double membrane; surrounds flattened sacks of
thylakoid; green pigment chlorophyll to help capture sunlight
Function: makes glucose(food) for plant cells
Chloroplasts:
39
unspecialized; dividing and replicating; develops
into pluripotent(specialized cell) when needed,
used for organ repair or cell replacement.
2 types: embryonic; adult stem cells
Stem cells:
40
: can change
| into any cells.
Embryonic stem cells
41
limited change
Adult:stem cells
42
Osteoclasts: bone resorption & assimilation;
broken bones heal
•
Osteoblasts: bone mineralization by producing
osteoid that mineralizes into bone
•
Osteocytes: maintain calcium balance and aid
bone formation
*made from collagen and calcium; needs vitamin d*
Bone cells:
43
bone resorption & assimilation;
broken bones heal
•
Osteoclasts:
44
bone mineralization by producing
osteoid that mineralizes into bone
•
Osteoblasts:
45
: maintain calcium balance and aid
bone formation
•
Osteocytes
46
```
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes): hemoglobin
which binds to oxygen; RBC carries oxygen
throughout the body. Made in the bone
marrow; has no nucleus
•
White Blood Cell (leukocytes): immune
response; classified into granulocytes &
agranulocytes
```
Blood cells:
47
```
hemoglobin
which binds to oxygen; --- carries oxygen
throughout the body. Made in the bone
marrow; has no nucleus
•
```
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes):
48
immune
response; classified into granulocytes &
agranulocytes
White Blood Cell (leukocytes):
49
neutrophils
.
eosinophils
basophils
Granulocytes
50
Most numerous, phagocytose bacteria and undergoes self-destruction.
neutrophils
51
Ingest bacteria, viruses, and parasites; Inflammatory response.
eosinophils
52
Defense against parasites; accumulates on the affected area; inflammation
basophils
53
lymphocytes
T-cells - destruction of bacteria, viruses, and other damaging cells (cancer)
B-cells - synthesis of antibodies
monocytes
Develop into macrophages which ingest dead cells and bacteria
Agranulocytes
54
T-cells - destruction of bacteria, viruses, and other damaging cells (cancer)
B-cells - synthesis of antibodies
lymphocytes
55
- destruction of bacteria, viruses, and other damaging cells (cancer)
T-cells
56
- synthesis of antibodies
B-cells
57
Develop into macrophages which ingest dead cells and bacteria
monocytes
58
blood-clotting when
there is damage in blood vessel
•
Platelets (thrombocytes):
59
forms the muscle
| tissues responsible for movement
Muscle cells (monocytes):
60
heart cannot be controlled by
will
•
•
Cardiac muscle:
61
: bones
Skeletal muscles
62
• has involuntary motions
Smooth muscles:
63
energy storage in the form of adipose tissues
Fat cells (adipocytes):
64
Basic unit of nervous system; transmits information
| throughout body in form of electrical signals
Nerve cells (neurons):
65
Usually line the surface of cavities in the body;
lungs, stomach, small intestines
-
Secretory - release of hormones, enzymes,
mucus
•
• Sensory - cells that have lots of nerve-endings
Epithelial Cells:
66
Found lining the interior blood vessels; allows
growth, repair of body cells; creates new networks
of blood vessels
Endothelial cells
67
release of hormones, enzymes,
mucus
•
Secretory -
68
• - cells that have lots of nerve-endings
Sensory
69
```
Keratinocytes - produces keratin for
protection; protection against toxins&
pathogens; gives warmth
•
Melanocytes: produces melanin: protects
from UV rays; reason for skin color
•
```
Skin cells;
70
```
only type of cells that undergo meiosis;
reproduction
Sperm cells (spermatozoa) - has head
called acrosome which contains enzymes
that help the sperm enter the egg cell
and a tail called flagellum which enables
it to move
•
** egg cells choose which sperms enter**
```
Sex cells (gametes):
71
produces keratin for
protection; protection against toxins&
pathogens; gives warmth
•
Keratinocytes -
72
produces melanin: protects
from UV rays; reason for skin color
•
Melanocytes:
73
```
- has head
called acrosome which contains enzymes
that help the sperm enter the egg cell
and a tail called flagellum which enables
it to move
```
Sperm cells (spermatozoa)
74
```
- Live ; thin walled cells
Undifferentiated; contain unspecialized
structure
-
Adaptable and differentiate into variety of
cells performing different functions
-
```
Parenchyma Cells;
75
```
Live cells that gives support to growing and
maturing parts of plants; leaves, stems
-
Lacks lignin (causes hardening to plant
parts)
```
Collenchyma cells:
76
```
Collenchyma that contains lignin( plant
hardening and waterproof)
-
Support and protection; anchorage if
located at roots
-
```
Sclerenchyma cells:
77
dead, hollowed cut cells; lignified; serve as
passage of water, inorganic iron. Soluble
essentials from roots upward
-
- Unidirectional flow
Xylem cells:
78
- Make internal vessels (phloem)
- Passageway for food; bi directional manner
- Living cells
Meristem cells:
Sites that have this cell grow rapidly ; they
undergo rapid cell division
-
When matured they become sclerenchyma,
parenchyma, or collenchyma
-
Phloem:
79
provide protection from pathogenic invaders like
fungi/ water loss
Pavement cells; protection and water loss
prevention
•
Trichomes - epidermal hairs; protection
against plant predators; trappers, poisoners
•
Stomatal guard cells - depends on plant
type; passage of materials; has chloroplasts
making them able to photosynthesize
Epidermal cells:
80
- epidermal hairs; protection
against plant predators; trappers, poisoners
•
Trichomes
81
depends on plant
type; passage of materials; has chloroplasts
making them able to photosynthesize
Stomatal guard cells -
82
• organisms that lack membrane bound
structure, no nucleus; less structured DNA
• Small simple cells
• Believed to be the oldest form of life by
scientists (3.8 million years ago)
• Blue green algae, bacteria, mycoplasma
Prokaryotes:
83
– a central region of the cell that
contains its DNA. (Plasmid - circular piece of
DNA)
Nucleoid
84
– responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosome
85
– separates the cell from outside
| environment.
Cell membrane
86
– provides structure and protection from
the outside environment. (bacterial cell wall =
peptidoglycan)
Cell wall
87
– some bacteria have a layer of
carbohydrates that surrounds the cell wall. This
helps the bacterium attach to surfaces.
Capsule
88
– thin, hair-like structures that help
| with cellular attachments.
Fimbriae
89
– are rod-shaped, hollow structures involved in
multiple roles, including attachment and DNA
transfer
Pili
90
– thin tail-like structures that assists in
| movement.
Flagella
91
• Made up of cells that possess membrane
bound nucleus (holds DNA)& membrane
bound nucleus
• Single/multi cellular
• Protists, fungi, plants, animals
• Presence of a true nucleus where genetic
material is found
• Presence of membrane-bound organelles
(mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosome,
etc.)
• Mitosis - process where a cell duplicates all
of its contents, including its chromosomes,
and splits to form two identical daughter
cells
eukaryotes:
92
- process where a cell duplicates all
of its contents, including its chromosomes,
and splits to form two identical daughter
cells
Mitosis
93
• evolution of prokaryotic cells into
eukaryotic cells.
• American biologist, Lynn Margulis
(1938-2011) in 1967.
Endosymbiosis Hypothesis
94
```
• explains how organelles developed
within a prokaryote after ingesting
some smaller bacteria, which then led
to a symbiotic relationship. After
which, eukaryotes proliferated.
```
Endosymbiosis Hypothesis
95
proponent Endosymbiosis Hypothesis
• American biologist, Lynn Margulis
| (1938-2011) in 1967.
96
(erythrocytes)
Red blood cell
97
(leukocytes)
White blood cell
98
(thrombocytes)
Platelets
99
(myocytes)
Muscle cells
100
(adipocytes)
Fat cells
101
(neurons)
Nerve cells
102
(spermatozoa)
Sperm cells
103
which is large compared to the other cells. It undergoes a change when a sperm cell enters it, causing other sperm cells unable to enter.
Egg cell (ovum)
104
The unity of the gametes to form a
zygote
105
The unity of the gametes to form a zygote is the process called
fertilization.
106
Some parts of cells undergo a change, or modification, to do certain functions. These functions can be but not limited to: increasing the surface area of the tissue (in absorption purposes), for communication and anchorage between two cells, or directing movement. These modifications, although small, can be a big help in the survival of a living organism.
cell modification
107
happens when newly formed cells are structurally modified so that the cell can function properly and effectively.
Cell modification (cell specialization or differentiation)
108
are modified epithelial cells found in the small intestine.
Villi and microvilli
109
are described as finger-like projections on the small intestine’s surface and within it contains capillaries so that the blood has direct access to the nutrients the small intestine absorbs.
Villi
110
The villi, if magnified, contain ---that ensure that the surface area for absorption of nutrients from the food we eat are maximized.
microvilli
111
in roots of plants specialize in absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. Because numerous root hairs grow from roots, they increase the surface area of absorption in roots of plants.
Root hair cells
