Cardiology

Question 1

Mobitz type II heart block is usually the result of dysfunction in?

Answer 1

the His-Purkinje system

Question 2

Mitral valve prolapse vs regurgitation

Answer 2

MVP: the mitral leaflets bulge into the left atrium every time the ventricles contract.
Late systolic crescendo murmur at the apex with mid-systolic click.

Mitral regurgitation the most common cause is a complication from mitral valve prolapse.
Murmur: holosystolic (pansystolic) murmur, heard best at the apex.

Question 3

The most common cause of aortic stenosis in a young patient is?

Answer 3

a bicuspid aortic valve.

Question 4

T waves and central nervous system pathology

Answer 4

Diffuse, deep, symmetrically inverted T waves may be seen in a severe central nervous system trauma or pathology.
These are called cerebral T waves: Ex, ischemic stroke, intracranial bleeding, and traumatic brain injury.
This could be explained by autonomic dysfunction and alterations in ventricular repolarization.

Question 5

Cardiac Index (CI)

Answer 5

is a hemodynamic parameter that relates the cardiac output (CO) of a patient to their body surface area (BSA). It is expressed in liters per minute per square meter (L/min/m²).
The normal range: 2.5to4.0L/min/m²

Question 6

The Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP)

Answer 6

Estimate the pressure in the left atrium of the heart.
6–12mmHg
Increased PCWP: left ventricular dysfunction or left-sided heart failure, can also suggest fluid overload or pulmonary congestion.
Decreased PCWP: may indicate hypovolemia or reduced preload.

Question 7

Cardiac shock and positive pressure mechanical ventilation?

Answer 7

In patients who are in shock or have compromised cardiac output, initiation of positive pressure mechanical ventilation can result in a profound decrease in preload and worsen systemic perfusion.