Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 2 > Neuro 3 > Flashcards

Neuro 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Integrative functions

A

complex motor patterns, cardiorespiratory control, reflexes

Reticular formation, central core in brainstem – can’t see this in standard sections/preps. “in between” tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

corticospinal tract

A

(motor – brain telling muscle what to do). Forms “pyramids” on anterior surface of medulla.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

medial lemniscus

A

part of pathway that carries info from posterior columns – vibration, discriminative touch. Proprioception, 2 point tactile.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

temp and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tegmentum - brainstem

A

Tissue anterior to ventricle -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tectum (“roof”)

A

Tissue posterior to ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pyramidal decussation

A

interrupts anterior median fissure, at junction of brainstem and spinal cord. Contains corticospinal tract, motor fibers from cerebral cortex on their way to the spinal cord. Note pyramid bounded by anterolateral sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Olive

A

has lots of cerebellum connectivity. You find hypoglossal nerve root emerge near this

Bulge created by inferior olivary nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pyramidal decussation

A

interrupts anterior median fissure, at junction of brainstem and spinal cord. Contains corticospinal tract, motor fibers from cerebral cortex on their way to the spinal cord. Note pyramid bounded by anterolateral sulcus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Basal pons (BP)

A

Large bulge on anterior surface of brainstem. Site of many neurons that receive axons from cerebral cortex, the pontine neurons then send an axon across the midline of the pons (so-called crossing fibers) that collect laterally forming the middle cerebellar peduncle. )This is part of the cerebropontocerebellar pathway; more to come).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP)

A

Major cerebellar input pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Trigeminal nerve (V)

A

Enters at midpontine level thru middle cerebellar peduncle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Abducens nerve (VI)

A

Exits brainstem at the pontomedullary junction near midline, near edge of pyramid as it emerges from the pons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Facial nerve (VII)

A

Exits lateral the abducens at the pontomedullary junction. Has two parts: motor root that is larger and more medial than the sensory root. Sometimes the sensory root is known as the intermediate nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

A

Exits lateral the facial nerve at the pontomedullary junction. Has two parts: a medially situated vestibular division and a more laterally situated cochlear division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum):

A

Forms much of the roof of the fourth ventricle. It emerges from the cerebellum (it is mostly a cerebellar out flow pathway) and moves towards the midline entering the brainstem near the junction of the pons and midbrain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lateral lemniscus

A

Band of fibers that covers the superior cerebellar peduncle in the rostral pons that is part of the ascending auditory pathway which terminates in the inferior colliculus, a midbrain structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inferior brachium in inferior caliculus

A

auditory pathway. Goes to thalamus - midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

Large bundle of white matter at the base of the midbrain. It contains tightly packed fibers from the cerebral cortex on their way to the brainstem and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Oculomotor nerve (III)

A

Lower motor neurons for extraocular muscles and contains preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that control pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscles. Nucleus is located in rostral midbrain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Trochlear nerve

A

: Found in caudal midbrain. The nerve leaves the dorsal aspect of the brainstem (the only one that does this) just below the inferior colliculus. Innervates the superior oblique muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Caudal (closed) medulla

A

Note at this rather caudal level the medulla (taken at the spinomedullary junction) is not all that different in appearance from the spinal cord and part of the anterior horn (AH) is present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

nucleus gracilis (NG) and nucleus cuneatus

A

collectively referred to as posterior column nuclei) Part of dorsal columns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Inferior olivary nucleus (IO):

A

This nucleus makes the bump we call the olive on the external surface of the medulla. Fibers leave the hilum of the inferior olivary nucleus and cross the midline to reach the inferior cerebellar peduncle; these are the internal arcuate fibers.

Rostral medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP

A

Appears and will become larger at rostral levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Caudal medulla

A

Central canal
Gracile and cuneate nuclei & tracts
Pyramidal decussation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Rostral medulla

A 
Fourth ventricle
Inferior olivary nuclei (in olive)
XII, nucleus
Pyramids
Medial lemniscus (feet down) – carries info from posterior columns of spinal cord.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Caudal pons is attached to the cerebellum by the

A

middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Central tegmental tract (CTT)

A

This is a rather heterogeneous tract that serves as a path for fibers going to and leaving the reticular formation as well as some other fiber types such as a major projection from the red nucleus to the inferior olivary nucleus. More to come on the CTT in future lectures.

30
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

turns into pyramids in medulla.

31
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP)

A

present in the rostral pons at this level. The SCP is the major cerebellar outflow tract and it (mostly) projects to the thalamus and the red nucleus in the midbrain.

32
Q

Caudal pons

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle: mostly within cerebellum at this level
Middle cerebellar peduncle attaches pons to cerebellum
Medial lemniscus: horizontal with feet lateral (compare to rostral medulla)
Fourth ventricle present

33
Q

rostral pons

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle
Medial lemniscus: horizontal with feet lateral, approaches spinothalamic tract
Small ventricular space: at opening of aqueduct

34
Q

periaqueductal gray matter

A

Around the aqueduct is the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). The PAG is very important in descending pain control to be discussed later.

35
Q

SCP - caudal midbrain

A

superior cerebellar peduncles enter the midbrain and decussate (DSCP). Cross and dive into midbrain, make a V/X.

36
Q

Substantia nigra - rostral midgbrain

A

nucleus that contains neurons that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter and heavily innervate the putamen and caudate of the cerebrum. Neuronal loss results in Parkinson’s disease. Important motor functions.

37
Q

Caudal midbrain

A

Inferior colliculus
IV
Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle

38
Q

Rostral midbrain

A

Superior colliculus
III
Red nucleus
Substantia nigra (most of it)

39
Q

sulcus limitans

A

separates motor and sensory nuclei in the spinal cord and in the brainstem as well.

40
Q

Somatic motors hug

A

midline. Hypoglossal nerve in rostral medulla hugs midline as well.

41
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Central core of the brainstem
Extends into the cerebrum as the hypothalamus
Important in the regulation of:
Posture
Some stereotypic motor behaviors
Regulating internal environment (blood pH, Co2, Respiration rate)
Pain regulation (opiates function in part here)
Sleep and wakefulness
Emotional tone

42
Q

Reticular formation zones

A

Composed of many subnuclei or zones.

Raphe zone
Paramedian zone
Lateral zone biggest, extends out through brainstem

43
Q

Raphe nuclei (“seam”)

A

immediately adjacent sagittal plane. Serotonergic neurons located here (seratonin)

44
Q

Medial zone

A

alongside raphe, mixture of large and small neurons, source of most ascending and descending projections. Ex. Reticulospinal tract helps in motor function

45
Q

Lateral zone

A

prominent in rostral medulla and caudal pons, primary involved in cranial nerve reflexes and visceral functions (heart rate, respiration rate, BP control..)

46
Q

RF and movement control

A

Two reticulospinal tracts:
Medial: pons; ipsilateral, descends near MLF & in anterior funiculus
Lateral: medulla, descend bilaterally, in lateral funiculus

47
Q

Reticular Formation & Movement

A

Major alternative to corticospinal tract (cerebral cortex voluntary primary way) in regulating spinal motor neurons
Influences spinal motor neurons directly
Regulates spinal reflexes
So that only noxious stimuli evoke a reflex
Reticulospinal tract neurons receive input from many areas including cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, substantia nigra, etc

48
Q

RF contains

A

basic neural machinery for some complex patterned movements
Section brainstem-diencephalon junction in cat and it still walks

Arm swing. Responsible for more rhythmic walking movements. Not so much sophisticated movements. Having these pattern movements be so mechanistic is nice. There is symmetry if the pattern is established. If you severe a cats diencephalon from the brainstem, it can still kind of walk because of this.

49
Q

Gaze centers

A

Midbrain vertical gaze center

Pontine horizontal gaze center

50
Q

Supratrigeminal nucleus (pons)

A

Node that helps motor nucleus regulate chewing.

51
Q

Peripheral causes theory

- bruxism

A

Malocclusion results in premature and one-sided contact.
Jaw movements continue in an attempt to reach the resting position.
This theory is based on clinical observation and experience with treatment

52
Q

Central causes theory

A

Sleep-related dysfunctions cause bruxism

Input to supratrigeminal nucleus may be from basal ganglia, lateral hypothalamus, and central nucleus of the amygdala

53
Q

RF is key to

A

modulating pain. Periaqueductal gray is central to one well described pain suppression system

54
Q

PAG receives pain info from

A

spinomesencephalic fibers

55
Q

Nucleus raphe magnus

A

big cells, send axons to posterior horn, receive axons from midbrain.

56
Q

RF in Arousal and Consciousness

A

RF projections to thalamus and cortex
Midbrain and pons RF get input from multiple sensory modalities (e.g. pain; spinoreticular fibers – ascending, mostly pain)
Project to thalamic intralaminar nuclei, which project diffusely to cortex, seem to activate it, end at different parts of cortex.
Heightens arousal in response to sensory stimuli or tasks that demand attention

57
Q

Norepinephrine in

A

locus ceruleus mainly

58
Q

Substantia nigra - loaded with

A

dopamine neurons

59
Q

Medial – ventral tegmental areas loaded wth

A

dopanergic neurons

60
Q

Medulla NE

A

Solitary nucleus
Memory enhancement
Ventrolateral medulla
Pain regulation (to spinal cord)

61
Q

Rostral pons NE

A 
Locus ceruleus (blue spot)
Cortex (arousal) vigilance & attention 
Active in attentive situations
Moderate while awake
Low activity during sleep
62
Q

Noradrenergic Projections

A

Innervates practically the entire CNS; heavy projections to somatosensory cortex

63
Q

Locus Ceruleus

A

Norepinephrine released in the cortex from the Locus ceruleus:
Respond to novel environmental stimuli
Stimulation produces:
increased state of arousal
feeling of anticipation
Facilitates attention to selected stimuli
Norepinephrine released in the trigeminal spinal nucleus (pain to face) and spinal cord:
From ventrolateral medulla
Suppresses incoming pain signals

64
Q

Dopaminergic neurons in midbrain

A 
Substantia nigra (Putamen & Caudate)
Ventral tegmental area (Limbic system)
65
Q

Dopaminergic neurons in midbrain

A

Substantia nigra (Putamen & Caudate)
Nigrostriatal, motor activity
Parkinson disease
Ventral tegmental area (Limbic system)
Mesocortical fibers
Organized thinking & planning; heavy projections to frontal cortex
Mesolimbic fibers (Nucleus accumbens, amygdala)
Emotional reward, sense of reward
Drug dependency

66
Q

Dopaminergic Projections

A

Uses medial forebrain to send signals all over.

67
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area associated with

A

schizophrenia

68
Q

Serotonergic neurons located at

A

much all brainstem levels in raphe

69
Q

Raphe nuclei

serotonergic neurons

A

Midbrain raphe nuclei to all regions of cortex
Attention: inhibition of distracting stimuli
Hypothalamus: day-night cycle
Medullary raphe nuclei to spinal cord (pain suppression)
Nucleus raphe magnus
Clinical depression
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) – increase seratonin levels in brain.

70
Q

Low levels of serotonin

A

High carbohydrate consumption

Binge eating

71
Q

High levels of serotonin

A

Compulsive behavior and anorexia nervosa

72
Q

Drugs that increase the level of serotonin are used to treat:

A

Depression

Anxiety

Anatomy 2 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions