Pharmacology Terminology Flashcards
What are biological drug targets?
Transporter, receptor, enzyme
Define receptor
Macromolecule in the membrane or inside the cell that specifically bind a ligand
The binding of a drug to a receptor depends on what?
Types of chemical bounds between drug and receptor
What determines the degree of affinity of ligand to receptor?
The strength of the chemical bonds
Define agonist
Produce the biological response as a result of receptor-ligand interactions
Define antagonist
Do not provoke any biological activity
Define allosteric modulators
A drug that binds to a receptor at a site distinct from the active site
A conformational change is induced in the receptor, altering the affinity of the receptor for the endogenous ligand
Define non-specific binding
Refers to an occurrence of a drug or an antibody binding to unintended proteins, receptors, or transporters
Define desensitization
A loss of responsiveness which may be due to the continued presence of an agonist at a receptor or repeated presentation of the agonist
Define dose
The quantity of drug, or dosage form, administered to a subject at a given time
What are the two terms that the dose may be described as?
Absolute dose → the total amount administered to a subject
Relative dose → relative to some property of the subject as body weight or surface area
Define dose response curve
The relationship between the compound dose plotted on the x-axis and the effect on the biological function plotted on the y-axis
Define EC50
The molar concentration of an agonist that produces a 50% response of the maximum possible response for that agonist
Define IC50
Molar concentration of an antagonist that causes 50% of the maximum possible inhibition
Define efficacy
Used to describe agonist responses in relation to receptor occupation
Define adverse effect
Unwanted effects, and other adverse effects can occur during a drug trial and are not necessary related to the drug
Define adverse drug reaction
Adverse drug reactions are all undesirable effects of drugs. There are two types: type a-side effects and type b-side effects
Define type A-side effects
Predictable based on the drugs mechanism of action and is dose-concentration dependent. This type is the most common, accounting for about 80% of all adverse events
Define type B-side effects
Usually unpredictable and not related to the drug’s mechanism of action or clearly dose-dependent
Define pharmacologic classification
Mechanism of action of the drug on molecular level.
Define pharmacologic effect
The physiologic change induced by the drug
Define placebo
Fake treatment, the medication without active ingredient
What are synonyms of placebo?
Dummy, inactive medicine, sugar pill, control
Define narcotic
Formerly an agent capable of producing coma or stupor
Now any drug which produces analgesia and is capable of producing stupor and addiction
What is narcotic associated with?
Opiates and opioids, commonly morphine and herein
What is opium obtained from?
Obtained as the dried milky juice of the seed pods of the opium poppy
Why are narcotics limited?
They have addictive properties, detrimental effects, can be abused
Define sedative-hypnotic
A drug that produces a state clinically identical to sleep by means of action in the CNS
Define sedative
At lower doses, causes CNS depression to reduce irritability and excitement, the drug serve to calm or relieve anxiety
Define hypnotic
At higher doses, main purpose is to initiate, sustain, or lengthen sleep
What are synonyms of sedative-hypnotic?
Tranquilizer, depressant, antipsychotic, anxiolytic
What is antipsychotic/ antimanic
Psychosis, these agents include calm indifference without loss of consciousness
Define analgesic
Drug that reduces the sense of pain without loss of consciousness
Define anesthetic
Drug that causes loss of sensation and consciousness
Define antiemetic and antivertigo
Medications aimed at preventing or treating nausea and vomiting
Define antidepressant
Drugs that can modify hormone and harmitter levels may improve depression patients
What is epilepsy
A brain disorder in which the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behaviors
What drugs stop epilepsy?
Antiepileptic
Define parkinson’s disease
A neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominately the dopamine - producing neurons in a specific area of the brain
What plays a vital role in regulating the movement of the body?
Dopamine
What is the Drug against Parkinson’s disease?
Antiparkinson
Define antihypertensive
Drug that can lower blood pressure
Define vasodilator
Drugs that can dilate or prevent constriction of the blood vessels, which allow greater blood flow to various organs in the body
Define antiarrhythmic
Drugs that can restore normal heart rhythm
Define hypolipidemic
Drugs that can lower lipids level in blood
Define thrombolytic
Drugs that can dissolve breakdown the thrombi
Define Bronchodilator
Drugs that can increase the diameter the airways by relaxing the wall muscles, making breathing easier
Define decongestant
Drugs that can reduce nasal congestion are decongestants
Define antitussive
Drugs that can suppress cough
Define expectorant
Medications that increase airway water that decreases the adhesivity of secretions and thus unstick them from the airway
Define mucolytic
Medications that change the biophysical properties of secretions by degrading complex structures of mucus content generally decreasing viscosity
Define diuretic
Drugs that can induce increased production of urine
Define antacid
Drugs that can neutralize stomach acid
Define prokinetic
Drugs that can amplify and coordinate the gastrointestinal muscular contractions to facilitate the transit of intra-luminal content
Define antisecretary
Drugs that can reduce gastric acid secretion
Define laxative/ purgative
Substances that loosen the consistency of stools and/or increases bowel movements
Define antispasmodic
Drugs that reduce or relieve intestinal smooth muscle contractions
Define antibiotics
Medicines that are antimocrobial and used to prevent and treat bacterial infections by killing or stopping bacterial growth
Define antiviral
Drugs that inhibit the development of the virus
Define antifungal
Drugs that kill/ inhibit the growth of fungi
Define anthelmintic
Drugs that can expel parasitic worms and other internal parasites from the body
Define anti-inflammatory
Drugs that control or reduce inflammation
Define antipyretic
Drugs that can alleviate fever
Define immunusupressants
Drugs that suppress or reduce immune response
Define hypoglycemic
Drugs that can lower blood glucose level
