Pharyngeal Apparatus

Question 1

Pharyngeal apparatus is also known as

Answer 1

Branchial apparatus

Question 2

Branchial apparatus means

Answer 2

Gills

Question 3

DESCRIPTION: Pharyngeal Apparatus
• Also known as the branchial apparatus, meaning gills
•Formation starts on embryonic day —
•Involved in modeling and development of the ——— end and —— of the embryo
•Result in a complex form for the —— segment of the digestive tract.
•The ——— walls of the developing ——form the branchial system or apparatus

Answer 3

DESCRIPTION: Pharyngeal Apparatus
• Also known as the branchial apparatus, meaning gills
•Formation starts on embryonic day 22
•Involved in modeling and development of the cephalic end and face of the embryo
•Result in a complex form for the pharyngeal segment of the digestive tract.
•The lateral walls of the developing pharyngeal gut form the branchial system or apparatus

Question 4

Components of Pharyngeal apparatus

Answer 4

Components of Pharyngeal apparatus
•Four components.
•Pharyngeal Arches
•Pharyngeal Grooves
•Pharyngeal Pouches
•Pharyngeal Membranes

Question 5

Segmental
Organization

Humans:
Arch —— -prominent
Arch — - absent
Arch — - transient

Answer 5

Segmental
Organization

Humans:
Arch 1-4 -prominent
Arch 5 - absent
Arch 6 - transient

Question 6

The first pharyngeal arch is also called

Answer 6

Mandibular arch

Question 7

The first pharyngeal arch (mandibular arch)
• are masses of mesoderm covered by —— and lined by ——.
• Within these masses, —— and —— components develop, as well as —— and ———.
• The arches are separated by grooves, visible on the surface of the embryo as ———- and in the interior as the ——-
• = the name of the cartilage here is called ——— cartilage
• separates into two prominences : —— and —— prominences.
• Aortic Arch -——Artery
• 1st Pharyngeal Pouch -forms
• 1st Pharyngeal Groove -forms

Answer 7

The first pharyngeal arch (mandibular arch)
• are masses of mesoderm covered by ectoderm and lined by endoderm.
• Within these masses, muscular and skeletal components develop, as well as aortic arches and nerve networks.
• The arches are separated by grooves, visible on the surface of the embryo as pharyngeal clefts and in the interior as the pharyngeal pouches
• = Meckel cartilage
• separates into two prominences : maxillary and mandibular prominences.
• Aortic Arch -Maxillary Artery
• 1st Pharyngeal Pouch -Auditory tube (eustachian tube and tympanic cavity (distal end)
• 15 Pharyngeal Groove -External auditory meats (exterior ear opening)

Question 8

Mandibular arch

2 prominences: Maxillary and Mandibular
Maxillary Process:
Cranial/Ventral -——jaw
Bone (intramembranous):include

Answer 8

Mandibular arch

2 prominences: Maxillary and Mandibular
Maxillary Process:
Cranial/Ventral -upper jaw
Bone (intramembranous):
1.maxilla
2.zygomaticbone
3.squamouspart of the
4.temporal bone

Question 9

Mandibular arch

MandibularProcess:
Caudal/dorsal-——jaw
Cartilages forms;
Bone is called——

Answer 9

Mandibular process
Caudal/dorsal lower jaw
Cartilages
-Meckel’scartilage
-Malleus
-Incus
Bone
-Mandible

Question 10

The nerves for the
First pharyngeal arch
Second pharyngeal arch
Third pharyngeal arch
Fourth pharyngeal arch
Sixth pharyngeal arch

Answer 10

The nerves for the
First pharyngeal arch: Mandibular nerve
Second pharyngeal arch: facial nerve
Third pharyngeal arch: glossopharyngeal
Fourth pharyngeal arch: superior laryngeal nerve( a branch of vagus nerve)
Sixth pharyngeal arch: recurrent laryngeal nerve( a branch of vagus nerve)

Question 11

List the muscles of each pharyngeal arch

Answer 11

First pharyngeal arch: muscles of mastication( temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid), MATT( mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric muscle,tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini)

Second pharyngeal arch: stapedius,muscles of facial expression(buccinator, auricularis, frontalis, platysma, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi), posterior belly of digastric , stylohyoid,

Third pharyngeal arch: stylopharyngeus

Fourth pharyngeal arch: cricothyroid, muscles of soft palate( levator veli palatini, palatopharyngeus except tensor veli palatini), intrinsic muscle of the pharynx constrictors(superior, middle and inferior constrictors)

Sixth pharyngeal arch: other intrinsic muscles of the larynx

Question 12

List the skeletal derivatives of each pharyngeal arch

Answer 12

First pharyngeal arch: malleus, incus

Second pharyngeal arch: Stapes, Styloid process, Lesser cornu of hyoid bone and upper body of hyoid bone

Third pharyngeal arch: greater Cornu of hyoid bone, lower body of the hyoid bone

Fourth pharyngeal arch: thyroid cartilage

Sixth pharyngeal arch:Cricoid cartilage, Arytenoid cartilage, Corniculate cartilage,
Cuneiform cartilage

Question 13

List the ligaments of each pharyngeal arch

Answer 13

First pharyngeal arch: Anterior ligament
of malleus, Sphenomandibular
ligament

Second pharyngeal arch: stylohyoid

Third pharyngeal arch: NIL
Fourth pharyngeal arch:NIL
Sixth pharyngeal arch:NIL

Question 14

During the — week, which pharyngeal arch enlarges and overgrows the —- and —- arches, forming an ectodermal depression

Answer 14

During the fifth week, the second pharyngeal arch enlarges and overgrows the third and fourth arches, forming an ectodermal depression

Question 15

The second pharyngeal arch (hyoid arch)
-os hyoid, (along with parts of the third and fourth arches)
During the fifth week, the second pharyngeal arch enlarges and overgrows the third and fourth arches, forming an ectodermal depression-the ———

Answer 15

Cervical sinus

Question 16

The second pharyngeal arch

2nd Aortic Arch -——artery, —— artery
2nd Pharyngeal Pouch. Forms—-

Answer 16

2nd Aortic Arch -Hyoid artery, Stapedial artery
2nd Pharyngeal Pouch
-Supratonsilar fossa –component of the palatine tonsils

Question 17

The third pharyngeal arch

3rd Aortic Arch –———artery
3rd Pharyngeal Pouch
Dorsal -forms——
Ventral -hollow and elongate –fuses ventro-medially to form the ——-

Answer 17

The third pharyngeal arch

3rd Aortic Arch –Internal Carotid artery
3rd Pharyngeal Pouch
Dorsal -Paired inferior parathyroid, fuses with thyroid gland (parathyroid hormone, Calcium regulation).
Ventral -hollow and elongate –fuses ventro-medially to form the bilobedthymus, secondarily moves posterior to become posterior to the thyroid gland (lymphocyte production, blood-thymic barrier).

Question 18

The fourth and the sixth pharyngeal arches

Cartilages fuse to form ——— cartilages, except for the ———.

–4th Aortic Arch –——- artery and
–4th Pharyngeal Pouch
–Dorsal -forms ———
–Ventral -forms———

Answer 18

e fourth and the sixth pharyngeal arches
Cartilages fuse to form laryngeal cartilages, except for the epiglottis.

–Muscles of the fourth arch (cricothyroid, levator palatini, and constrictors of the pharynx) are innervated by the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus, the nerve of the fourth arch.
–Intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus, the nerve of the sixth arch.

–4th Aortic Arch –Right Subclavian artery, Aorta
–4th Pharyngeal Pouch
–Dorsal -forms paired superiorparathyroids
–Ventral -PostbranchialBody (ultimobranchial body, calcitonin

Question 19

The cartilage of the epiglottis develops from ——— in the ——— eminence,( a prominence in the floor of the embryonic pharynx that is derived from the —— and —— pharyngeal arches)

Answer 19

The cartilage of the epiglottis develops from mesenchyme in the hypopharyngeal eminence, a prominence in the floor of the embryonic pharynx that is derived from the third and fourth pharyngeal arches

Question 20

The name of the cartilage of the second pharyngeal arch is called

Answer 20

Riechert’s cartilage

Question 21

How many well-defined pairs of pharyngeal pouches

Answer 21

4 well-defined pairs of pharyngeal pouches; the 5th pair is rudimentary or absent.

Question 22

A double-layered ———— separates the pharyngeal pouches from the pharyngeal grooves

Answer 22

A double-layered pharyngeal membranes separates the pharyngeal pouches from the pharyngeal groove

Question 23

The First Pharyngeal Pouch :
•Expands into an elongate——
•The distal part of this recess contacts the first pharyngeal —— - the formation of the ————.
•The cavity of the tubotympanic recess -——— and ———
•The connection of the tubotympanic recess with the pharynx gradually elongates - ———-

Answer 23

Expands into an elongate tubotympanic recess
•The distal part of this recess contacts the first pharyngeal groove- the formation of the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
•The cavity of the tubotympanic recess –tympanic cavity & antrum mastoid
•The connection of the tubotympanic recess with the pharynx gradually elongates - pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube).

Question 24

Second Pharyngeal Pouch
•largely obliterated as the
——— develops,

•part of the cavity of this pouch remains as the ———.

•The pouch endoderm forms the ———

•At approximately — weeks, the mesenchyme differentiates into ———

Answer 24

Second Pharyngeal Pouch
•largely obliterated as the
palatine tonsil develops,

•part of the cavity of this pouch remains as the tonsillar sinus or fossa.

•The pouch endoderm forms the surface epithelium and the lining of the tonsillar crypts.

•At approximately 20 weeks, the mesenchyme differentiates into lymphoid tissue

Question 25

Third Pharyngeal Pouch
•At — week, the epithelium of each dorsal part differentiate into an ———

•The epithelium of the ventral parts come together in the median plane to form the ———

•Each lobe has its own blood supply , lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply.

•Next : lose their connections
with the ———.

During the expansion of brain and associated structures rostrally, the pharynx and cardiac structures generally expand caudally, the derivatives of pharyngeal pouches — to — to become displaced caudally .
•Later , the parathyroid glands separate from the thymus and lie on the dorsal surface of the ———

Answer 25

Third Pharyngeal Pouch
•At 6th week, the epithelium of each dorsal part differentiate into an inferior parathyroid gland.

•The epithelium of the ventral parts come together in the median plane to form the thymus

•Each lobe has its own blood supply , lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply.

•Next : lose their connections
with the pharynx.

During the expansion of brain and associated structures rostrally, the pharynx and cardiac structures generally expand caudally, the derivatives of pharyngeal pouches two to four to become displaced caudally .
•Later , the parathyroid glands separate from the thymus and lie on the dorsal surface of the thyroid gland

Question 26

Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch
•At — week,
•each dorsal part: forms——, which lies on the dorsal surface of the ——.

•Ventral:forms ———, incorporated with thyroid, give rise to — cell (also called—— cells)

Answer 26

Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch
•At 6th week,
•each dorsal part: superior parathyroid gland, which lies on the dorsal surface of the thyroid gland.

•Ventral:ultimobranchial body, incorporated with thyroid, give rise to C cell (parafollicular cells)

Question 27

Pharyngeal pouch derivatives include

Answer 27

First pharyngeal pouch: tympanic( middle ear)cavity, auditory(eustachian) tube

Second pharyngeal pouch: palatine tonsils, tonsillar fossa

Third pharyngeal pouch: inferior parathyroid, thymus

Fourth pharyngeal pouch: superior parathyroid, ultimobranchial body( parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland)

Question 28

PHARYNGEAL GROOVES/cleft
•Visible on each side during the — and — weeks.
•Separate the pharyngeal arches (externally/internally?).
•Only one pair of grooves contributes to postnatal structures; the first pair persists as the ———.
•The other grooves lie in a slitlike depression-the ——— -and are normally obliterated along with the sinus as the neck.
•At the end of the — week, the —— to —— pharyngeal grooves and the cervical sinus have disappeared, giving the neck a ———

Answer 28

PHARYNGEAL GROOVES/cleft
•Visible on each side during the fourth and fifth weeks.
•Separate the pharyngeal arches externally .
•Only one pair of grooves contributes to postnatal structures; the first pair persists as the external acoustic meatus or ear canals.
•The other grooves lie in a slitlike depression-the cervical sinus-and are normally obliterated along with the sinus as the neck.
•At the end of the 7th week, the second to fourth pharyngeal grooves and the cervical sinus have disappeared, giving the neck a smooth contour

Question 29

PHARYNGEAL MEMBRANES
•As —— of the pharyngeal grooves.

•the epithelia of the —— and —— approach each other. The endoderm of the pouches and the ectoderm of the grooves are soon separated by ———.

•Only one pair of membranes contributes to the formation of adult structures; the how manyth pharyngeal membrane, along with the intervening layer of mesenchyme, becomes the —— membrane.

Answer 29

PHARYNGEAL MEMBRANES
•As floors of the pharyngeal grooves.

•the epithelia of the grooves and pouches approach each other. The endoderm of the pouches and the ectoderm of the grooves are soon separated by mesenchyme.

•Only one pair of membranes contributes to the formation of adult structures; the first pharyngeal membrane, along with the intervening layer of mesenchyme, becomes the tympanic membrane.

Question 30

Anomalies
Pharyngeal: Branchial cysts, sinus or fistula: opens on the ——-Persistence of the —— or ——

Piriform sinus fistula: canal is persistant that follows the migration of the postbranchial body from the —th pouch to the thyroid.

Answer 30

Anomalies Preauricular
fistulas
Pharyngeal: Branchial cysts, sinus or fistula: opens on the side of the neck Persistence of the pharyngeal
groove and/or pouch
ITI Sternocleidomastoid
muscle
Piriform sinus fistula: canal is persistant that follows the migration of the postbranchial
body from the 4th pouch to the thyroid.