Pharmacology I Flashcards
Branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects and modes of action of drugs
Pharmacology
Branch of pharma concerned with EFFECTS OF DRUGS and MECHANISM of their action
Pharmacodynamics
Branch of pharma concerned with MOVEMENT OF DRUGS within the body
Pharmacokinetics
Process of pharmacokinetics
ADME Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion
Study of drugโs harmful effects
Toxicology
2 drugs that prevent toxicity
Activated charcoal
Syrup of Ipecac
Absorption of drug starts inโฆ.
Small intestine (jejunum)
Activated charcoal has a property called ____
Adsorption - stick to different toxins
Accumulation of drug bec it cannot be excreted by the body
Cumulation
Cumulation is associated with (2)
Liver damage
Kidney damage
Drugs contraindicated for glaucoma
Diazepam
Anticholinergic drugs
Most allergenic drug
Penicillins
Study of damage to fetus during development
Teratology
Study of drug dosage
Posology
Teratogenic drug (2)
Tetracyclines
Thalidomide
Process of drug uptake from site of administration towards the bloodstream
Absorption
Route of administration during absorption (3)
Enteral
Parenteral
Inhalation
Most common site of drug administration
Oral
Common site of IV
Antecubital region
Most common site for IM
Vastus lateralis
*Bypasses membranes (straight to circulatory)
IV
Fastest route if target site is BRAIN
Inhalation
Type of route with slow and least absorption
Intradermal
Weak acids are attracted to ____
Weak bases are attracted to ______
Higher pH levels (6 to 7.4)
Lower pH levels (8 to 7.4)
Amount of drug that reaches the circulatory system after administration
Bioavailability
Drug solubility
Slightly hyrophilic
Largely hydrophobic
Phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the cxn of orally taken drugs is reduced before reaching the systemic circulatory
First pass effect
Ability of drug to move from circulatory system into their target sites
Distribution
Free floating drugs
Free ionized drug
Bounded to plasma proteins
Bound drug
Tendency of substance to separate or dissociate from its binding
Dissociation constant (Kd)
**Most important microsomal liver enzyme
Cytochrome P450
Example of PRODRUGS (3)
Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid (asa) - salicylates
Codeine - morphine
Alcohol - ethanol
Drugs metabolized in liver
Amide LA
Most drugs
Drugs metabolized in plasma
Ester LA
Succinylcholine
***for laryngospasm
Succinylcholine
Drug used if px is allergic to both amide and ester
Diphenhydramine HCL
*Plasma enzyme
Plasma pseudocholinesterase
Liver enzyme
Microsomal enzyme
Non microsomal enzyme
Time required for a drug to reduce half of its initial value
Half life (t1/2)
Rate at which the active drug is removed from the body
Clearance
Amount of drug eliminated is CONSTANT and is NOT dependent on the cxn of drug in plasma fluid
Zero order kinetics
Amount of drug eliminated is DEPENDENT on the cxn of drug in plasma fluid
Most drugs
First order kinetics
Drug that has more chances of cumulation
A. Zero order kinetics
B. First order kinetics
C. Same
A.
Dosage of drug needed to produce an effect
Potency
Refers to the EFFECT OF A DRUG
Efficacy
Maximum effect of a drug where no effect is added even though drug dose is increased
Maximal effect or ceiling effect
Curve that describes the degree of response of a single biological unit to a given drug dose
Graded dose effect curve
Curve that describes the relationship bet increasing drug dosage and % of the population
Quantal dose effect curve
Absorption start from what organ
Small intestine (jejunum)
What organ convert drugs into water soluble
Liver (metabolism)
Safe for pregnancy
LA
Analgesics
Sedative hypnotics
Slow and least absorption route
Intradermal
IM site
Vastus lateralis
Gluteus maximus
Deltoid
Site for gluts
Superolateral or outer lateral corner
Organ responsible for first pass effect
Liver
Lower Dissociation constant = slower distribution = low or high tendency to separate to drug
Longer or shorter duration
Slow effect or fast
Slow onset or fast
Longer
Slow
Slow
Function of liver in drug metabolism
Lipid sol to water sol
Converts active to inactive form
Converrs prodrugs to active form
Most common topical anesth
Benzocaine
LA metabolized by both liver and plasma
Articaine
Major organ for excretion
Kidney
Example drug of zero order kinetics (3)
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Aspirin