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Ana 203 > Neurohistology > Flashcards

Neurohistology Flashcards

1
Q

The initial segment of the axon is the first ——— μm after the axon leaves the axon hillock

A

400 μm

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2
Q

ž———- is Bundle of axons in PNS

A

Nerve

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3
Q

Nerve
ž
ž
• ———: Loose CT around each axon
ž
•———: CT around a bundle of axons
ž
• ———: CT around a nerve

A

Nerve
žBundle of axons in PNS
žEndoneurium
• Loose CT around each axon
žPerineurium
• CT around a bundle of axons
žEpineurium
• CT around a nerve

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4
Q

Neuronal Cell Body
• also called———
• Variablesize
– ~— to —μm diameter

A

Neuronal Cell Body
• Soma/Perikaryon • Variablesize
– ~5-140 μm diameter

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5
Q

Do dendrites have Rough ER

A

Yes

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6
Q

The ———— is the
primary receiving site for
synaptic information.

A

Dendritic tree

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7
Q

The dendritic surface of many neurons has ————- which further increase the synaptic surface area.

A

Dendritic spines

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8
Q

Abundant neurotubules
and neurofilaments and
components of the rough
endoplasmic reticulum
(Nissl bodies) may extend
into the base of the ———.

A

Dendrite

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9
Q

———- is the Last site where membrane potentials propagated from synaptic inputs are summated before being transmitted to axon

A

Axon hillock

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10
Q

——— is a Barrier for lateral diffusion of transmembrane proteins & lipids embedded in plasma membrane

A

Axon hillock

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11
Q

Do axons have Nissl bodies

A

No

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12
Q

Classification of neuron based on Dendrite structure

A

Pyramidal
Stellate

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13
Q

Most neurons of brain & spinal cord are ——— type of neuron

A

Multipolar

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14
Q

Multipolar neurons are >—% of neurons

A

99

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15
Q

How many processes do the following have:
Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudounipolar

A

Multipolar- >2 processes
Bipolar- 2
Pseudounipolar- 1 process;quickly forms 2 processes

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16
Q

Which neurons are rare

A

Bipolar neuron

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17
Q

Anterograde transport of a vesicle along a microtubule is mediated by ———.

A

kinesin.

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18
Q

Retrograde transport of a vesicle along a microtubule is mediated by cytoplasmic ———.

A

dynein.

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19
Q

Pseudounipolar neuron are (sensory/motor?) neurons – located mainly in ————

A

Sensory neurons – located mainly in dorsal root ganglia

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20
Q

Classification based on Cell Body & Dendrites
-———-cells : Pyramid-shaped
-————- cells: —Star-shaped

—Cells can also be classified by whether the dendrites have spines or not
—Those that do are called —— Neurons —Those that don’t are called ———-
Neurons
—

A

Classification based on Cell Body & Dendrites
—Pyramidal cells —Pyramid-shaped
—Stellate cells —Star-shaped
—Cells can also be classified by whether the dendrites have spines or not
—Those that do are called Spiny Neurons —Those that don’t are called Aspinous
Neurons

21
Q

Classification based on Cell Body & Dendrites

———— cells are spiny, while ——- cells can be spiny or aspinous

A

Classification based on Cell Body &
—Pyramidal cells are spiny, while stellate cells can be spiny or aspinous

22
Q

Neuron Classification by Axon Length
—

A

Neuron Classification by Axon Length
—Golgi type I Neurons —Long axon

—Golgi type II Neurons —Have short axon
—

23
Q

Neuron Classification by Axon Length
—Golgi type I Neurons —Long axon include:

—Golgi type II Neurons —Have short axon
— Greatly outnumber type I
—Numerousin ——— &———
— Often (inhibitory/excitatory?) in function

A

Neuron Classification by Axon Length
—Golgi type I Neurons —Long axon:
— Pyramidal cells
— Purkinje cells
— Motor cells of spinal cord

—Golgi type II Neurons —Have short axon
— Greatly outnumber type I
—Numerousin cerebral&cerebellarcortex — Often inhibitory in function

24
Q

Classification of neurons By Axon Diameter

A

By Axon Diameter
1. Sensory afferents
-Size: largest -> smallest
-Aa,Ab,Ad,C
2. C: small, unmyelinated
-pain & temperature
3. Aa:
- Proprioceptors in muscle

25
Q

Neuron Classifications By Function

A

Neuron Classifications By Function
1. Sensory receptors in PNS

  1. Motor/efferent neurons
  2. Inter neurons/ association neurons
26
Q

Neuron Classifications By Function
1. Sensory receptors in PNS
-Send AP to ——
-———soma
-Located in ganglia in ——
2. Motor/efferent neurons
- ——— soma
-Soma in CNS
- Except ——
-Send AP to —— or ——
3. Inter neurons/ association neurons
-Located in ——
->—% of all neurons
-~ all ——— soma

A

Neuron Classifications By Function
1. Sensory receptors in PNS
-Send AP to CNS
-Pseudounipolar soma
-Located in ganglia in PNS
2. Motor/efferent neurons
- Multipolar
-Soma in CNS
- Except ANS
-Send AP to muscle or gland
3. Inter neurons/ association neurons
-Located in CNS
->99% of all neurons
-~ all multipolar
-Integration of information

27
Q

Types of Synapses

A

Synapses
Axodendritic synapses
Axosomatic synapses
Axoaxonic synapses

28
Q

Synaptic cleft ~— nm; shorter than — to — nm distance that separates cells at chemical synapse

A

Synaptic cleft ~3.5 nm; shorter than 20-40 nm distance that separates cells at chemical synapse

29
Q

CNS Neuroglia include

A

CNS Neuroglia
• Astrocytes
– Control [ion]
• Microglia
– Phagocytic
• Ependymal cells – Line ventricles
• Oligodendrocytes – Form myelin

30
Q

Astrocytes
——— -shaped
̈Bind neurons to ——— & ——-

A

Astrocytes
̈Star-shaped
̈Bind neurons to capillaries & pia mater

31
Q

——— is the Most abundant glial cells

A

Astrocytes

32
Q

Astrocytes functions:

A

Functions
1) Supportive
2) Insulating, particularly with regard to synapses
3) Electrolyte balance, particularly regarding K+ ions
4) pH balance of extracellular milieu
5) Sequestration of neurotransmitters
6) Communicate with capillary endothelial cells
7) Interactions with immune system

33
Q

Types of astrocytes

A

Fibrous astrocytes

Protoplasmic astrocytes

34
Q

Fibrous astrocytes
-prominent in ——- matter
-describe the processes:

Protoplasmic astrocytes
-prominent in —— matter
-describe the processes:

A

Fibrous astrocytes
-prominent in white matter
-fine, long, straight processes
Protoplasmic astrocytes
-prominent in gray matter
-wavy, thin, fluffy processes

35
Q

Ependyma
ž———-epithelial cells lining the ventricles of the brain & central canal of the spinal cord

A

Low columnar

36
Q

Myelin is —% lipid & —% protein & allows for efficient conduction of action potentials down the axon

A

Myelin is 80% lipid & 20% protein & allows for efficient conduction of action potentials down the axon

37
Q

Oligodendrocytes (II)
•Unlike ——— cells, form segments of myelin sheaths of numerous neurons at once

A

Oligodendrocytes (II)
•Unlike Schwann cells, form segments of myelin sheaths of numerous neurons at once

38
Q

SUPPORTING CELLS IN THE PNS

A

SUPPORTING CELLS IN THE PNS
• Satellite cells
• Located around nerve cell bodies in
ganglia
• Schwann cells / neurolemmocytes
• Form myelin around axon in PNS

39
Q

——— disease
-Neurons that produces dopamine in the substantia nigra begin to degenerate.

A

Parkinson’s

40
Q

In people with PD, ———- levels are lower in the brain, specifically in the substantia nigra.

A

, glutathione

41
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease
Autosomal recessive disease
Mutations in both alleles of a gene——-on chromosome —
HEX A codes for the alpha subunit of the enzyme ———- found in lysosomes
Juvenile: symptoms: —-
Chronic adult form, symptoms:

A

Tay-Sachs Disease
vAutosomal recessive disease
vMutations in both alleles of a gene (HEX A) on
chromosome 15
vHEX A codes for the alpha subunit of the enzyme beta- hexosaminidase found in lysosomes
vJuvenile: paralysis, dementia, blindness and early death (3 yrs)
vChronic adult form: neuron dysfunction and psychosis

42
Q

Shingles (Herpes Zoster) (I)
• Shingles is a disease caused by same virus that causes chickenpox called———. After chickenpox, virus remains dormant in —— neurons for life.
• The virus can become active again and cause ——- (unusual skin sensation, itching or a burning, tingling, or shooting pain).

A

Shingles (Herpes Zoster) (I)
• Shingles is a disease caused by same virus that causes chickenpox (varicella zoster). After chickenpox, virus remains dormant in DRG neurons for life.
• The virus can become active again and cause shingles (unusual skin sensation, itching or a burning, tingling, or shooting pain).

43
Q

Some researchers believe that ——— is the prime candidate for the location of neural stem cells.

A

ependyma .

44
Q

Neurogenesis predominantly occurs in the ——— and ——— zones of the brain.

A

Neurogenesis predominantly occurs in the subventricular and subgranular zones of the brain.

45
Q

Multiple sclerosis occurs more in women than in male T or F

A

T

46
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (II)
Two characteristic microscopic features are:

A

Two characteristic microscopic features are: (1) infiltration of inflammatory cells (T cells and macrophages) inside and around multiple sclerosis plaques; (2) plaques of astrocytic aggregates.

47
Q

Multiple sclerosis
— and — cells, recruited to multiple sclerosis lesions, secrete ———

A

CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, recruited to multiple sclerosis lesions, secrete cytokines (interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-o, and interferon-y).

48
Q

Multiple sclerosis
T cells secrete ——- which binds to ——- on which glial neuron to induce their programmed cell death.

A

T cells secrete Fas ligand which binds to Fas receptor on oligodendrocytes to induce their programmed cell death.

49
Q

Leukodystrophy
They may be inherited in a ———-, ———, or ———manner, depending on the type of leukodystrophy.

A

They may be inherited in a recessive, dominant, or X-linked manner, depending on the type of leukodystrophy.

Ana 203 (27 decks)

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