pharmacology quiz Flashcards
additive summation- relationship
1+1=2
additive summation- description
2 meds w similar therapeutic effects are taken together, resulting in the sum of the drugs effects
additive summation- positive results
codeine and acetaminophen, both analgesics, work differently to reduce pain- when combined, the additive effect is better control of pain
additive summation- negative results
Alcohol & salicylates can both cause GI
bleeding – when a salicylate & alcohol
are consumed together, the risk for GI
bleeding is greatly increased because
each agent independently can cause GI
bleeding
Taking 2 vasodilators together (such as
hydralazine for hypertension and NTG
for angina) can result in severe hypotension
synergism- relationship
1+1=3
synergism- description
harmonious action of 2 agents with different mechanisms of action total effects are greater than the sum of independent effects
synergism-positive results
2 different antibiotics combined (such as a penicillin and an aminoglycoside) can treat severe infections better than either alone vasodilator combined with diuretic can decreased blood pressure better than with either drug alone
synergism- negative results
alcohol & sedative-hypnotics taken together can cause worsened respiratory depression alcohol and narcotic analgesics (such as morphine) together can cause severe CNS depression that may be fatal
potentiation- relationship
1/2+1=2
potentiation- description
a med (#1) is given with another med (#2) to increase serum med levels of med #1; meds have different mechanisms of action effects of one med are modified by prior or concurrent administration of another
potentiation- positive results
Probenecid given with penicillin to increase the effects of penicillin (Probenecid inhibits renal tubule reabsorption of PCN) Hydroxyzine (antiemetic with mild analgesic effects) given with morphine (narcotic analgesic) to increase pain-relieving ability of morphine without increasing dose of morphine
potentiation- negative results
Quinidine (antiarrhythmic) may increase
digoxin levels by 50%, increasing the
risk for digoxin toxicity
antagonism- relationship
1+1=0
antagonism description
one med counteracts/diminishes
action of another med, often by
blocking/occupying /competing
for receptor sites
antagonism- positive results
Narcan (a narcotic
antagonist) can reverse toxic
effects of narcotics
antagonism- negative results
BP-increasing allergy medicine can
negate the effects of an antihypertensive
drug
Antibiotic tetracycline is not absorbed
well from the GI tract if calcium or an
antacid is present in the stomach
PHARMACOKINETICS- definition
Movement of meds in the
body
“What the body does to the
drug”
PHARMACOKINETICS- processes and components
Absorption Bioavailability Distribution Metabolism Excretion Half-life Steady state Serum concentration Clearance
PHARMACOKINETICS- implications and significance
Med timing/frequency Route selection Risk for med action alteration Patient response
PHARMACODYNAMICS- definition
Drug actions on target cells & resulting alterations in functions “What the drug does to the body”
PHARMACODYNAMICS- processes and components
Drug action Potency Efficacy Effective, maintenance & loading doses Therapeutic index MEC Expected therapeutic effect (classification) Nontherapeutic effects
PHARMACODYNAMICS- implications and significance
Med dosage Med interactions Effects: Side / adverse / toxic Reactions: Allergic Idiosyncratic
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS- definition
Use of medicine in the treatment of
disease
“What the drug does to the disease
or illness”
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS- processes and components
Preventative Diagnostic Curative Empiric Replacement Symptomatic Palliative Supportive Maintenance
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS- implications and significance
Assessment of med need and
effects
