Ch 46 Urinary Elimination Flashcards
Pre-care urinary diagnostic tests-4
- ensure signed consent is completed
- assess for allergies and previous reactions to contrast agent
- administer bowel-cleansing agents as ordered
- Adhere to pre-test diet- clear liquids or NPO
Post-care urinary diagnostic tests-3
- Assess I&O
- assess voiding and urine
- encourage fluid intake
urine assessment-5
- color
- clarity
- presence of blood
- dysuria
- problems emptying
urgency
- an immediate and strong desire to void that is not easily deferred
- Causes- full bladder, UTI, inflammation or irritation of the bladder, overactive bladder
dysuria
- pain or discomfort associated with voiding
- causes- UTI, inflammation of protate, urethritis, trauma, tumors
frequency
- voiding more than 8 times during waking hours and/or at decreased intervals such as less than every 2 hours
- causes- high volumes of fluid intake, bladder irritants, UTI, increased pressure on bladder, bladder outlet obstruction, overactive bladder
hesitancy
- delay in start of urinary stream when voiding
- causes- anxiety, bladder outlet obstruction,
polyuria
- voiding excessive amounts of urine
- causes- high volume of fluid intake, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, diuretic therapy
oliguria
- diminished urinary output in relation to fluid intake
- causes- fluid and electrolyte imbalance (dehydration), kidney dysfunction or failure, increased secretion of ADH, urinary tract obstruction
nocturia
- awakened from sleep because of the urge to void
- causes- excess intake of fluids, bladder outlet obstruction, overactive bladder, medications, cardiovascular disease, UTI
dribbling
- leakage of small amounts of urine despite voluntary control of micturition
- causes- bladder outlet obstruction, incomplete bladder emptying, stress incontinence
hematuria
- presence of blood in urine; gross and microscopic
- causes- tumors, infection, urinary tract calculi, trauma
retention
- acute-suddenly unable to void when bladder is adequately full or overfull
- chronic- bladder does not empty completely during voiding and urine retained in bladder
- causes- bladder outlet obstruction, absent or weak bladder contractility, medication side effects
urinalysis pH
- 6-8.0
- indicates acid-base balance
- more acidic kills bacteria, voided urine becomes more alkaline w time
urinalysis protein
up to 8mg/100mL
-normally not present, if present could indicate kidney failure
urinalysis glucose
not normally present
-indicates diabetes
urinalysis ketones
not normally present
-diabetes, dehydration, starvation, excess aspirin ingestion
urinalysis blood
not normally present
-trauma or disease
urinalysis specific gravity
- 0053-1.030
- high specific gravity reflects concentrated urine
- low specific gravity reflects diluted urine
upper UTI
kidney infection/ pyelonephritis
-fever, chills, diaphoresis, and flank pain
lower UTI
bladder and urethra
