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gb midterm Flashcards

1
Q

3 tenets cell theory

A

• All living things are made up of a cell
it is The basic unit of a structure in
organisms
•
All cells come from pre-existing cells by
division
-structural and functional

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2
Q

• Basic unit of life
• Filipino ‘‘sihay’’
Like an organism with parts & structure
to make it functional

A

cell

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3
Q

, outer layer
Structure: phospholipid bilayer with embedded
proteins
•
Function; controls what enters and exits the
cell

A
  1. Cell membrane; plasma membrane
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4
Q

Biological model, cell membrane lipid bilayer

with varying embedded proteins

A

Fluid mosaic model

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5
Q

•
Lipid bilayer gives fluidity & elasticity to
membrane

A

Fluid mosaic model

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6
Q 
•
Proteins may be found on the surface of the
membrane or freely mowing within the
membrane
•
A

Fluid mosaic model

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7
Q

• Free-moving proteins act as channels
Some act like small pumps actively pushing
molecules

A

Fluid mosaic model

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8
Q 
not fixed; moves
around
•
Active transport:
needs energy
•
Passive
transport: does
not need energy
A

Fluid mosaic model

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9
Q

Structure
2 layers each phospholipid has polar hydrophilic(watersoluble) & non polar hydrophobic head ( water-insoluble)
tail
Function
Semi permeable structure that does not allow material
to pass freely; protects the environment of a cell

A

Phospholipid bilayer:

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10
Q

Structure:
found spanning the membrane in the cytoplasm. has
hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
Function:
Carrier proteins that control the movement of specific
ions and molecules

A

Membrane Proteins:

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11
Q 
Structure:
short carbohydrate chains attached to polypeptide
chains. Extracellular regions
Function:
cell-to-cell recognition
A

Glycoproteins:

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12
Q

Structure:
carbohydrate chains attached to phospholipids on the
outside surface of a membrane
Function:
recognition sites for specific chemical; cell to cell
attachment in forming tissues.

A

Glycolipids:

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13
Q 
\: located inside the cell, enclosed by
cell membrane; 90% water
2.
Structure: jelly-like; all membrane bound
organelles are in cytoplasm
•
Functions: holds, cushions, and protects all
membrane bound organelles.
A

Cytoplasm

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14
Q 
\: found in cytoplasm; usually the center
but also found anywhere inside the cell
3.
Structure: phospholipid bilayers with a dense
region; contains the chromosome of the cell
•
Functions: contains chromosomes(DNA)
controls all the cell functions
CONTROL CENTER OF A CELL
A

Nucleus

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15
Q

: two lipid membrane studded with

special protein that separates nucleus from cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope

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16
Q

: tiny holes found in the nuclear envelope;
passage of materials (RNA& proteins) between nucleus
and cytoplasm

A

Nuclear pore

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17
Q

: thin long strands of DNA and protein

A

Chromatin

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18
Q

:makes RNA(type of nucleic acid); most dense

A

Nucleolus

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19
Q

: located in the cytoplasm; powerhouse
of a cell; has its own DNA, membrane, and ribosome
4.
• Structure: rod shaped with double membranes
Function: sight of cellular respiration; makes and
stores usable energy (ATP) adenosine triphosphate

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q 
\: located in cytoplasm commonly found
in plant cells
6.
Structure: fluid filled spaces; surrounded by
single membranes
•
Function: stores food, water, nutrients, and cell
wastes
•
**plant vacuoles take up most of the
cell/animal vacuoles are really small**
A

Vacuole

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21
Q 
located in cytoplasm;
membrane bound
7.
Structure: appears as stack of flat sacks with
two faces: Cis & Trans face
•
• Function: transportation of products
• Camillo Golgi
A

Golgi Apparatus:

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22
Q

entrance for

vesicles

A

Cis face:

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23
Q

Exit for

vesicles

A

Trans face:

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24
Q 
small membrane-bound; spherical sac that
facilitates metabolism, transport, and storage of
molecules
•
Made in the Golgi body and endo reticulum or from
cell membrane
•
• Carries materials within them
A

Vesicles:

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25
Q 
\: located in
cytoplasm and attached to the outside of
nuclear envelope
8.
Structure: complex network of tubes and sacks
enclosed by membrane; studded with many
ribosomes
•
Function: ribosomes attached to RER is a major
site for protein making
A

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

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26
Q 
attached to
the rough er
9.
Structure: complex tube and sacks; studded
with ribosomes
•
Function: making lipids, modify proteins, break
down toxins
A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

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27
Q

bound ribosomes attached to RER; free
ribosomes float around
10.
Structure: not membrane bound; very tine and has small
and large sub units
•
Function: important in protein production; RNA &
ribosome form polyribosome important in protein
synthesis

A

Ribosomes:

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28
Q

only found in animals. Organizes microtubules

that positions chromosomes during cell division.

A

Centrioles:

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29
Q

located in cytoplasm
Structure: long, hollow cylinders; proteins
Function: help organelles move within cell

A

Microtubules:

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30
Q

: extends from the cell membrane
Structure: long; hair-like
Function: movement of cell

A

Flagella

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31
Q

extends from cell membrane
Structure: short; hair-like
Function: moves water past outside cells to detect/ trap
foreign objects

A

Cilia:

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32
Q

transfer of nutrients to
mitochondrion; large number of channels to facilitate
transfer of molecules

A

Outer mitochondrial membrane:

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33
Q

stores large proteins for cell

respiration

A

Intermembrane space:

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34
Q

: store membrane protein for energy
production; has folds (cristae) that provides increased
surface area for ATP production

A

Inner membrane

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35
Q

found in cytoplasm; made by
Golgi apparatus or endoplasmic reticulum
Structure: sack-like with single membrane;
holds digestive enzymes
Function: breakdown old cells, organelles,
and food particles.
“programmed cell death”(apoptosis)

A

Lysosome:

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36
Q

organ sculpting; resorption, elimination

A

Apoptosis:

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37
Q

outside cell membrane; outermost layer of plant cell
Structure: rigid covering (cellulose) has many pores
Function: form shape of plant cell; provides structural
support (does not allow bending)

A

Cell wall:

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38
Q

cytoplasm of the cell
Structure: double membrane; surrounds flattened sacks of
thylakoid; green pigment chlorophyll to help capture sunlight
Function: makes glucose(food) for plant cells

A

Chloroplasts:

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39
Q

unspecialized; dividing and replicating; develops
into pluripotent(specialized cell) when needed,
used for organ repair or cell replacement.
2 types: embryonic; adult stem cells

A

Stem cells:

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40
Q

: can change

into any cells.

A

Embryonic stem cells

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41
Q

limited change

A

Adult:stem cells

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42
Q

Osteoclasts: bone resorption & assimilation;
broken bones heal
•
Osteoblasts: bone mineralization by producing
osteoid that mineralizes into bone
•
Osteocytes: maintain calcium balance and aid
bone formation
made from collagen and calcium; needs vitamin d

A

Bone cells:

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43
Q

bone resorption & assimilation;
broken bones heal
•

A

Osteoclasts:

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44
Q

bone mineralization by producing
osteoid that mineralizes into bone
•

A

Osteoblasts:

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45
Q

: maintain calcium balance and aid
bone formation
•

A

Osteocytes

46
Q 
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes): hemoglobin
which binds to oxygen; RBC carries oxygen
throughout the body. Made in the bone
marrow; has no nucleus
•
White Blood Cell (leukocytes): immune
response; classified into granulocytes &
agranulocytes
A

Blood cells:

47
Q 
hemoglobin
which binds to oxygen; --- carries oxygen
throughout the body. Made in the bone
marrow; has no nucleus
•
A

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes):

48
Q

immune
response; classified into granulocytes &
agranulocytes

A

White Blood Cell (leukocytes):

49
Q

neutrophils
.
eosinophils

basophils

A

Granulocytes

50
Q

Most numerous, phagocytose bacteria and undergoes self-destruction.

A

neutrophils

51
Q

Ingest bacteria, viruses, and parasites; Inflammatory response.

A

eosinophils

52
Q

Defense against parasites; accumulates on the affected area; inflammation

A

basophils

53
Q

lymphocytes
T-cells - destruction of bacteria, viruses, and other damaging cells (cancer)
B-cells - synthesis of antibodies
monocytes
Develop into macrophages which ingest dead cells and bacteria

A

Agranulocytes

54
Q

T-cells - destruction of bacteria, viruses, and other damaging cells (cancer)
B-cells - synthesis of antibodies

A

lymphocytes

55
Q
  • destruction of bacteria, viruses, and other damaging cells (cancer)
A

T-cells

56
Q
  • synthesis of antibodies
A

B-cells

57
Q

Develop into macrophages which ingest dead cells and bacteria

A

monocytes

58
Q

blood-clotting when
there is damage in blood vessel
•

A

Platelets (thrombocytes):

59
Q

forms the muscle

tissues responsible for movement

A

Muscle cells (monocytes):

60
Q

heart cannot be controlled by
will
•
•

A

Cardiac muscle:

61
Q

: bones

A

Skeletal muscles

62
Q

• has involuntary motions

A

Smooth muscles:

63
Q

energy storage in the form of adipose tissues

A

Fat cells (adipocytes):

64
Q

Basic unit of nervous system; transmits information

throughout body in form of electrical signals

A

Nerve cells (neurons):

65
Q

Usually line the surface of cavities in the body;
lungs, stomach, small intestines
-
Secretory - release of hormones, enzymes,
mucus
•
• Sensory - cells that have lots of nerve-endings

A

Epithelial Cells:

66
Q

Found lining the interior blood vessels; allows
growth, repair of body cells; creates new networks
of blood vessels

A

Endothelial cells

67
Q

release of hormones, enzymes,
mucus
•

A

Secretory -

68
Q

• - cells that have lots of nerve-endings

A

Sensory

69
Q 
Keratinocytes - produces keratin for
protection; protection against toxins&
pathogens; gives warmth
•
Melanocytes: produces melanin: protects
from UV rays; reason for skin color
•
A

Skin cells;

70
Q 
only type of cells that undergo meiosis;
reproduction
Sperm cells (spermatozoa) - has head
called acrosome which contains enzymes
that help the sperm enter the egg cell
and a tail called flagellum which enables
it to move
•
** egg cells choose which sperms enter**
A

Sex cells (gametes):

71
Q

produces keratin for
protection; protection against toxins&
pathogens; gives warmth
•

A

Keratinocytes -

72
Q

produces melanin: protects
from UV rays; reason for skin color
•

A

Melanocytes:

73
Q 
- has head
called acrosome which contains enzymes
that help the sperm enter the egg cell
and a tail called flagellum which enables
it to move
A

Sperm cells (spermatozoa)

74
Q 
- Live ; thin walled cells
Undifferentiated; contain unspecialized
structure
-
Adaptable and differentiate into variety of
cells performing different functions
-
A

Parenchyma Cells;

75
Q 
Live cells that gives support to growing and
maturing parts of plants; leaves, stems
-
Lacks lignin (causes hardening to plant
parts)
A

Collenchyma cells:

76
Q 
Collenchyma that contains lignin( plant
hardening and waterproof)
-
Support and protection; anchorage if
located at roots
-
A

Sclerenchyma cells:

77
Q

dead, hollowed cut cells; lignified; serve as
passage of water, inorganic iron. Soluble
essentials from roots upward
-
- Unidirectional flow

A

Xylem cells:

78
Q
  • Make internal vessels (phloem)
  • Passageway for food; bi directional manner
  • Living cells
    Meristem cells:
    Sites that have this cell grow rapidly ; they
    undergo rapid cell division
    -
    When matured they become sclerenchyma,
    parenchyma, or collenchyma
    -
A

Phloem:

79
Q

provide protection from pathogenic invaders like
fungi/ water loss
Pavement cells; protection and water loss
prevention
•
Trichomes - epidermal hairs; protection
against plant predators; trappers, poisoners
•
Stomatal guard cells - depends on plant
type; passage of materials; has chloroplasts
making them able to photosynthesize

A

Epidermal cells:

80
Q
  • epidermal hairs; protection
    against plant predators; trappers, poisoners
    •
A

Trichomes

81
Q

depends on plant
type; passage of materials; has chloroplasts
making them able to photosynthesize

A

Stomatal guard cells -

82
Q

• organisms that lack membrane bound
structure, no nucleus; less structured DNA
• Small simple cells
• Believed to be the oldest form of life by
scientists (3.8 million years ago)
• Blue green algae, bacteria, mycoplasma

A

Prokaryotes:

83
Q

– a central region of the cell that
contains its DNA. (Plasmid - circular piece of
DNA)

A

Nucleoid

84
Q

– responsible for protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

85
Q

– separates the cell from outside

environment.

A

Cell membrane

86
Q

– provides structure and protection from
the outside environment. (bacterial cell wall =
peptidoglycan)

A

Cell wall

87
Q

– some bacteria have a layer of
carbohydrates that surrounds the cell wall. This
helps the bacterium attach to surfaces.

A

Capsule

88
Q

– thin, hair-like structures that help

with cellular attachments.

A

Fimbriae

89
Q

– are rod-shaped, hollow structures involved in
multiple roles, including attachment and DNA
transfer

A

Pili

90
Q

– thin tail-like structures that assists in

movement.

A

Flagella

91
Q

• Made up of cells that possess membrane
bound nucleus (holds DNA)& membrane
bound nucleus
• Single/multi cellular
• Protists, fungi, plants, animals
• Presence of a true nucleus where genetic
material is found
• Presence of membrane-bound organelles
(mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosome,
etc.)
• Mitosis - process where a cell duplicates all
of its contents, including its chromosomes,
and splits to form two identical daughter
cells

A

eukaryotes:

92
Q
  • process where a cell duplicates all
    of its contents, including its chromosomes,
    and splits to form two identical daughter
    cells
A

Mitosis

93
Q

• evolution of prokaryotic cells into
eukaryotic cells.
• American biologist, Lynn Margulis
(1938-2011) in 1967.

A

Endosymbiosis Hypothesis

94
Q 
• explains how organelles developed
within a prokaryote after ingesting
some smaller bacteria, which then led
to a symbiotic relationship. After
which, eukaryotes proliferated.
A

Endosymbiosis Hypothesis

95
Q

proponent Endosymbiosis Hypothesis

A

• American biologist, Lynn Margulis

(1938-2011) in 1967.

96
Q

(erythrocytes)

A

Red blood cell

97
Q

(leukocytes)

A

White blood cell

98
Q

(thrombocytes)

A

Platelets

99
Q

(myocytes)

A

Muscle cells

100
Q

(adipocytes)

A

Fat cells

101
Q

(neurons)

A

Nerve cells

102
Q

(spermatozoa)

A

Sperm cells

103
Q

which is large compared to the other cells. It undergoes a change when a sperm cell enters it, causing other sperm cells unable to enter.

A

Egg cell (ovum)

104
Q

The unity of the gametes to form a

A

zygote

105
Q

The unity of the gametes to form a zygote is the process called

A

fertilization.

106
Q

Some parts of cells undergo a change, or modification, to do certain functions. These functions can be but not limited to: increasing the surface area of the tissue (in absorption purposes), for communication and anchorage between two cells, or directing movement. These modifications, although small, can be a big help in the survival of a living organism.

A

cell modification

107
Q

happens when newly formed cells are structurally modified so that the cell can function properly and effectively.

A

Cell modification (cell specialization or differentiation)

108
Q

are modified epithelial cells found in the small intestine.

A

Villi and microvilli

109
Q

are described as finger-like projections on the small intestine’s surface and within it contains capillaries so that the blood has direct access to the nutrients the small intestine absorbs.

A

Villi

110
Q

The villi, if magnified, contain —that ensure that the surface area for absorption of nutrients from the food we eat are maximized.

A

microvilli

111
Q

in roots of plants specialize in absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. Because numerous root hairs grow from roots, they increase the surface area of absorption in roots of plants.

A

Root hair cells

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