gb prelims Flashcards
1
Q
- science of life and living organisms
A
BIOLOGY
2
Q
- broad and multidisciplinary science made up of
different branches
A
BIOLOGY
3
Q
- study of animals
A
○ Zoology
4
Q
- study of plants
A
○ Botany
5
Q
- study of microorganisms
A
○ Microbiology
6
Q
- basic, structural, functional, and biological unit of
all known organisms - “sihay” in Filipino
A
CELL
7
Q
- branch of biological science that deals with the
study of cells
A
CYTOLOGY
8
Q
- person who studies the cell
A
CYTOLOGIST
9
Q
- The cell theory was proposed by ———–through observing plant
and animal cells respectively.
A
Matthias Schlieden
and Theodor Schwann (1838)
10
Q
- The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and
organization in living things. - The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct
entity and a building block in the construction of
organisms. - Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the
formation of crystals (spontaneous generation).
A
ORIGINAL CELL THEORY
11
Q
- The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and
organization in living things.
A
ORIGINAL CELL THEORY
12
Q
- The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct
entity and a building block in the construction of
organisms.
A
ORIGINAL CELL THEORY
13
Q
- Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the
formation of crystals (spontaneous generation).
A
ORIGINAL CELL THEORY
14
Q
- All known living things are made up of cells.
- The cell is the structural & functional unit of all
living things. - All cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
(Spontaneous Generation does not occur). - Cells contains hereditary information which is
passed from cell to cell during cell division. - All cells are basically the same in chemical
composition. - All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of
life occurs within cells.
A
MODERN CELL THEORY
15
Q
- All known living things are made up of cells.
A
MODERN CELL THEORY
16
Q
- The cell is the structural & functional unit of all
living things.
A
MODERN CELL THEORY
17
Q
- All cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
Spontaneous Generation does not occur
A
MODERN CELL THEORY
18
Q
- Cells contains hereditary information which is
passed from cell to cell during cell division.
A
MODERN CELL THEORY
19
Q
- All cells are basically the same in chemical
composition.
A
MODERN CELL THEORY
20
Q
- All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of
life occurs within cells.
A
MODERN CELL THEORY
21
Q
○ inventor of the first so-called compound
microscope.
A
ZACHARIAS JANSSEN AND HANS JANSSEN (1600s)
22
Q
○ English scientist and polymath
○ coined the term “cells” from observing
plant specimens
○ reminded him of rooms, hence “cells”
A
- ROBERT HOOKE (1655)
23
Q
○ Italian physician
○ refuted spontaneous generation by
observing flies and maggots on rotten
meat; Father of Parasitology
A
- FRANCESCO REDI (1668)
24
Q
○ Dutch scientist
○ observed protozoa and bacteria and
called them` “animalcules”
○ observed RBCs ; Father of Microbiology
A
- ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1674)
25
○ Scottish botanist
○ observed the nucleus in better detail
than other cytologist in his time
- ROBERT BROWN (1833)
26
○ observed living internal substance in a
| cell and called it “sarcode”
- FELIX DUJARDIN (1834)
27
○ coined the term “protoplasm” (nucleus +
| cytoplasm) from animal embryos
- JAN EVANGELISTA PUKINJE (1835)
28
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○ made cellular pathology into a system of
overwhelming importance through his
lecture "Cellular Pathology as Based
upon Physiological and Pathological
Histology"
○ “omnis cellula e cellula”
○
```
- RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1858)
29
○ Swiss physician
○ first to identify DNA as a distinct
molecule
- FRIEDRICH MIESCHER (1869)
30
○ Italian pathologist and biologist
○ Golgi complex is found in all cells except
bacteria and plays an important role in
the modification and transport of protein
within the cell
- CAMILO GOLGI (1898)
31
○ Siemens, Germany
○ produced first commercial electron
microscope
- ERNECT RUSKA (1938)
32
○ DNA double-helix model
○ data from Rosalind Franklin's x-ray
diffraction images
- JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS CRICK (1953)
33
- technical field of using microscopes to view
objects and areas of objects that cannot be
seen with the naked eye.
MICROSCOPY
34
- spectacle-maker from Holland
- believed to have designed the prototype with his
son, Hans (subject in controversy)
- the tube-design was employed by Robert Hooke
by the end of the 17th century
ZACHARIAS JANSSEN (1538-1638)
35
- Dutch tradesman and scientist
- development and improvement of the
microscope
- great contribution in microbiology
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632 - 1723)
36
- an English natural philosopher, architect
ROBERT HOOKE (1635 – 1703)
37
- also called toolmaker’s microscope, is used
mostly in manufacturing companies/factories.
- they help in the measurement of shapes, sizes,
angles and positions of small components which
fall under the measuring range of the
microscope
MEASURING MICROSCOPE
38
- also surgical microscope, usually utilized in the
operating room of a hospital for surgeons doing
microsurgery.
OPERATING MICROSCOPE
39
- used for quality control, inspection of materials in
| manufacturing
INDUSTRIAL MICROSCOPE
40
- specimen viewed under this microscope uses
fluorescent dyes to differentiate other parts or
structures.
FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE
41
- are microscopes that use a camera connected
to a digital output device (such as a display
monitor) to display images in real-time.
DIGITAL MICROSCOPE
42
- uses polarizing filters in viewing specimens
| resulting in high contrast images.
POLARIZING MICROSCOPE
43
- designed for 2-5 people who want to observe
the specimen at the same time. Usually used in
teaching and demonstrations.
MULTI-VIEWING MICROSCOPE
44
- it allows two objects or samples to be compared
| side by side.
COMPARISON MICROSCOPE
45
- commonly known as low-power microscopes or
dissecting microscopes, used for viewing insects,
crystals, plant life, circuit boards, etc.
STEREO MICROSCOPES
46
- mainly used in material science (metals, plastics,
solar cells, etc.). It uses a high-powered white
light as a light source compared to a
biological-use microscope.
METALLURGICAL MICROSCOPE
47
- it is primarily designed to observe cells, tissues,
| and other biological specimens.
BIOLOGICAL MICROSCOPE
48
- a microscope designed for two persons viewing
| the same specimen.
TWO-PERSON MICROSCOPE
49
- microscopes designed for academic-use for
| easy handling and operation
STUDENT MICROSCOPE
50
- are used to study living cells and for
regular use when relatively low
magnification and resolution is enough
1. OPTICAL / LIGHT
51
- provide higher magnifications and
higher resolution images but cannot be
used to view living cells
2. ELECTRON
52
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uses electrons as source of
illumination, the samples viewed are
always in black and white in 2D.
Scientists use false coloring through a
special software to differentiate
structures in specimens. Scientists also
uses other softwares, attachments or
techniques to render their samples in 3D
and enhance
```
2. ELECTRON - TEM and SEM
53
- any image taken through a microscope
| - can serve both scientific and artistic purposes
PHOTOMICROGRAPH
54
Flat surface that supports the microscope
1
| Base
55
Part above the base that supports the other parts
2
| Pillar
56
Held while carrying the microscope
3
| Arm
57
Platform where the object to be examined is placed
4
| Stage
58
Secures the specimen to the stage
5
| Stage Clips
59
Allows for tilting the microscope
6
| Inclination Joint
60
Regulates the amount of light needed
7
| Iris Diaphragm
61
Rotating disc where the objectives are attached
8
| Revolving Nosepiece
62
Reflects light
9
| Mirror
63
Attached o the arm and carry the lenses
10
| Body Tube
64
smaller knob for delicate focusing
11
| Fine Adjustment Knob
65
elevates or lowers the object into focus
12
| Coarse Adjustment Knob
66
cylindrical structure on top of the body tube that holds the oculars
13
| Draw Tube
67
keeps dust from settling on the objectives
14
| Dust Shield
68
set of lens on top of the body tube to magnify the image produced
15
| Ocular/Eyepiece
69
Metal cylinders that contains ground and polished lenses
16
| Objectives
70
supports the mirror
17
| Mirror Rack
71
10x
LPO -
72
- 40x
HPO
73
- 100x
OIO
