General pathology and Microbiology Flashcards
Inflammation indicates an ____ is present
Antigen
Cardinal signs of inflammation (5)
Rubor - redness Calor - heat Tumor - swelling Dolor -pain Functio laesa
Mediators of inflammation cause ____ and _____
Vasodilation
Inc vascular permeability
Mediators of Inflammation (4)
Prostaglandin
Bradykinin
Kallidin
Histamine
Most impt mediator of inflammation
Histamine
Mediator of inflammation that produces pain (3)
Prostaglandin
Bradykinin
Kallidin
Peripherally lining up of WBC
Preparation of diapedesis
Pavementing or migration
Specialized CD8
Natural killer cells
Exudates are seen in
Abscess
Transudate are seen in (2)
Edema
Gingival crevicular fluid
Passive movt of blood cells across endothelial wall
Diapedesis
Process of cell digestion (4)
Phagosome
Lysosome
Phagolysosome
Residual bodies
Cell eating
Phagocytosis
Matures in thymus
T lymphocytes
T helper cells
CD4
Cytotoxic T cells
CD8
*Dse deficient thymus (dec T cells) and PTH gland
DiGeorge Syndrome
Specialized CD8
NK cells
Matures in bone marrow
B lymphocytes
Activated B cells
Produces Ig
Plasma cells
Contains azurophilic granules
Neutrophils
Principal content of pus
Dead neutrophil
Vascular permeability with numerous proteins (albumin)
Example:_____
Exudate
Abscess
Vascular permeability with few proteins Seen in (2)
Transudate
Edema
Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)
Specific gravity for
Exudate
Transudate
> 1.018
<1.012
Peripherally lining up of WBC
Pavementing or migration
Preparation for diapedesis
Pavementing or migration
Location of WBC
Central portion of blood
*Passive movt of blood cells across endothelial wall
Diapedesis
Specialized movt of lymphocytes across endothelium
Emperipolesis
Organelle used by WBC to move across endothelium
Pseudopods
*phenomenon through which blood borne antigens are attracted and fixed to areas of inflammation
Anachoresis
Once there’s antigen, wbc from central portion will move
Peripheral
Cell eating
Phagocytosis
Process of cell digestion
Phagosome
Lysosome
Phagolysosome
Residual bodies
Injury > resistance what infection
Acute infection
Example of acute infection (2)
Ludwig’s angina
Cellulitis
Ludwigs angina bilateral involvement of (3)
Submandibular space
Sublingual spaces
Submental spaces
Inflammation of cells
More localized
AKA
Cellulitis
Phlegmon
Injury = resistance what infection
Chronic infection
Blade #____ for I and D
11
Blade #____ for Universal
15
Blade #____ for I distal incision
12
Blade #____ for Extraoral
10
Most common stage for chronic apical periodontitis
Granuloma
Lining of cyst
Stratified squamous
Leukocytosis is a characteristic of what infection
Acute bacterial infection
Lymphocytosis is a characteristic of what infection
Viral infection
Cells found in chronic infection (3)
Plasma cells
Lymphocytes
Macrophage
Type 1 hypersensitivity rxn
Mediator:
Example:(2)
Allergic
Anaphylactic
Immediate hypersensitivity
IgE
Asthma and urticaria
Type 2 hypersensitivity rxn
Mediator:
Example
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
IgG
IgM
Hemolytic anemia
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Type 3 hypersensitivity rxn
Mediator:
Example
Immune Complex hypersensitivity Antigen and antibody complex SLE Serum sickness Arthus rxn
Type 4 hypersensitivity rxns
Takes days before reaction to appear
Mediator:
Delayed; T-cell mediated
Immune cells
DOC of low BP
Epinephrine 1:1,000
Stage of CAP
Abscess
Granuloma
Cyst
Types of immunity (2)
Non-specific/Passive/Innate
Specific/active/adaptive (lymphocyte)
Examples of passive immunity
Barriers - 1st line of defense
Phagocytes - 2nd
Mediator of Humoral immunity
B cells
2 types of specific immunity
Humoral
Cell mediated
What does B cell present in humoral immunity
Major histocompatibility complex 2
Once B lymphocyte is activated it will transform into (2)
Memory B cell
Plasma cell
MHC 2 will bind with
CD4
Other name for CD4
T helper cells
Site for antibodies seen in antigen
Epitope
Binding site for complement protein found in antibiotics
Fc receptor
Once complement proteins bind to Fc receptor there would be production of _____
C3b (opsonin)
Creates hole in antigen to completely eliminate antigen
C5b (MAC)
Accumulation of C3b on antigen
Opsonization
Mediator for cell mediated immunity
T cell
In cell mediated, cell produce ____ proteins
Production of ____ to alarm the body
Then it will produce ____ and will bind together to kill antigen
Abnormal
MHC 1
CD8
Types of immunity (2)
Non-specific/Passive/Innate
Specific/active/adaptive (lymphocyte)
In cell mediated, cell produce ____ proteins
Production of ____ to alarm the body
Then it will produce ____ and will bind together to kill antigen
Abnormal
MHC 1
CD8
Mediator for cell mediated immunity
T cell
Accumulation of C3b on antigen
Opsonization
Creates hole in antigen to completely eliminate antigen
C5b (MAC)
Once complement proteins bind to Fc receptor there would be production of _____
C3b (opsonin)
Binding site for complement protein found in antibodies
Fc receptor
Site for antibodies seen in antigen
Epitope
Other name for CD4
T helper cells
MHC 2 will bind with
CD4
Once B lymphocyte is activated it will transform into (2)
Memory B cell
Plasma cell
What does B cell present in humoral immunity
Major histocompatibility complex 2
2 types of specific immunity
Humoral
Cell mediated
Mediator of Humoral immunity
B cells
Examples of passive immunity
Barriers - 1st line of defense
Phagocytes - 2nd
3 types of cells according to regenerative properties
Labile
Stable
Permanent cells
Type of tissue repair multiplies throughout life
Short life
Example:___
Labile cells
Epithelial cells
Type of tissue repair that multiplies when damaged
Example (3)
Stable cells
Liver
Kidney
Pancreas
Type of tissue repair that cannot multiply
Example (4)
Permanent cells Neuron Mature RBC Skeletal Cardiac muscles
Organ better in regeneration
Liver
Immature RBC with nucleus
Reticulocytes
Retrogressive changes in cells and tissue characterised by abnormal structure changes within the cell and dec function
Cellular degeneration
Types of Degeneration (4)
Cloudy swelling
Hydropic or vacuolar
Fatty degeneration
Hyaline degeneration
(CHEFFF)
Swelling of cells resulting to pale or cloudy appearance of tissue
Mildest and most common type
Cloudy swelling
Excessive swelling of cells due to excessive water accumulation
Presence of vacuoles that displaces the nucleus
Hydropic or vacuolar
Accumulation of lipids or fats within the cells
Fatty degeneration
Intracellular accumulation of hyaline
Hyaline degeneration
Glassy appearance; eosinophilic (pink)
Hyaline
Hyaline Accumulation of PCT cells
Hyaline droplets
What dse is mallory bodies seen
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Laennec’s cirrhosis
Hyaline accumulation for Yellow fever virus
Councilman bodies
Type of intracellular hyaline accumulation Seen in plasma cells
Russel-fuchs bodies
What intracellular hyaline accumulation is seen in typhoid fever
Zenker’s degeneration
Causative agent of typhoid fever
Salmonella typhi
Hyaline accumulation in glomerulus resulting to sclerosis and associated with diabetes
Diabetic glomerulosclerosis
Diabetic glomerulosclerosis AKA
Kimmelstiel-wilson syndrome
Extracellular hyaline accumulation
Amyloid
Abnormal protein fragments
Seen in ______ staining
Amyloid
Congo red staining
Most common organ involved in coagulation necrosis
Least:____
Heart
Brain
Most common organ affected in infarction
Least:___
Heart
Liver
Necrosis associated with hypoxia and ischemia in all tissues
Coagulation necrosis
Common organ undergo liquefaction necrosis
Brain
Cheese like material necrosis
Example:___
Caseous necrosis
Lungs
Drug for TB
Rifampicin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol Streptomycin
Soft granulomatous growth
Gumma
Most common dse that undergo gummatous necrosis
Syphilis
Necrosis seen in lower extremities of diabetic patients
Gangrenous necrosis
Fat calcium complexes accumulation necrosis
Example:____
Fat necrosis
Pancreas
Side effect of Rifampicin
Hepatotoxic
Causative agent of syphilis
Treponema pallidum
Other name for syphilis
Lues dse
Great pox
Side effect of streptomycin
Ototoxic
Stages of syphilis
Primary - chancre sores
Secondary - white mucous patches
Tertiary - gumma
Dse associated with white mucous patches
Candidiasis
White hairy leukoplakia
Syphilis
Brown to black pigment
Eumelanin
Red to yellow pigment
Pheomelanin
Carries oxygen in rbc
Hemoglobin
Microorganism assoc with gas gangrene
Clostridium Perfringens
Color of porphyrin
Red
Color of biliverdin
Green
Color of bilirubin
Yellow
Goldem brown or rust
Seen in heart failure cells
Hemosiderin
Wear and tear pigment
Common in neurons
Lipofuscin or lipochrome
Cause of blue gray black gingiva (3)
Plumbism
Argyria
Mercury poisoning
Lead poisoning
Plumbism
Bluish line in marginal gingiva
Burton line
Silver poisoning
Argyria
*Black pigmentation
Silver nitrate
Cherry red tissue poison
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Greenish black teeth
Tetracycline staining
Dse assoc with Yellowish teeth
Iron def anemia (ferrous sulfate)
Dse with copper accumulation
With Brown green bordered eyes called _____
Wilson’s dse
Keyser fleischer ring
*Bacteria associated pigment - yellow sulfur granules
Actinomyces israeli
Bacteria associated pigment - golden yellow
Staph aureus
Bacteria associated pigment - red metachromic granules AKA
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Babes-Ernst granules
Bacteria associated pigment - red
Serratia marcescens
Bacteria associated pigment - bluish green
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
