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Medical & Pharmaceutical Terminology > Pharmacology Terminology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Terminology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are biological drug targets?

A

Transporter, receptor, enzyme

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2
Q

Define receptor

A

Macromolecule in the membrane or inside the cell that specifically bind a ligand

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3
Q

The binding of a drug to a receptor depends on what?

A

Types of chemical bounds between drug and receptor

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4
Q

What determines the degree of affinity of ligand to receptor?

A

The strength of the chemical bonds

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5
Q

Define agonist

A

Produce the biological response as a result of receptor-ligand interactions

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6
Q

Define antagonist

A

Do not provoke any biological activity

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7
Q

Define allosteric modulators

A

A drug that binds to a receptor at a site distinct from the active site
A conformational change is induced in the receptor, altering the affinity of the receptor for the endogenous ligand

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8
Q

Define non-specific binding

A

Refers to an occurrence of a drug or an antibody binding to unintended proteins, receptors, or transporters

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9
Q

Define desensitization

A

A loss of responsiveness which may be due to the continued presence of an agonist at a receptor or repeated presentation of the agonist

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10
Q

Define dose

A

The quantity of drug, or dosage form, administered to a subject at a given time

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11
Q

What are the two terms that the dose may be described as?

A

Absolute dose → the total amount administered to a subject
Relative dose → relative to some property of the subject as body weight or surface area

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12
Q

Define dose response curve

A

The relationship between the compound dose plotted on the x-axis and the effect on the biological function plotted on the y-axis

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13
Q

Define EC50

A

The molar concentration of an agonist that produces a 50% response of the maximum possible response for that agonist

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14
Q

Define IC50

A

Molar concentration of an antagonist that causes 50% of the maximum possible inhibition

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15
Q

Define efficacy

A

Used to describe agonist responses in relation to receptor occupation

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16
Q

Define adverse effect

A

Unwanted effects, and other adverse effects can occur during a drug trial and are not necessary related to the drug

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17
Q

Define adverse drug reaction

A

Adverse drug reactions are all undesirable effects of drugs. There are two types: type a-side effects and type b-side effects

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18
Q

Define type A-side effects

A

Predictable based on the drugs mechanism of action and is dose-concentration dependent. This type is the most common, accounting for about 80% of all adverse events

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19
Q

Define type B-side effects

A

Usually unpredictable and not related to the drug’s mechanism of action or clearly dose-dependent

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20
Q

Define pharmacologic classification

A

Mechanism of action of the drug on molecular level.

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21
Q

Define pharmacologic effect

A

The physiologic change induced by the drug

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22
Q

Define placebo

A

Fake treatment, the medication without active ingredient

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23
Q

What are synonyms of placebo?

A

Dummy, inactive medicine, sugar pill, control

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24
Q

Define narcotic

A

Formerly an agent capable of producing coma or stupor
Now any drug which produces analgesia and is capable of producing stupor and addiction

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25
Q

What is narcotic associated with?

A

Opiates and opioids, commonly morphine and herein

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26
Q

What is opium obtained from?

A

Obtained as the dried milky juice of the seed pods of the opium poppy

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27
Q

Why are narcotics limited?

A

They have addictive properties, detrimental effects, can be abused

28
Q

Define sedative-hypnotic

A

A drug that produces a state clinically identical to sleep by means of action in the CNS

29
Q

Define sedative

A

At lower doses, causes CNS depression to reduce irritability and excitement, the drug serve to calm or relieve anxiety

30
Q

Define hypnotic

A

At higher doses, main purpose is to initiate, sustain, or lengthen sleep

31
Q

What are synonyms of sedative-hypnotic?

A

Tranquilizer, depressant, antipsychotic, anxiolytic

32
Q

What is antipsychotic/ antimanic

A

Psychosis, these agents include calm indifference without loss of consciousness

33
Q

Define analgesic

A

Drug that reduces the sense of pain without loss of consciousness

34
Q

Define anesthetic

A

Drug that causes loss of sensation and consciousness

35
Q

Define antiemetic and antivertigo

A

Medications aimed at preventing or treating nausea and vomiting

36
Q

Define antidepressant

A

Drugs that can modify hormone and harmitter levels may improve depression patients

37
Q

What is epilepsy

A

A brain disorder in which the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behaviors

38
Q

What drugs stop epilepsy?

A

Antiepileptic

39
Q

Define parkinson’s disease

A

A neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominately the dopamine - producing neurons in a specific area of the brain

40
Q

What plays a vital role in regulating the movement of the body?

A

Dopamine

41
Q

What is the Drug against Parkinson’s disease?

A

Antiparkinson

42
Q

Define antihypertensive

A

Drug that can lower blood pressure

43
Q

Define vasodilator

A

Drugs that can dilate or prevent constriction of the blood vessels, which allow greater blood flow to various organs in the body

44
Q

Define antiarrhythmic

A

Drugs that can restore normal heart rhythm

45
Q

Define hypolipidemic

A

Drugs that can lower lipids level in blood

46
Q

Define thrombolytic

A

Drugs that can dissolve breakdown the thrombi

47
Q

Define Bronchodilator

A

Drugs that can increase the diameter the airways by relaxing the wall muscles, making breathing easier

48
Q

Define decongestant

A

Drugs that can reduce nasal congestion are decongestants

49
Q

Define antitussive

A

Drugs that can suppress cough

50
Q

Define expectorant

A

Medications that increase airway water that decreases the adhesivity of secretions and thus unstick them from the airway

51
Q

Define mucolytic

A

Medications that change the biophysical properties of secretions by degrading complex structures of mucus content generally decreasing viscosity

52
Q

Define diuretic

A

Drugs that can induce increased production of urine

53
Q

Define antacid

A

Drugs that can neutralize stomach acid

54
Q

Define prokinetic

A

Drugs that can amplify and coordinate the gastrointestinal muscular contractions to facilitate the transit of intra-luminal content

55
Q

Define antisecretary

A

Drugs that can reduce gastric acid secretion

56
Q

Define laxative/ purgative

A

Substances that loosen the consistency of stools and/or increases bowel movements

57
Q

Define antispasmodic

A

Drugs that reduce or relieve intestinal smooth muscle contractions

58
Q

Define antibiotics

A

Medicines that are antimocrobial and used to prevent and treat bacterial infections by killing or stopping bacterial growth

59
Q

Define antiviral

A

Drugs that inhibit the development of the virus

60
Q

Define antifungal

A

Drugs that kill/ inhibit the growth of fungi

61
Q

Define anthelmintic

A

Drugs that can expel parasitic worms and other internal parasites from the body

62
Q

Define anti-inflammatory

A

Drugs that control or reduce inflammation

63
Q

Define antipyretic

A

Drugs that can alleviate fever

64
Q

Define immunusupressants

A

Drugs that suppress or reduce immune response

65
Q

Define hypoglycemic

A

Drugs that can lower blood glucose level

Medical & Pharmaceutical Terminology (14 decks)

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