pharmacology Flashcards
side effects for digitalis
arrhythmias
palpations
fatigue
GI disturbances
visual disturbances
hyperkalemia
confusion
delirum
digoxin toxicity
examples of digitals
Digitoxin
Lanoxin
mechanism of digitalis medication
slows down HR but increases the strength of contraction
quanitity < quality
increases cardiac output
use for systolic dysfunction (EF<40%) in pts with CHF
fewer and better contractions/beats
antiarrhythmic drugs + antihypertensive drugs
beta blockers
ca channel blockers
only antihypertensive drugs
diuertics
ACE inhibitors
ARB blockers
beta blocker effects
decrease HR
decrease BP
bronchoconstriction
help with preload and reduce afterload
beta blocker side effects
othostatic hypotension
dizziness
lightheadesness
rining in the ears
venous pooling
bradycardia
who do you not use beta blockers with
asthma and COPD due to bronchoconstriction
ca channel blocker examples
“pines and zems”
amlodipine
verapamil
diltiazem
common: Norvasc and Nefidipne - Procardia XL
mechanism ca channel blockers
decrease HR
decrease BP
adverse effects of ca channel blockers
orthostatic hypotenion
dizziness
lightheadedness
ringing in ears
venous pooling
explain loop diuretics mechanism
preload and afterload decrease so its good for both L and R CHF patients
inhibits reabsoption of water and electrolytes from the loop of henle
side effects of looped diuretics
hypokalemia
hypocalemia
hypoatremia
dehydration
orthostatic hypotension
reflex tachycardia
dizziness
lethargy
dizziness
everything is lost
reflex tachycardia: dueto the decrease in BP, the heart is trying to compensate and therefore increases HR due to a reflex
explain potassium sparing dieretics
ex: sprionolactone and aldoctone
keeps potassium in
side effects:
hyperkalemia
gynescomastia (breast tissue in males)
hypocalemia
hypoatremia
dehydration
orthostatic hypotension
reflex tachycardia
dizziness
lethargy
dizziness
same effects as diuretics but whats different is hyperkalemia and gynescomastia
explain thiazides
“CLUG”
hyperCALCEMIA
hyperLIPEDEMA
hyperURECEMIA
hyperGLYCEMIA
should be avoided with elderly, DM and renal dysfn=unction
what do ACE inhibitors do
reduced BP by blocking ACE enzyme
side effects of ACE inhibitors
orthostatic hypotension
hyponatremia
hyperkalemia
DRY HACKING COUGH
decreased taste perception
angioedema
dehydration
should not be comined with looped diuretics due to hyperkalemia side effects
examples of ARB blockers
“sartans”
losartan
telmisarten
candesartan
when would a patient be prescribed ARB blockers
when they are intolerant to ACE inhibitors (may have a dry hacking cough)
only given orally
side effects of ARB blockers
hypotension
dizziness
lightheadedness
fatigue
HYPERKALEMIA
Examples of ACE inhibitors
“prils”
captopril
enalapril
lisinopril
how do nitrate work
vasodilation of aterial and venous vessels
used for angina pectoris - stable or variant
given sublingually, 3 doses every 5 minutes
it significantly drops BP therefore they need to be sitting or lying down before taking a dose
side effects:
dizziness
lightheadedness
orthostatic hypotension
HA
flushing
reflex tachycardia
venous pooling
does not work for unstable angina. call 911
what do nitrates do with preload and afterload
it decreases
examples of blood thinners
warfarin
coumadin
heparin
examples of blood thinner categories
anticoagulants
antiplatelets
side effects for anticoagulants
bleeding
easy bruising
hemorrahge hemarthrosis
light headedness
INR values
health: 0.9-1.1 seconds
if someone is on anticoagulants: 2-3 seconds
examples of antiplatelets
aspirin
clopidogrel
side effects antiplatelets
peptic ulcers
gastritis
risk of internal bleeding
why would someone be on antiplatelets
prevent stroke and MI
what do NSAIDs do
anti inflammatroy
antipyretic
analgesic
side effects of NSAIDS
gastric ulcers
bleeding
n/v
explain acetaminophen
ex: tylenol
block the sensation of pain, HA
NOT ANTI INFLAMMATORY
no acute side effects. only liver damage
opioid pain relievers
methadone, fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, morphine
side effects: respiratory and CNS depression, bradycardia, constipation, slowed breathing, dizziness, drowsiness, slowness, addiction, tolerance
take medication 30 min prior to PT
types of benzodiazepines
diazepam (valium)
clonazepam (klonopin)
alprazolam (xanax)
what type of medication is prescribed for reduction mm spasms/myofascial pain sydnrome
cyclobenzaprine (flexeril)
use of baclofen
works CNS
to reduce mm spasticity seeen with spinal cords lesion - MS, SCI, vs cerebrals lesions
side effects of baclofen
hypotonia
confusion
hallucination
nausea
dizziness
increased risk of falls
drowsiness
shallow breathing
how does botox works
blocks acetylocholine
mm spasticity seen with CP
side effects of corticosteroids
osteoporosis
cushing syndrome (adrenal gland)
delyed wound healing
side effects of bronchodilator drugs
tremors
palpatation (inc HR)
GI disturbances
dry mouth
which of the following drugs would not be used to lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients
- thiazide diuretics
- ACE inhibitos
- Ca channel blockers
- digitalis
- digitalis
differences between beta blockers and ca channel blockers
bb: cause bradycardia and works as a bronchoconstrictor. not safe to give to COPD/asthma patients
ca channel blockers: safe to give to COPD/asthma due to them not acting as a bronchoconstrictor
