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Anatomy 2 > Pharyngeal App > Flashcards

Pharyngeal App Flashcards

1
Q

Facial development occurs

A

simultaneously with mouth.

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2
Q

Week 4

A

Pharyngeal arches appear

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3
Q

Pharyngeal arches appear as pairs of

A

bulges overlying the head & neck regions due to migration of neural crest cells.

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4
Q

The pharyngeal apparatus is made of 4 components

A

arches and grooves/clefts externally, membranes and pouches internally

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5
Q

Components of pharyngeal apparatus give rise to structures of the

A

face, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and neck

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6
Q

Origin of the mesenchyme of the face and pharynx:

A

neural crest cells (for the skeletal elements)
•paraxial mesoderm (for striated muscle, dermis, endothelium of blood vessels, vertebrae)
• specifically, the paraxial mesoderm of the occipital somites to the tongue

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7
Q

Cranial region is the 1st part of the

A

neural plate to differentiate in the trilaminar embryo – beginning at 18 days – prior to 1st somite.

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8
Q

Mesenchyme

A

tissue made up of non-epithelial cells, no obvious polarity separated by extracellular matrix

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9
Q

What is the significance of the fact that neural crest cells provide the mesenchyme for the skeletal elements of the face?

A

Neural crest cells migrate and differentiate. Through such differentiation they make a major contribution to the development of the face and ear, and abnormalities are associated with abnormal neural crest cell migration.

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10
Q

Neural crest cells also provide the

A

mesenchymal components of the salivary, thyroid, parathyroid and thymus glands and type 1 cells of the carotid body, corneal epithelium of the eye and contributions to the developing heart (mesenchyme of the truncus arteriosus, cons cordis and endocardial cushions. May explain why congenital abnormalities of the face are sometimes associated with congenital heart defects.)

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11
Q

Pharyngeal app

A

Pharyngeal arches

Branchial arches

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12
Q

Exterior is

A

ectoderm. All groves and clefts – ectoderm.

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13
Q

Arch 5

A

does not give rise to any structures and regress rapidly

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14
Q

Arch 6

A

associated with aortic arch, proximal segments of pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus, intrinsic laryngeal muscles, skeletal m. of the esophagus, and laryngeal cartilages (this is together with arch 4 components.)

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15
Q

Consider 4 and 6 together

A

same innervation.

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16
Q

Frontonasal process

A

main process for facial development

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17
Q

Pharyngeal arches

A

also called branchial or visceral arches)

•condensations of mesenchyme in the anterior pharynx

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18
Q

Pharyngeal arches are comprised of a

A

layer of mesenchyme between 2 epithelia: surface ectoderm & pharyngeal endoderm

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19
Q

2 epithelia

A

surface ectoderm & pharyngeal endoderm

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20
Q

Pharyngeal clefts

A

depressions between the arches lined with ectoderm
•on the exterior of the pharynx
pharyngeal cleft – not = to clinical clefts which are actually a result of the failure of developing prominences to close or fuse properly

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21
Q

Pharyngeal pouches

A

outpouchings between the arches lined with endoderm
•on the interior of the pharynx
Pharynx derived structures include: face, palate, tongue, thyroid gland, pharynx, larynx, and external & middle ear components

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22
Q

mesoderm

A

derived from neural crest

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23
Q

Pouch and clefts come together with little to no tissue between them

A

membranes

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24
Q

The pharyngeal apparatus is made of 4 components

A

arches and grooves/clefts externally, membranes and pouches internally.
Each arch has an artery, nerve, cartilage, and muscle component.

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25
Q

Two distinct prominence of first arch

A

Maxillary prominance is top one.

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26
Q

Pouch lined with

A

endoderm

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27
Q

Each arch is lined externally by

A

ectoderm, internally by endoderm, and has a core of mesenchyme.

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28
Q

Within each arch:

A

Artery

  • Cranial n.
  • Muscle
  • Cartilage
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29
Q

1 CN to each

A

arch

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30
Q

Cartilage from 1st arch forms a

A

maxillary process and a mandibular process

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31
Q

Maxillary process:

A

Maxillary bones (including inferior nasal conchae)

  • Zygomatic bones
  • Vomer
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32
Q

Mandibular process:

A
  • Mandible
  • Squamous portion of temporal bone

These are the cartilagenous components of first arch (and prior slide)

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33
Q

Mandibular process contains “

A

Meckel’s cartilage”. Dorsal portions of cartilage break off to form:
-Malleus
-Incus
(arch 1 is close to ear)

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34
Q

Perichondrium from middle portion of Meckel’s cartilage persists as:

A

Anterior ligament of malleus

-Sphenomandibular ligament

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35
Q

Meckel’s cartilage degenerates except for the

A

dorsal portion, which forms the malleus, incus, and two ligaments.

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36
Q

Meckel cartilage

A

correlates to rough location of mandibular canal. Inner ear, sphenomandibular lig also associated with first arch (maleus and incus).

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37
Q

Portion of 2nd arch cartilage

A

Reichert’s cartilage”, is close to developing ear.

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38
Q

Reichert’s cartilage Forms

A

Stapes 3rd ossicle

Styloid process

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39
Q

Perichondrium from middle portion of Reichert’s cartilage persists as:

A

Stylohyoid ligament

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40
Q

Ventral portion of 2nd arch cartilage becomes

A

Lesser cornu (horn) of hyoid bone + upper body of hyoid bone

41
Q

3rd arch

cartilage

A

The rest of the hyoid bone (greater cornu (horn) + lower body)

42
Q

4th & 6th arch

cartilage

A

The cartilage of the epiglottis is derived from mesenchyme within the hypopharyngeal eminence (an elevation that develops on the floor of the pharynx of arch 3 + 4 levels).

43
Q

1st Arch Muscle

A

Muscles of mastication
(temporalis, masseter, lateral & medial pterygoid mm.)

Mylohyoid m.

Anterior belly of digastric m.

“Two tiny tensors”: tensor tympani & tensor veli palatini mm.

All innervated by CN5

44
Q

2nd Arch Muscle

A

Muscles of facial expression

Stapedius m.

Posterior belly of digastric m.

Stylohyoid m.

CN7

45
Q

Stapedius

A

middle ear muscle.

46
Q

3rd Arch Muscle

A

Stylopharyngeus m.

CN IX

47
Q

4th Arch Muscle

A

Pharyngeal constrictor mm.

Levator veli palatini m.

Cricothyroid m.

CNX

48
Q

Pharyngeal constrictor mm.

Levator veli palatini m.

A

soft pallet muscles

49
Q

Cricothyroid associated with

A

larynx

50
Q

6th Arch Muscle

A

Intrinsic mm. of the larynx

51
Q

Arch 1: CN V: Trigeminal n.

A

(V2 + V3 divisions = max and mandibular divisions)

52
Q

superior laryngeal branch of vagus

A

nerve to 4th arch

53
Q

recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus

A

nerve to 6th arch

54
Q

Pharyngeal Pouches

A

4 pairs of pouches, lined by endoderm

55
Q

Where endoderm of pouches meets

A

ectoderm invagination of grooves/clefts we form a two-layered pharyngeal membrane (red arrows)

56
Q

A 5th pair of pharyngeal pouches will be

A

rudimentary if present

57
Q

Pouch 1 Derivatives - middle portion

A

becomes tympanic cavity (middle ear cavity) + mastoid antrum (opening into mastoid air cells

58
Q

Connection between the tubotympanic recess & pharynx will elongate to form - Pouch 1

A

the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube (connects pharynx and middle ear))

59
Q

pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube)

A

a connection between the middle ear cavity and the pharynx

Extends as the tubotympanic recess

60
Q

Middle portion of tubotympanic recess

A

becomes tympanic cavity (middle ear cavity) + mastoid antrum (opening into mastoid air cels)

61
Q

The connection between the tubotympanic recess & pharynx will elongate to form the

A

pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube)

62
Q

Pouch 3 Derivatives - Dorsal buds

A

Inferior parathyroid glands

63
Q

Ventral buds - pouch 3

A

fuse together at midline, forming thymus

64
Q

The thymus and parathyroid glands will separate

A

caudally from the pharynx. Move quite a bit

65
Q

The third pouch develops into a

A

dorsal and a ventral portion.

66
Q

The dorsal portion of the third pharyngeal pouch differentiates into the

A

inferior parathyroid glands.

67
Q

The ventral portion of the third pharyngeal pouch differentiates into the

A

thymus gland

68
Q

Pouch 4 DerivativesDorsal buds

A

Superior parathyroid glands

69
Q

Ventral buds - pouch 4

A

Ultimopharyngeal body = elongated portion of each ventral bud that will fuse with thyroid gland. Cells w/in bodies will become parafollicular cells (“C cells”) that produce calcitonin to regulate levels of calcium in the blood.

70
Q

Ultimopharyngeal body

A

elongated portion of each ventral bud that will fuse with thyroid gland. Cells w/in bodies will become parafollicular cells (“C cells”) that produce calcitonin to regulate levels of calcium in the blood.

71
Q

1st pouch

A

1st: middle ear, pharyngotympanic tube, tympanic membrane (endoderm)

72
Q

2nd pouch

A

2nd: palatine tonsils

73
Q

3rd pouch

A

3rd: inferior parathyroid glands, thymus

74
Q

4th pouch

A

4th: superior parathyroid glands, ultimopharyngeal body, parafollicular “C cells” of thryoid galnd that produce calcitonin. These cells interdigitate throughout thyroid

75
Q

The first pharyngeal groove/cleft is the only groove to contribute to a

A

postnatal structure, the external acoustic meatus. As well as contribue to external surface of tympanic membrane.

76
Q

2nd-4th Pharyngeal Grooves/Clefts

A

During week 5, arch 2 begins to overgrow arches 3 + 4

Grooves 2-4 unite to form a depression or small pocket: the cervical sinus

77
Q

2nd arch overgrows, creates

A

cervical sinus. This will be absorbed. Abnormality = it stays (cervical cyst).

Fistula can also form

78
Q

Cervical (Branchial) Cyst

A

Remnants of a cervical sinus/vesicle or 2nd groove can form a fluid-filled cyst in the neck

Often develops just below the angle of the mandible

79
Q

Cervical vesicle normally

A

resorbed

80
Q

thyroid gland

A

The first endocrine gland to develop in the embryo

Develops as a ventral thickening & outpocketing of endoderm between arches 1 & 2 and descends below the hyoid bone + laryngeal cartilages as embryo grows

For a short time, the thyroid gland and tongue are connected by a narrow tube, the thyroglossal duct

81
Q

The thyroglossal duct will obliterate, but a small depression in the tongue remains as the

A

foramen cecum where the connection was

82
Q

3rd pouch

Dorsal buds

A

Inferior parathyroid glands

83
Q

Ventral buds

A

fuse together at midline, forming thymus

84
Q

4th pouch

A

Dorsal buds: Superior parathyroid glands

Develops from foramen secum in tongue

85
Q

foramen cecum

A

This will invaginate through tongue to form thyroglossal duct. Gland will continue to migrate to a position anterior to hyoid bone.This duct is normally resorbed.

If no resorption, you can have cysts along pathway.

86
Q

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

A

result from imperfect closure of the thyroglossal duct
midline
may move with the tongue during swallowing

Without pouch or cleft, likelihood of cysts decreases.

87
Q

Tongue

A

A median lingual swelling and 2 lateral lingual swellings develop at level of 1st arch- CN5

88
Q

Lateral lingual swellings grow, approach midline

A

& fuse, overgrowing median lingual swelling and forming anterior 2/3 of tongue

89
Q

The tongue begins to develop towards the end of the

A

4th week

90
Q

Tongue develops from…

A

Ddevelops from floor of pharyngeal apparatus with contributions from all arches. Thus, innervation of tongue is complicated

91
Q

Posterior 1/3 of tongue forms from

A

elevations in the floor of the pharynx:
-Copula (2nd arch level)
-Hypopharyngeal eminence
(3rd + 4th arch level)

92
Q

Hypopharyngeal eminence overgrows

A

the copula, forming the posterior 1/3 of tongue

93
Q

Terminal sulcus

A

V-shaped line separating anterior 2/3 from posterior 1/3. Foramen cecum = midline for this.

94
Q

Copula

A

Copula disappears in bottom right, as it gets incorporated. CN7

95
Q

Anterior 2/3: from 1st arch –

A 
CN V3 (general sensory)  
   CN VII (chorda tympani) (taste)
96
Q

Posterior 1/3: mostly from 3rd arch -

A

CN IX (general sensory + taste)

97
Q

Epiglottis: 4th arch -

A

CN X (general sensory + taste)

98
Q

Motor innervation to tongue mm

A

supplied by CN XII

Anatomy 2 (15 decks)

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