Pharyngeal (Branchial) Arches, Pouches and Cysts

Question 1

branchial refers to

Answer 1

gills

Question 2

pharyngeal arches form what week

Answer 2

4th

Question 3

neural crest cells form most of what

Answer 3

skeletal and connective tissues of head and neck

Question 4

how are pharyngeal arches numbered

Answer 4

cranial to caudal

Question 5

how many pharyngeal arches are there

Answer 5

6 pairs i.e.

4 well defined pairs which are visible externally and the 5th and 6th pairs are rudimental

Question 6

the pharyngeal arches are separated by what

Answer 6

endodermally lined pouches and ectodermally lined clefts (grooves)

Question 7

each arch consists of

Answer 7

NAC i.e.
nerve
artery
cartilage

Question 8

what prominences come from the 1st pharyngeal arch

Answer 8

maxilla and mandible bones
zygomatic bone

Question 9

what cartilage comes from the 1st pharyngeal arch

Answer 9

Meckel’s cartilage
malleus and incus
anterior ligament of malleus
sphenomandibular ligament

Question 10

what muscles come from the 1st pharyngeal arch

Answer 10

temporalis
masseter
pterygoids
mylohyoid
anterior belly of digastric
tensor veli palatini
tensor tympani

Question 11

what nerve comes from the 1st pharyngeal arch

Answer 11

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Question 12

what do you get from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Answer 12

eustachian tube
tympanic membrane
temporal bone

(tubotympanic recess)

Question 13

1st pharyngeal groove develops into

Answer 13

external acoustic meatus

Question 14

what happens to the remaining pharyngeal grooves

Answer 14

they disappear and form the cervical sinus

Question 15

what does the 2nd pharyngeal arch overgrow

Answer 15

pharyngeal clefts

Question 16

incomplete obliteration of the branchial clefts causes what

Answer 16

formation of an abnormal lateral cervical cyst or fistula

Question 17

what cartilage do you get from the 2nd pharyngeal arch

Answer 17

Reichert’s cartilage i.e.

stapes
upper body and lower cornu of hyoid bone
the styloid process of the temporal bone
stylohyoid ligament

Question 18

what muscles do you get from the 2nd pharyngeal arch

Answer 18

platysma
muscles of facial expression
stylohyoid
stapedius
posterior belly of digastric

Question 19

what nerve do you get from the 2nd pharyngeal arch

Answer 19

facial nerve (CN VII)

Question 20

what artery do you get from the 2nd pharyngeal arch

Answer 20

stapedial artery

Question 21

what do you get from the 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Answer 21

lymphatic nodules called palatine tonsils

Question 22

what does the cartilage from the 3rd pharyngeal arch form

Answer 22

lower body of the hyoid and greater cornu of the hyoid bone

Question 23

what muscles do you get from the 3rd pharyngeal arch

Answer 23

stylopharyngeus

superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors

Question 24

what nerve do you get from the 3rd branchial arch

Answer 24

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Question 25

what artery do you get from the 3rd branchial arch

Answer 25

common carotid proximal portions of the internal and external carotid

Question 26

what do you get from the 3rd branchial pouch

Answer 26

inferior parathyroids thymus gland

Question 27

what do the 4th and 6th branchial arch cartilages do

Answer 27

fuse to form laryngeal cartilages

Question 28

what muscles do you get from the 4th branchial arch

Answer 28

cricothyroid inferior pharyngeal constrictors all muscles of the palate except tensor veli palatini

Question 29

what nerve do you get from the 4th branchial arch

Answer 29

superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Question 30

what artery do you get from the 4th branchial arch

Answer 30

right subclavian aortic arch

Question 31

what do you get from the 4th branchial pouch

Answer 31

superior parathyroid glands parafollicular thyroid cells (ultimobranchial body)

Question 32

5th branchial arch if present is

Answer 32

rudimentary

Question 33

what muscles come from the 6th branchial arch

Answer 33

remaining intrinsic laryngeal musculature

Question 34

what nerve comes from the 6th branchial arch

Answer 34

recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of vagus nerve

Question 35

what artery comes from the 6th branchial arch

Answer 35

pulmonary artery ductus arteriosus

Question 36

what innervates the 1st branchial arch

Answer 36

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Question 37

what innervates the 2nd branchial arch

Answer 37

facial nerve (CN VII)

Question 38

what innervates the 3rd branchial arch

Answer 38

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Question 39

what innervates the 4th and 6th branchial arches

Answer 39

vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 40

what nerves innervate muscles derived from preotic somites

Answer 40

oculomotor (CN III) trochlear (CN IV) abducents (CN VI)

Question 41

what nerve innervates muscles derived from occipital somites

Answer 41

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Question 42

trigeminal nerve innervates what

Answer 42

8 muscles derived from the 1st arch

Question 43

facial nerve innervates what muscles

Answer 43

muscles of the facial expression and the rest of the muscles from the 2nd arch

Question 44

what muscle does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate

Answer 44

stylopharyngeus

Question 45

what muscles does the vagus nerve innervate

Answer 45

most of the muscles of the palate most of the muscles of the pharynx most of the muscles of the larynx

Question 46

what muscle does the hypoglossal nerve innervate

Answer 46

muscles of the tongue

Question 47

where do branchial cysts develop

Answer 47

along anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

Question 48

most branchial cysts are found where

Answer 48

inferior to angle of mandible

Question 49

when do branchial cysts often present

Answer 49

in adulthood

Question 50

what are branchial cysts

Answer 50

remnants of cervical sinus and / 2nd branchial groove

Question 51

what are branchial vestiges and where are they located

Answer 51

they are cartilaginous / bony remnants anterior to inferior third of sternocleidomastoid

Question 52

what does the first arch syndrome result in

Answer 52

various congenital anomalies of eyes, ear, mandible and palate

Question 53

what causes 1st arch syndrome

Answer 53

when migration of neural crest cells into the 1st branchial arch are implicated

Question 54

what are the 2 manifestations of first arch syndrome

Answer 54

Treacher Collins syndrome- where there is underdevelopment of zygomatic bones of face, defects of lower eyelids and external ear deformities Pierre Robin syndrome- where there is hypoplasia of the mandible, cleft palate and eye and ear defects

Question 55

how does the thyroid gland develop

Answer 55

from endoderm of the floor of primitive pharynx between 1st and 2nd arches it then descends as a bi-lobed diverticulum from the foramen cecum around the 4th to rest in the neck region by 7-8 week

Question 56

Where do all the muscles of the larynx come from

Answer 56

6th pharyngeal arch except the cricothyroid

Question 57

Where are the extrinsic (-glossus) and intrinsic muscles of the tongue derived from

Answer 57

Occipital somites except the palatoglossus (which is from 4th arch)