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A Level History > Philip And France > Flashcards

Philip And France Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Philip’s attention turn to France?

A

Towards the end of his reign

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2
Q

When did the war between France and Spain begin?

A

Before Philip’s reign

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3
Q

Where did Spain have indecisive victories over France?

A
  • St Quentin

- Gravelines

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4
Q

Why was Philip ready to make peace at the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559

A

Financial difficulties

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5
Q

What cemented the peace between France and Spain from the 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis?

A

The marriage of Philip and Elizabeth of Valois, daughter of King Henry II of France

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6
Q

When did peace between the two countries begin?

A

1559

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7
Q

What made Philip increasingly anxious?

A

The growing number of Protestants in France

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8
Q

When did the French wars of religion begin?

A

1562

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9
Q

Who was involved in the French wars of religion?

A

The Catholic Guise family against their political rivals, the mainly Protestant Bourbon family

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10
Q

Who did Philip support during the wars of religion?

A

Naturally inclined to support the Catholic cause, a feeling reinforced by fears that if France became Protestant, it would present a serious danger to the Spanish Empire (Spain and Netherlands)

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11
Q

Effects of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

A
  • no one dynasty was left in ascendancy

- french power was gradually eclipsed by Spain as France edged towards civil war in the early 1560s

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12
Q

What sparked a monarchical crisis in France?

A

The death of King Henry II

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13
Q

Who succeeded King Henry II?

A

Francis II and Charles IX - 2 young and inexperience kings. This paralysed French government

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14
Q

Who did Francis II become dominated by?

A

Due to his marriage to Mary Queen of Scots, he came to be dominated by the Guise family, to whom she was related.

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15
Q

What was the outcome of Francis II’s domination by the Guise family?

A

-consternation among other distinguished noble families, most notably the princes of the blood.

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16
Q

What was the conspiracy of Amboise?

A

It represented a Calvinist attempt to take possession of the king in order to ‘save’ him from the manipulation of the Guises. It ended in failure and served only to exacerbate the political situation.

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17
Q

When did Francis II die?

A

December 1560

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18
Q

Impact of Francis II’s death

A

Arguably prevented an escalation in the crisis

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19
Q

Effect of Francis’ death

A

Re-established greater balance between the noble factions at court and on the king’s council.
The regent was left to deal with the problem of the growing influence of Calvinism, particularly among the nobility.

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20
Q

Who was king after Francis II’s death in 1560?

A

The young and inexperience Charles IX, who hadn’t yet reached his majority in 1560.

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21
Q

What was the Colloquy of Poissy in 1561?

A

An attempt at reconciliation

22
Q

What was the catalyst for civil war?

A

The Catholic massacre of Calvinists at Vassy. The civil war it unleashed would plague French government for decades. For those reasons, Spanish pre-eminence owed much to the French monarchy’s weaknesses.

23
Q

Reasons why Philip remained attention to French affairs

A
  • The Habsburg-Valois rivalry was in the memory of both kingdoms.
  • French domestic unrest was convenient for Spain but posed dangers of frontier security with borders in the North and South.
  • The rise of Calvinism in the South of France threatened border security.
  • Dutch Calvinism interconnection in France posed a serious threat. The Calvinist Admiral Coligny grew in importance at the French court and raised the possibility of a joint French Catholic and Calvinist attack on the Spanish Netherlands. His assassination in 1572 put an end to this plan.
24
Q

Fears of Philip and his councillors

A

-If the french kingdom was united under a Protestant king, it would be a threat to the Spanish Netherlands.

25
Q

The death of Anthony of Navarre

A

His son, the Calvinist Henry of Navarre became 4th in line to the throne. During the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacres in 1572, Henry was forced to live at the French Court.

26
Q

When was the St Bartholomew’s Day massacres?

A

1572

Many Calvinists lost their lives

27
Q

In what year did Henry of Navarre escape from France

A

Four years after his capture, in 1576.

28
Q

The need for direct intervention in France

A

The death of the Duke of Alcenon meant Henry of Navarre became heir to the French throne in 1584 which could have led to the triumph of Protestantism in France and also the start of an anti-Spanish policy.

29
Q

When did Henry of Navarre become heir to the french throne?

A

1584

30
Q

Philip’s response to Henry of Navarre becoming heir to the throne

A

1584 Catholic League

31
Q

what united the members of the 1584 Catholic League

A

they were dedicated to the expulsion of heresy from the French kingdom

32
Q

1584 Treaty of Joinville

A

the League’s aristocratic member including Spain signed with the French Catholic League, headed by the Guise family in 1584.

33
Q

what did Philip promise to the league at the Treaty of Joinville?

A

he promised the league financial help and both sides agreed to support each other in defending Catholicism.
French Catholics promised to be neutral in the event of a Spanish war with England and in return, Philip undertook to give a monthly subsidy of 50,000 ecus.

34
Q

why did Philip intervene?

A

The Huguenots (French Calvinists) attacked Spanish communications in the New World.

35
Q

actions of French Catholic monk Jacques Clement in 1589

A

assassinated Henry III in 1589 so Henry of Navarre nominally succeeded as Henry IV so the Spanish increased their military and financial support to the Catholics

36
Q

Successes of Henry’s army

A

Battles of Arques in Sep 1589

Ivry in March 1590

37
Q

Philip’s decisions in 1590 and 1592

A

ordered Farnese to intervene in France from the Netherlands to prevent Henry becoming King. Spanish troops were also sent to Brittany.

38
Q

who did Philip put forward with a claim to the French throne?

A

his daughter, Isabella’s claim to the throne by his marriage to Elizabeth of Valois. A Catholic ruler would increase Spanish influence

39
Q

costs of Spanish intervention

A
  • weakened the Spanish position in the Netherlands. Farnese’s priority was to ensure the survival of the Catholic League.
  • Opportunities were missed to take Holland and Zeeland
40
Q

October 1592

A

Farnese (Duke of Parma) died

41
Q

Early 1593

A

a third expedition went to France from the Low Countries.

42
Q

Money spent on French expeditions and sums for the Catholic League

A

75% of Low Countries income

43
Q

when did Henry of Navarre convert to Catholicism?

A

1593

44
Q

why did Henry of Navarre gain support in 1593?

A

he had converted to Catholicism and received papal acceptance . The French rallied around him to expel Spanish forces

45
Q

why did Philip agree to peace in 1596?

A

he was declared bankrupt for the 3rd time

46
Q

what was the treaty in 1598?

A

The Treaty of Vervins

47
Q

What did the Treaty of Vervins (1598) do?

A
  • ended the war

- confirmed the main clauses of Cateau-Cambresis

48
Q

Did Philip achieve much in France?

A
  • Little achieved

- French policy led to failure in the Netherlands

49
Q

what was Philip’s greatest mistake in France?

A

Continuing military intervention after 1593. After his conversion, Henry IV had the support of a large body of Catholics. At this very late stage, Philip tried to promote his daughter’s claims

50
Q

Events in 1594-1596

A
  • Henry regained control of Paris and entered the city in March
  • He declared war on Spain in January 1595
  • Spanish lost earlier gains of Calais and Amiens, Toulouse and Marseilles
  • Elizabeth signed a treaty with Henry IV in May 1596 which gave him a loan and 2,000 men
  • 1596 - both powers and the United Provinces formed a Triple Alliance (diplomatically isolated Spain)
  • Nov 1596 - Philip’s 4th bankruptcy. frontiers reverted to 1559 lines and Spain forced to abandon Calais at Verrvins (1598)

A Level History (17 decks)

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