ophthalmology

Question 1

Endophthalmitis

Answer 1

Include eye pain, vision loss, swollen eyelids, and conjunctivitis.
Physical exam reveals the presence of a hypopyon, which is a layer of leukocytes in the anterior chamber. Initial management involves aspiration for culture and intravitreal antibiotics (vancomycin and ceftazidime or amikacin).

Question 2

Trachoma

Answer 2

Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes A-C. Infection leads to eyelid irritation, followed by neovascularization that results in the typical appearance of small, white nodules on the everted eyelid.
Does not infect the eye itself but rather causes physical irritation of the cornea resulting in neovascularization and ultimately blindness.
Dx: Giemsa stain performed on conjunctival scrapings.
Treatment: topical tetracycline or oral azithromycin.

Question 3

Therapy for acute angle-closure glaucoma

Answer 3

Topical beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, miotics, alpha agonists, and osmotic agents, as well as laser iridotomy.

Question 4

A chalazion that persists or its recurrent could mean?

Answer 4

It may be a sign of meibomian gland carcinoma or sebaceous cell carcinoma.
Signs that suggest malignancy (eyelash loss).

Question 5

Central retinal artery occlusion treatment

Answer 5

manual massage of the globe, decompression of the anterior chamber within first hour of onset, carbogen (95% O2, 5% CO2), and IV acetazolamide.
You have 100 minutes to do these avoiding irreversible damage, while the ophthalmologist arrives.

Question 6

Endophthalmitis

Answer 6

Severe complication of cataract surgery. Patients may present up to 6 weeks following surgery with a red, painful eye, and on slit-lamp examination, a collection of pus may be seen filling the anterior chamber.
gram-positive agents such as streptococcal species and staphylococcal species.
Treatment: intravitreal vancomycin and ceftazidime (or amikacin).