Neuro 1

Question 1

Nerve cell bodies

Answer 1

Nucleus, ganglion

Question 2

Axons in the central nervous system

Answer 2

Tract
Lemniscus
Peduncle
All bundles of white fibers and axons going in one direction or the other.
Axons in the peripheral nervous system: nerve

Question 3

Sagittal plane

Answer 3

midline

Question 4

Parasagittal plane

Answer 4

parallel to midline

Question 5

Coronal/frontal

Answer 5

parallel to long axis of body

Question 6

Transverse/ horizontal

Answer 6

perpendicular long axis of body

Question 7

Monoamines

Answer 7

reticular formation of brainstem. Very excitatory and important clinically.

Acetylcholine – either or.

Question 8

Neuropeptides

Answer 8

more of a modulatory function. Can make downstream neuron more or less sensitive

Question 9

Substance P

Answer 9

prominent in spinal cord (pain)

Question 10

Ridges

Answer 10

Gyri

Question 11

Grooves

Answer 11

Sulci - deep = fissure

Question 12

Postcentral gyrus parietal lobe

Answer 12

is primary somatosensory cortex, concerned with initial processing of tactile and proprioceptive information

Inferior parietal lobule of one hemisphere (typically left) involved with language comprehension, part of Wernike’s area
Rest of parietal cortex: complex aspects of spatial orientation and directing attention – finding car in parking lot.

Question 13

Primary auditory cortex Temporal lobe

Answer 13

superior surface of temporal lobe, part of superior temporal gyrus

Question 14

medial temporal lobe

Answer 14

Learning & memory

other; Language comprehension, part of Wernike’s area in posterior aspect of one hemisphere (usually left)
Higher order visual processing- much of temporal lobe

Question 15

Primary visual cortex

Answer 15

in banks of calcarine sulcus and a bit of surrounding cortex

Rest of lobe consists of visual association cortex, involved in higher order visual processing
Some visual association areas extend into temporal lobe

Question 16

Insula

Answer 16

Some taste and vestibular function, but not well understood.

Question 17

The Thalamus

Answer 17

Ovoid gray matter mass consists of multiple nuclei

Question 18

Massa intermedia or interthalamic adhesion

Answer 18

area of thalamic fusion across midline (not seen in all brains)

Question 19

Thalamic functions

Answer 19

Significantly important in most CNS functions
No sensory information except olfaction reaches the cerebral cortex without a stop in the thalamus
Involved in motor system neural circuits, which are loops that involve the cerebellum and basal ganglia
Limbic system projections to cortex also stop in thalamus first

Question 20

Infundibular stalk

Answer 20

connects hypothalamus with pituitary

Question 21

Hypothalamus

Answer 21

Major visceral control center also has limbic functions
Inferior surface visible on base of the brain
Mammillary bodies

Very important, because it can control pituitary gland. Controls autonomic nervous system.

Question 22

Caudate, putamen & globus pallidus

Answer 22

involved in movement control

Question 23

Olfactory nerve

Answer 23

Olfactory nerve consists of a bundle of axons that terminate in olfactory bulb at anterior end of olfactory tract

Right to cortex – dodges the thalamus.

Question 24

Optic nerve

Answer 24

Join to form optic chiasm where half of the fibers cross the midline giving rise to the optic tract
Optic tract ends in thalamus
Embryologically part of diencephalon so part of CNS, not PNS

Question 25

Oculomotor

Answer 25

emerges from interpeduncular fossa

Question 26

Trochlear

Answer 26

emerges from dorsal aspect of brainstem, the only one to do so All others come ventrally.

Question 27

Vestibulocochlear

Answer 27

Emerges from cerebellopontine angle

Question 28

Accessory

Answer 28

Emerges from upper cervical spinal cord, ascends into skull then reverses and goes back into neck

Question 29

Gyri

Answer 29

folia. Has vestibular functions (fleca lobular lobe). | Lateral = complex motor functions in humans

Question 30

Septum pelucidum

Answer 30

separates lateral ventricles

Question 31

CSF flow

Answer 31

CSF is formed by choroid plexus in the lateral (and 4th and 3rd) ventricles. From the atrium, lateral and (less so) third ventricles CSF flows down the cerebral aqueduct (in the midbrain) to 4th ventricle and out the median (foramen of Magendie) and lateral (Luschka) apertures (one lateral aperture on each side) down the brainstem and spinal cord or around the brain surface to the arachnoid granulations and into the superior sagittal sinus.

Question 32

Arachnoid villi

Answer 32

Major sites of CSF reabsorption into the venous system CSF > venous pressure, bulk flow, but exact mechanism unknown Goes right into superior sagital sinus to venous system.

Question 33

Falx cerebri

Answer 33

between cerebral hemispheres

Question 34

tentorial notch or incisure

Answer 34

Space in tentorium were brainstem passes thru

Question 35

Supratentorial

Answer 35

cerebrum

Question 36

Infratentorial space

Answer 36

cerebellum & brainstem a.k.a posterior fossa structures

Question 37

Tentorium cerebelli

Answer 37

b/w cerebrum & cerebellum

Question 38

Epidural tear

Answer 38

due to tear of meningeal arteries so blood between skull & dura

Question 39

subdural tear

Answer 39

Subdural due to tear of bridging veins so blood in inner most dural layer, near dura-arachnoid interface

Question 40

Superior sagittal sinus (SSS)

Answer 40

The superior sagittal sinus is located at the site where the falx cerebri attaches to the dura overlying the cerebral convexities. Blood flows posteriorly to the confluence.

Question 41

Falx cerebelli (FC)

Answer 41

This is a small structure that partially separates the two cerebellar hemispheres.

Question 42

Transverse sinus (TS)

Answer 42

The transverse sinuses are paired structures located at the line of attachment of the tentorium to the dura covering the brain surface.

Question 43

Confluence of sinuses (CS)

Answer 43

The location of the confluence could be seen on the previous slide, but here is it more readily apparent and you can see how the transverse and superior sagittal sinus drain into it. Where sinuses meet.

Question 44

Superficial & deep venous systems

Answer 44

Superficial: on cerebral surface, most empty into superior sagittal sinus Deep: drain internal structures, empties into straight sinus

Question 45

Anterior cerebral artery

Answer 45

Runs medially and enters longitudinal fissure then it arches posteriorly and follows corpus callosum Supplies medial parts of frontal and parietal lobes, note some branches extend over the dorsolateral surface

Question 46

Middle Cerebral Artery

Answer 46

Runs laterally into lateral sulcus, divides into many branches Supplies most of lateral cerebral hemispheres

Question 47

SCA

Answer 47

supplies superior cerebellum, caudal midbrain and rostral pons

Question 48

AICA

Answer 48

supplies anterior portions of the inferior surface of cerebellum (flocculus) and caudal pons

Question 49

Posterior cerebral artery

Answer 49

Branches supply medial & inferior surfaces of temporal and occipital lobes Branches also go to rostral midbrain and posterior diencephalon