Pharmacology

Question 1

Bupivacaine vs lidocaine

Answer 1

blocking voltage-gated sodium channels preventing pain sensation.
Both are appropriate local anesthetics for procedures. Mixing with epinephrine: prolong the duration of anesthesia and reduce the dose needed (causes vasoconstriction thus keeping the anesthetic local).
The pain relief from lidocaine lasts 1-2 hours but only takes a few minutes to take effect; Bupivacaine lasts 4 to 8 hours but takes up to 15 minutes to take effect.

Question 2

A patient with hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, increased fasting blood glucose, and a metabolic alkalosis suggest the use of which medication?

Answer 2

Thiazide diuretic use

Question 3

Metformin is contraindicated in?

Answer 3

Renal failure, sepsis, severe heart failure, liver dysfunction, and patients at risk for renal failure.

Question 4

Fomepizole

Answer 4

Competitive inhibitor
of alcohol dehydrogenase;
preferred antidote for overdoses
of methanol or ethylene glycol.

Question 5

Chronic digoxin toxicity.

Answer 5

Blurry vision, diarrhea, and premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) on EKG.

Question 6

Ethambutol side effects

Answer 6

Risk of elevating liver enzymes and can cause optic neuritis (acute inflammatory demyelinating injury to the optic nerve).