Phase 1 Block 14 Flashcards
Fundamentals of Flight
`How many types of motion are there in relation to flight
There are 3 types of motion pertaining to flight
What are the types of motion pertaining to flight?
- Acceleration
- Speed
- Velocity
What is Acceleration?
Acceleration is the rate of change of speed and or velocity of matter with time
What is speed?
The rate of movement in terms of distance measured in an alloted amount of time
What is velocity?
The quickness or speed of an object in a given time and direction
How many laws of motion are there?
There are 3 laws of motion
What is Newton’s First Law?
Newton’s First Law states that an object will remain at rest, or an object in motion will stay in motion at same speed and in same direction, until acted upon by an outside force
What is Newton’s Second Law?
Newton’s Second Law states if an object moving with uniform speed is acted upon by an external force, the change of motion, or acceleration, will be directly proportional to the amount of force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object being moved
What is Newton’s Third Law?
Newton’s Third Law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
What is Lift?
Lift is the force that acts in an upward direction to support the aircraft in the air, it counteracts the effects of weight Lift must be greater than or equal to weight if flight is to be sustained
What is weight?
Weight is the force of gravity acting downward on the aircraft and everything on the aircraft
What is drag?
Drag is the force that tends to hold an aircraft back. Drag is caused by disruption of air about the wings, fuselage, or body Drag resists motion
What is Thrust?
Thrust is the force developed by the aircraft’s engine and they act of the forward direction Thrust must be greater than or equal to the effects of drag in order for flight to begin or be sustained
What is the Longitudinal Axis of Aircraft?
The Longitudinal Axis or (Roll) is an imaginary reference line running down the center of an aircraft between the nose and tail
What is the Lateral Axis of an aircraft?
The Lateral Axis or (Pitch) is an imaginary reference line running parallel to the wings
What is the Vertical Axis of an aircraft?
The Vertical Axis or (YAW) is an imaginary reference line running from the top to the bottom of an aircraft
What controls the Roll or Longitudinal Axis?
Ailerons control the Roll
What controls the Pitch or Lateral Axis?
The Elevators control the Pitch
What controls the Yaw or Vertical Axis?
The Rudder controls the YAW
What is the cyclic stick?
Roll/Pitch Tilts the plane (angle) of the rotor blades forward, aft, or sideways giving the helicopter its directional motion by changing the direction of the lift, from vertical to a varying degree based on a 0 degree centerline
What is the Tail Rotor?
YAW component counteracts torque of the main rotor by increasing or decreasing the amount of horizontal thrust the tail rotor produces, this movement is around the vertical axis
What are some non axis affecting flight controls?
- Flap
- Spoiler
- Speed Brakes
- Slats
What is a Flap?
A Flap or (leading/Trailing edge) Creates extra lift by lengthening the top section of the wing resulting in maximum lift It also reduces takeoff runs and landing rollout
What is a Spoiler?
A spoiler is used to decrease or spoil wing lift by destroying the smooth flow of air over wing surfaces, creates a more predictable landing glidescope
What are Speed Brakes?
Hinged or moveable control surfaces used for reducing the speed of aircraft
What are Slats?
- Moveable control surfaces attached to the leading edge of the wing
- When open or extended forward a lot is created between the slat and wing leading edge
- High energy air is introduced into the boundary layer
- At low airspeeds this improves the lateral control handling characteristics allowing the aircraft to be controlled at airspeeds below the normal landing speed
- This is known as boundary layer control
What does Collective mean, in reference to flight terms?
- Main rotor of a helicopter consists of two or more rotor blades
- Lift is accomplished by rotating blades through the air at a high rate of speed
- Lift may be changed by collectively increasing the angle of attack or pitch of the rotor blades
- When the rotor is turning and the blades are at zero pitch (flat pitch) no lift is developed
What is an AoA?
AoA stand for Angle of Attack
What does Angle of Attack mean?
- AoA is the angle at which the airfoil or fuselage meets the flow of air defined as the angle between the chord line of the wing and the relative wind
- Angle of Attack is measured in “units” as opposed to degrees
What is Autorotation?
Autorotation is a method allowing a helicopter to land safely from altitude without using engine power
- The collective is lowered allowing reverse airflow through the rotor to maintain RPM
- When the helicopter reaches the predetermined altitude the collective pitch is increased to convert inertial energy into lift to reduce the rate of descent and cushion the landing
What makes up a Basic Aircraft Hydraulic System?
- A reservoir to hold a supply of hydraulic fluid
- A pump to provide a flow of fluid
- Tubing to transmit the fluid
- A selector valve to direct the flow of fluid
- An actuating unit to convert the fluid pressure into useful work
List the Landing gear main components and their purpose
- Shock Strut Assembly-Absorbs the shock that would otherwise be sustained by the airframe
- Tires- Allow the aircraft to roll easily and provide traction during takeoff and landing
- Wheel Brake Assembly- Used to slow/stop aircraft, used to prevent aircraft from rolling while parked
- Retracting/Extending Mechanism- Necessary hardware to electrically or hydraulically extend and retract landing gear
- Side Struts/Supports- Provides lateral strength and support for landing gear
