Cardiology Flashcards
Mobitz type II heart block is usually the result of dysfunction in?
the His-Purkinje system
Mitral valve prolapse vs regurgitation
MVP: the mitral leaflets bulge into the left atrium every time the ventricles contract.
Late systolic crescendo murmur at the apex with mid-systolic click.
Mitral regurgitation the most common cause is a complication from mitral valve prolapse.
Murmur: holosystolic (pansystolic) murmur, heard best at the apex.
The most common cause of aortic stenosis in a young patient is?
a bicuspid aortic valve.
T waves and central nervous system pathology
Diffuse, deep, symmetrically inverted T waves may be seen in a severe central nervous system trauma or pathology.
These are called cerebral T waves: Ex, ischemic stroke, intracranial bleeding, and traumatic brain injury.
This could be explained by autonomic dysfunction and alterations in ventricular repolarization.
Cardiac Index (CI)
is a hemodynamic parameter that relates the cardiac output (CO) of a patient to their body surface area (BSA). It is expressed in liters per minute per square meter (L/min/m²).
The normal range: 2.5to4.0L/min/m²
The Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP)
Estimate the pressure in the left atrium of the heart.
6–12mmHg
Increased PCWP: left ventricular dysfunction or left-sided heart failure, can also suggest fluid overload or pulmonary congestion.
Decreased PCWP: may indicate hypovolemia or reduced preload.
Cardiac shock and positive pressure mechanical ventilation?
In patients who are in shock or have compromised cardiac output, initiation of positive pressure mechanical ventilation can result in a profound decrease in preload and worsen systemic perfusion.
Cholesterol emboli syndrome
Often follows angiography and is the result of a disrupted plaque moving down the blood stream and lodging in tiny vessels throughout the body.
Acute renal failure (eosinophiluria), pancreatitis, gastrointestinal symptoms, and a characteristic “blue toe,” due livedo reticularis.
Clinical manifestation of a right bundle branch block (RBBB)?
Widely split S2 heart sound.
For hemodynamically stable patients with ventricular tachycardia, the most appropriate next step in management is?
initiation of an amiodarone infusion.
Digoxin toxicity
Symptoms of digoxin toxicity include nausea, vomiting, blurry yellow vision, electrolyte abnormalities, and cardiac arrhythmias, increased PR intervals, decreased QT intervals, and T wave inversion.
Hypokalemia is a risk factor for digoxin toxicity due to competitive binding at the potassium site of the Na/K-ATPase pump.
Management: slow normalization of potassium and magnesium levels and administration of antibody fragments (Fab) targeting digoxin.
Medications that could cause Torsade de pointes
Erythromyicin, Clarithromycin, lexogloxacin, clindamycin, class 1 A and 3 antiarrhythmics, some antihistamines (astemizole, terfenadine), cocaine, methadone.
Wolff Parkinson White syndrome ekg descripction
Short PR interval with a slow upstroke of the QRS complex.
The most common cause of grade III systolic murmur in children with Wolff Parkinson white syndrome is?
Ebstein anomaly
A classic radiologic sign found with Coarctation of the aorta
Figure 3 sign, enlarged and distorded aortic knob and subclavian artery forming the number 3.
In tetralogy of Fallot what is correlated with the presence or absence of cyanosis after birth?
The degree of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
Obstructive shock
an extracardiac physical obstruction to the flow of the blood into or out of the heart.
for example, cardiac taponade, massive pulmonary embolism.
Why do we administer calcium gluconate to patients with hyperkalemia?
To prevent global depolarization of the myocardium while correcting his electrolyte abnormalities.
Large pulmonary embolism effects on the right ventricle
Increased right ventricular size, increased right ventricular wall tension, and decreased right ventricular perfusion.
