Pharmacology Flashcards
Bupivacaine vs lidocaine
blocking voltage-gated sodium channels preventing pain sensation.
Both are appropriate local anesthetics for procedures. Mixing with epinephrine: prolong the duration of anesthesia and reduce the dose needed (causes vasoconstriction thus keeping the anesthetic local).
The pain relief from lidocaine lasts 1-2 hours but only takes a few minutes to take effect; Bupivacaine lasts 4 to 8 hours but takes up to 15 minutes to take effect.
A patient with hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, increased fasting blood glucose, and a metabolic alkalosis suggest the use of which medication?
Thiazide diuretic use
Metformin is contraindicated in?
Renal failure, sepsis, severe heart failure, liver dysfunction, and patients at risk for renal failure.
Fomepizole
Competitive inhibitor
of alcohol dehydrogenase;
preferred antidote for overdoses
of methanol or ethylene glycol.
Chronic digoxin toxicity.
Blurry vision, diarrhea, and premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) on EKG.
Ethambutol side effects
Risk of elevating liver enzymes and can cause optic neuritis (acute inflammatory demyelinating injury to the optic nerve).
Colesevelam
bile acid sequestrant, non systemic mechanism for lowering LDL, prevents bile acids from being reabsorved.
Essential to separate taking other medications from this medication by 4 hours.
Primidone
Barbiturate
use in seizures and essential tremor.
Why should patients who are taking MAOI avoid some foods?
Should not take tyramine-containing foods such as cheese and cured meats because the interaction can lead to a hypertensive crisis.
Chlorpromazine
first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs.
Its precise mechanism of action is unknown, but it is believed by post-synaptic blockade at the D2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway.
The antiemetic effect of chlorpromazine stems from the combined blockade of histamine H1, dopamine D2, and muscarinic M1 receptors in the vomiting center.
