Ferdinand And Isablle Flashcards
1
Q
1485
A
Medieval law codes were published
2
Q
1503
A
Pragmaticas Published
3
Q
When did all royal council members become letrados
A
1498
4
Q
1515
A
61 towns had corregidores
5
Q
How much were Jews taxed
A
58 million
6
Q
How much was made from moorish war prisoners
A
56 million
7
Q
How much did ordinary income rise by
A
350%
8
Q
What was the income in 1477
A
27 million
9
Q
How much was spent on ambassadors
A
75 million
10
Q
How much was spent on military
A
20 to 80 million
11
Q
How much were extraordinary methods used
A
66%
12
Q
When did aragonese powers suspend the hermandad
A
1488
13
Q
What’s was the rate of false converts
A
Doubled after expulsion of Jews
14
Q
When were mudejars heavily taxed
A
1495-1499
15
Q
When were royal ordinances passed to improve the quality of cloth?
A
1494
1511
16
Q
When did the Catalonian Cortes pass laws to protect coral and textile industry
A
1481
17
Q
When was currency standardised
A
1497
18
Q
When were import duties on french cloth introduced
A
1498
19
Q
When were taxes for grazing sheep on royal walks levied
A
1464
20
Q
When was a royal councillor made president
A
1500
21
Q
When were sheep farmers allowed access to any land where sheep once grazed and granted low rents
A
1501
22
Q
How many years were there poor harvests
A
5
23
Q
When was there plague
A
1506-07
24
Q
When did the crown try to impose the tasa
A
1502
25
When did Andalusian farmers begin to import wheat
1506
26
How many bridges between Laredo and Aguera were swept away and not rebuilt
12
27
1480, Cortes of Toledo
Royal land taken since 1464 returned
28
1497 pope Alexander vi
Accepted Portuguese claims to Western Africa
29
1462
France had roussilon and cerdange
30
When was the Castilian war of succession?
1477-79
31
When was the Battle of Toro?
1476
32
When did King Alfonso of Portugal announce he would invade Castile?
1475
33
Examples of people who gained titles during Castilian war of succession
1. Mendoza family
2. Cardinal Mendoza was promised the chancellorship
3. Cardinal Mendoza’s brother was created Duke of Infantado
4. Enriquez was awarded the honourable title of Admiral of Castile
5. Velasco was confirmed as Constable of Castile
34
Name of rival groups that fought for control fo their towns and cities
Bandos
35
What was a bandos?
Rival groups who fought for control of their towns and cities
36
Which troubled states did Isabella visit in 1477?
- Andalusia
| - Extremadura
37
How many corregidores were appointed by 1479?
44
38
When did Ferdinand become King of Aragon?
1479
39
What did Ferdinand do 1475-76?
He journeyed from Burgos to Zamora near the Portuguese border and fought the Battle of Toro
40
When did civil war break out?
1469
41
How often did Ferdinand and Isabella make the royal council meet?
Twice a week
42
How were legal courts reformed?
- they had separate chambers for civil and criminal cases
| - these included the courts at Seville and Valladolid
43
When were medieval law codes published?
1485
44
Why were medieval law codes published in 1485?
For a more coherent body of law
45
When were their own pragmaticas published?
1503
46
Why were Ferdinand and Isabella having their own pragmaticas?
To reassert their own authority as well as the righteous position of landowners. These helped to overhaul the legal system as a whole
47
Were legal reforms effective?
Relatively
They provided an overhaul for a clearer and more coherent system but individuals continued to adhere to their own rights of jurisdiction which were beyond the crown’s control
48
By what year were all members of the royal council letrados?
1498
49
When weren’t the Cortes called?
1481-1498
50
How long was a Corregidore appointment meant to last?
2 years
51
Why were letrados often appointed as corregidores?
Because they had legal responsibilities
52
How much of the Crown’s income did the alcabala account for?
90%
53
Who was exempt from the alcabala?
Clergy
| Nobility
54
What were custom duties and mineral rights?
The crown possessed extraction and sale of mercury rights which were crucial to the production of silver
55
How much were Jews taxed during the campaign in Granada?
58 million maravedis
56
How much was made from the sale of Moorish war prisoners?
56 million maravedis
57
How much did ordinary income rise by during Ferdinand and Isabella’s reign?
350%
58
What was Ferdinand and Isabella’s income in 1477
27 million maravedis from the collection of normal taxes
59
How much was spent on Castilian ambassadors in the last 10 years of Isabella’s reign?
75 million maravedis
60
What did the cost of the military rise to by the end of Isabella’s reign?
From 20 million to 80 million maravedis
61
Who paid for servicios?
Mainly the townspeople
62
After what year were loans increasing used?
1480
63
By how much did the use of extraordinary methods increase?
66%
64
When were the Hermandad suspended in Aragon?
1488
65
Why was the hermandad suspended in Aragon?
Strong Aragonese opposition
66
When was the Granada war?
1482-1492
67
When did the moors capture the frontier town of Andalusia?
1481
68
When were the Jews expelled?
1492
69
When did Isabella declare all Jews were protected under her rule?
1477, 15 years before their expulsion
70
When was the royal decree issued saying Jews had to leave by the 31st July 1492?
31st March 1492
71
Effects of the expulsion of the Jews?
- Around 3% of the population emigrated?
- In the 1490s, around 40,000 Jewish families returned to Castile. If they could prove they had converted to Christianity they could buy back their property for the same price they were forced to sell it at
- applied to all Spanish territories except Naples
- Little negative effect as it was mainly conversos who contributed to trade and finance
72
Did the expulsion of the Jews help the problem?
Made the converso problem worse. The number of false converts possibly doubled. The policy marked the end of the convivencia and the desired state of unity wasn’t present
73
When was the expulsion of the Mudejars?
1492
74
What percentage of the Aragonese population were Mudejars?
20%
75
Who was made Archbishop after the Granada war?
Talavera
76
When were the Mudejars heavily taxed?
1495-1499
77
When did a Mudejars revolt break out against Christian rule?
1499
78
When were all Mudejars given the choice to convert or leave Castile?
1502
79
Who influenced Isabella’s policy towards the Mudejars?
Cisneros
80
What was the government’s economic policy?
To treat each kingdom as a separate economic unit in order to allow regional economies to flourish without state intervention
81
Which region had monopoly of all trade and commerce with America?
Seville
82
Royal ordinances of 1494 and 1511
To improve the quality of cloth manufactures throughout the kingdom
83
What did navigation laws try to promote?
The shipbuilding industry
84
What did the Catalonia Cortes implement in 1481?
A law to protect the coral and textile industry
85
When was currency standardised?
1497
86
What was a consulados
A board of trade
87
What exports did the Crown prohibit?
Gold and silver
88
Who weren’t allowed to trade with America?
Non-Castilians
89
Who were given extensive privileges?
Carters and Mesta
90
What were import duties imposed on in 1498?
French cloth
91
Why was agriculture a key issue?
They didn’t know how to feed a growing population with limited resources
92
What supplies did agriculture lack?
- a reliable supply of water
- good quality soil
- enough fertile land
- advanced farming methods (they were primitive)
93
What was the Crown’s primary concern in regards to the Mesta?
How best to tax them and the millions of migratory sheep they controlled in order to generate the most revenue
94
When were taxes levied on landowners in Castile for grazing on royal sheep walks?
Since 1464
95
When was a royal councillor made president in Castile?
1500
96
When did Castilian sheep farmers get privileges which allowed them to access any lands where sheep had once grazed?
1501
97
When did Castilian sheep farmers get granted rents at low rates?
1501
98
What caused food shortages?
- farmers overstocking commons
- inadequate farming methods
- series of poor harvest over 5 years
- the plague of 1506-07
- no state support after the plague
99
In what year did the state try to control the price of grain?
1502
100
What was the ‘tasa’?
The states attempt to control the price of grain 1502
101
Impact of the ‘tasa’
Discouraged farmers from selling their crops
102
What happened to Andalusian farmers in 1506?
They had to start importing their wheat, having previously exported it
103
When was a new farming method suggested?
1494
104
What was the new farming method suggested in 1494?
Farmers should change from a 2 to a 3 field system to improve soil fertility. This suggestion was ignored and was unattractive to farmers
105
When was there food shortages in Aragon?
1484
| 1503 - produced famine in Valencia
106
Where did Aragon import wheat from?
Sicily and Sardinia
107
Where did Aragon not receive much grain contribution from?
Majorca as their economy had declined
108
Where was denied access to Castilian markets?
Catalonia
109
What did the Monzon Cortes decide in 1511?
That sheep couldn’t pass through cultivate lands in Aragon - would have been an unthinkable measure in Castile
110
What was the rise in shipping sailing?
300 to 5,000 toneladas
111
Why was Burgos given a consulado?
To show it was Castile’s premier woollen provider
112
What was the job of the consulado in Burgos?
To regulate trade and deal with any legal issues
113
Where had guilds been successful?
Catalonia
114
1494 Crown wool ban
The Crown banned the production of cheap, low quality wool and only high quality wool was to be produced
115
Impact of 1494 wool ban
1/5 had to be locally sold
Southern Castile benefited as they produced high quality wool
Towns and cities in the north saw a decline in their local markets
Many wool producers sold directly to foreign merchants and traders to maximise profits which caused further decline in domestic markets
Unemployment rose
Madrid had a wool shortage
116
Where were bridges left unmaintained by local guilds?
The roads in Cantabria were in a very poor condition
| 12 bridges between Laredo and Aguera had been swept away and not rebuilt
117
In what year was a Hermandad set up in every place with more than 50 inhabitants
1476
118
What was decided at the 1580 Cortes of Toledo?
Almost all royal lands lost since 1464 was returned to the Crown
119
Where were positive Crown-peasant relations?
Castile
Aragon
Valencia
Because wages were rising higher than the price of food
Conditions weren’t oppressive but landowners interfered with their farming rights
120
Negative Crown-peasant relations
Catalonia
Poor economic conditions were worsened by the outbreak of plague and rising population levels
121
Senorios
Lordships which carried jurisdiction over an area. Granted to the nobility to exercise political power over them
122
What did Isabella accept in 1497?
Portugal’s monopoly of all fishing and trade along the West coast of Africa
123
What did Portugal’s monopoly of West Africa encourage?
Spanish expansion in the North
