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Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

is any chemical used for therapeutic purposes such as treating illness, relieving symptoms or conducting diagnostic testing

A

drugs

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2
Q

is a theoretical concept that a drug would have all good effects and qualities and no negative effects or qualities

A

ideal drug

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3
Q

combined effect of medications taken together

A

drug interaction

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4
Q

when two or more drugs are prescribed together

A

drug-drug

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5
Q

food in stomach can significantly change the absorption of drugs

A

nutrient-drug

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6
Q

when some drugs used to treat a disease, can cause exacerbation in or interfere with another disorder that a patient may have at the same time

A

disease-drug

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7
Q

refers to all of the names by which a drug can be identified

A

drug nomenclature

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8
Q

is usually long name of the chemical composition of the druge

A

chemical name

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9
Q

Where can the chemical name be found

A

package insert

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10
Q

To whom is the chemical name is important

A

FDA, offices that register patent on the drug, and chemist and scientist working in pharmaceutical fields

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11
Q

another name for generic name

A

nonproprietary and approved name

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12
Q

what is the official medical name assigned by the producer

A

generic or nonpropritary name

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13
Q

What is the USP-NF book

A

book of public standards related to pharmacology

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14
Q

Brand name

A

known as trade or proprietary name

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15
Q

What is brand name

A

is given to a drug by manufacturer, meaning the manufacturer owns the drug

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16
Q

For example what is the generic name for the Brand name Tylenol

A

acetaminophen

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17
Q

Generic name of LIpitor

A

Atorvastatin

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18
Q

Brand Name Nexium

A

esomeprazole

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19
Q

Brand name Glucophage

A

Metformin

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20
Q

After scientist develop and test new drugs, what is its fist name

A

Chemical name

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21
Q

What does the manufacturer market the drug as after the FDA approves the drug

A

Brand name

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22
Q

Which is the shorter name of a drug

A

Brand names are usually shorter than generic name

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23
Q

Why are Brand Names for drugs shorter?

A

so consumers can remember them

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24
Q

What does the “R” mean on the product label

A

that the drug has been registered by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Offic

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25
Q

What does “TM” mean

A

trademark

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26
Q

How long does the pharmaceutical co hold the patent for a new brand name drug

A

about 20 years after its discovery

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27
Q

when can other co create generic versions of the drug

A

after the time for sole rights has expired 11-12 years

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28
Q

is the government agency that decides what drugs may be sold and under what legal restriction.

A

Food and Drug Admin

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29
Q

what is a legal term, that means that the FDA has no restrictions on the drug

A

Over the Counter OTC

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30
Q

what are drugs that can only be distributed by prescriptions bc of harmful side effects if not used with caution

A

Legend drug

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31
Q

What drugs that are dangerous and subject to abuse, therfor only acceptable medical usages and under rugid rules

A

controlled substances

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32
Q

regulates the manufacture and sale of dangerous drugs such as narcotis

A

DEA drug enforcement admin

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33
Q

study of movement of drugs via the body

A

pharmacokinetics

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34
Q

study of drugs, and their interactions on living systems

A

pharmacology

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35
Q

understanding of the structures in the body

A

anatomy

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36
Q

understanding of what happens to the body when its not fuctionally normally due to illness or injury

A

pathology

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37
Q

understanding the chemical composition of medications and how they interact with the body

A

chemistry

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38
Q

is important due to how patients perceive their health status and understand the health education being provided

A

psychology

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39
Q

person who dispenses drugs at a pharmacy

A

pharmacist

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40
Q

scientist who studies all aspects of drugs including origins, functions, chemistry, effects and uses

A

pharmacologist

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41
Q

study of new drug synthesis

A

medicinal chemistry

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42
Q

study of drug action, effects on body

A

pharmacodynamis

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43
Q

study of the movement of drugs in the body

A

pharmacokinetics

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44
Q

study of interaction of drugs with molecules such as DNA, RNA, and enzymes

A

molecular pharmacology

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45
Q

treatment of disease with therapeutic meds

A

pharmacotherapeutics

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46
Q

study of poisons

A

toxicology

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47
Q

substances that change physiological processes in the body

A

drugs

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48
Q

where can drugs be derived from

A

plants, animals or minerals

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49
Q

naturally occurring substances

A

minerals

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50
Q

substances missing from the human body may be found in the body tissues of?

A

animals

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51
Q

can be derived from pancreas of cows or hogs

A

insulin

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52
Q

duplicate the desired properiies of natural susbtances

A

synthetic drugs

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53
Q

most common synthetic drugs

A

aspirin

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54
Q

fastest growing areas in pharmacological studies

A

recombinant DNA tech

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55
Q

what does recombinant DNA tech uses

A

artificially manipulated DNA segments from diff organic sources

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56
Q

What are the four processes involved in pharmacokinetics (movement of drugs in body)?

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

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57
Q

refers to the movement of a drug from its site of admin into blood

A

absorption

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58
Q

movement of a drug from blood into tissues and cells

A

distribution

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59
Q

involves physical and chemical alteration of drug in the body

A

metabolism

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60
Q

refers to removal of the waste products of drug metabolism from the body

A

excretion

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61
Q

what are the primary sites of absorption

A

mucosa of mouth, lungs, stomach gastro and small intestine, rectum, and blood vessels in muscle tissue

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62
Q

what are the factors that influence absorption rate

A

administration, drug ph, food, location, topical, and inhalation

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63
Q

what type of administration of the drug can influence absorption rate

A

incorrect administration

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64
Q

what does food in stomach do to the rate of absorption

A

usually help decrease stomach irritation from meds and slow rate of absorption

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65
Q

What does an empty stomach do to rate of absorption

A

increate rate of absorption but increase stomach irritation by meds

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66
Q

Where are meds that are absorbed in fats and lipids absorbed at

A

gastrointestinal tract

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67
Q

where are a meds that are alcohol base more easily absorbed

A

routes other than oral

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68
Q

amount of drug circulating in the blood stream

A

drug blood level

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69
Q

protects the brain by restricting entry of water soluble electrolytes

A

blood brain barrier

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70
Q

can pass into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid

A

lipid soluble drugs

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71
Q

barrier that isnt as restrictive as the blood brain barrier

A

placental membrane

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72
Q

what can cross the placental membrane barrier

A

water and lipid soluble drugs

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73
Q

process of chemical reactions that change the drugs into water-soluble compounds for excretion

A

metabolism

74
Q

Without metabolism, what would happen

A

the drug would continue to build up in a patient’s system causing toxic effects

75
Q

where is the primary site of drug metabolism

A

the liver

76
Q

is the time the body takes to metabolize half of the available drug

A

half life

77
Q

what depends on the rate at which a drug is excreted or eliminated

A

depends on the drug, metabolism rate, and route of adminstration

78
Q

refers to the way in which a drug works, such as its mechanism of action in the body or the body’s chemical to the drug

A

pharmacodynamics

79
Q

drugs can change and modify the way the body acts but doesn’t give body organs and tissues new

A

functions

80
Q

happens when the expected response occurs from the drug administration

A

desired effect

81
Q

occurs when a predictable but undesired response occurs

A

side effect

82
Q

limited to the site of administration and the area immediately surrounding the applicaton site

A

local action

83
Q

what are ex of local action drugs

A

topical lotions and creams applied to an area

84
Q

study of adverse effects that chemicals or drugs can have on living organisms

A

toxicology

85
Q

what is the goal of pharmacology

A

to select medication in a dose that produces the desired effect with minimal side effects

86
Q

what is dosage called

A

therapeutic dose

87
Q

the smallest amount of drug that would produce adverse effect in a person

A

toxic dose

88
Q

druge used to counteract the effect of an excessive drug toxicity level

A

antidote

89
Q

unintended and undesirable effects that result from a drug

A

adverse effect

90
Q

What are more severe than side effect

A

adverse effects

91
Q

may occur after only one dose of a drug has been taken

A

allergic reactions

92
Q

is a medical emergency that occurs with drug administration, insect stings, and some foods

A

anaphylaxis

93
Q

What is a severe life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs a short time after drug administration

A

anaphylaxis

94
Q

allergic reaction symptoms

A

itching, rash, hive, difficulty breathing, wheezing, and swelling of eyes, lips or tongue

95
Q

signs of hives, reddened skin, rapid swelling of mouth, throat, difficulty breathing, swelling of eyelids, lips, mouth throat, hands, and feet due to accumulation of fluid in subcutaneous tissues (angioedema), cyanosis, hypotension, shortness of breath, vascular collapse, arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest

A

anaphylaxis

96
Q

is a condition in which the use of a specific med should be avoided

A

contraindication

97
Q

is a compilation of information on FDA approved prescription Rx and the over the counter drugs

A

Physicians’ Desk Reference PDR

98
Q

when is the PRD physicians’ desk reference updated

A

annually

99
Q

What does a PDR Nurse’s Drug Handbook contain

A

generic name in bold, classification, trade name, contraindications, side effects, lab test considerations, drug interactions, dosages and more

100
Q

What are symptoms or conditions that make a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable

A

contraindications

101
Q

names under which the drug is marketed

A

trade names

102
Q

the type of drug or class under which the drug is listed

A

classification

103
Q

concise collection of information about the given drug that is required by the FDA to describe the characteristics of the drug, legally

A

monograph

104
Q

is a copy of a drug monograph that accompanies the drug in its package when distributed for sale and use

A

package insert

105
Q

are a means of communication between licensed healthcare professionals and

A

prescriptions and medication orders

106
Q

how medicine is absorbed into the body

A

routes of administration

107
Q

medication is taken by mouth and swallowed

A

oral medication route

108
Q

medications are applied to the skin and mucous membranes as topical preparations

A

percutaneous route

109
Q

administered by injection

A

parenteral Medication

110
Q

How are drug listings organized

A

by classification and subclassifications

111
Q

are drugs that relieve pain

A

analgesics

112
Q

algesi/o

A

means pain

113
Q

meds that lower fevers

A

antipyretics

114
Q

subclassification of analgesics

A

narcotics

115
Q

Why are narcotics classified as controlled substances

A

they can be habit forming

116
Q

examples of controlled substance or habit forming

A

morphine, codeine, oxycodone, oxycodone with acetaminophen (percocet)

117
Q

medications that reduce or eliminate sensation

A

anesthetics

118
Q

what are the four type of gen anesthetics

A

topical anesthetics, local anesthetics, regional, and general anesthesia

119
Q

anesthetics that are used on the surface of the skin or other tissue

A

topical

120
Q

used for anesthetizing a small part of the body. for example, once injected only affects that area

A

Local anesthesia

121
Q

What are examples of local anesthetics

A

hydrocortisone acetate (orabase), lidocaine (xylocaine), Procaine (Novocain)

122
Q

anesthesia that works similar way to local anesthesia but affects larger parts of body

A

regional anesthesia

123
Q

Examples of regional anesthesia

A

spinals, epidurals, and peripheral nerve blocks

124
Q

eliminates sensation in the whole body and renders the patient completely unconscious

A

General anesthesia

125
Q

examples of general anesthesia

A

Halothane (Fluothane), Nitrous oxide, and Thipental (Pentothal)

126
Q

stops growth of bacteria

A

antibiotic

127
Q

Penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, and quinolones

A

anitbiotics

128
Q

an antibiotic that is very effective against urinary tract and GI infections

A

sulfa drugs

129
Q

drugs that cause changes in cells

A

drug action

130
Q

the physiological change in the body

A

effect

131
Q

throughtout the body

A

systemic

132
Q

limited to the area where administered

A

local

133
Q

the target substance on the cell

A

receptor

134
Q

the process that drugs takes to move from bloodstream across the cell membrane

A

distribution

135
Q

the organ where most drugs leave

A

kidney

136
Q

two or more drugs acting together without diminishing or increasing each other’s effect

A

additive action

137
Q

2 drugs decreasing or cancel out another’s effectiveness

A

antagonism

138
Q

the more a drug is given, the stronger its toxic effect on tissue

A

cumulative action

139
Q

are anti-inflammatory drugs applied to the surface of the skin to relieve: pruritis, vasodilation, and inflammation

A

topical corticosteroids

140
Q

prevent or relieve itchin

A

antipruritics

141
Q

applied agents topically to destroy bacteria, they prevent development of infections in cuts, scratches, and surgical incisions.

A

antiseptics

142
Q

destroys and softens the outer layer of skin so that it can be shed

A

keratolytics

143
Q

which keratolytic are effective in removing warts and corn?

A

salicylic acid

144
Q

keratolytics can be also used to promote the shedding of scales and crusts in what?

A

eczema, psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis

145
Q

kills parasites that infest the skin

A

antiparastitics

146
Q

medications: mebendazole. albendazole, or ivermectin

A

treat pinworm infections

147
Q

what does scabicides kill

A

mites that causes scabies

148
Q

What are permethrin cream, and sulfur ointment a example of

A

scabicides

149
Q

what are pyrethrins and permethrin lotions an example of

A

meds to treat lice

150
Q

are used to cool. cover, dry or soothe inflamed skin

A

astringents or protectives

151
Q

don’t penetrate the skin or soften it but form a long lasting film

A

protectives

152
Q

what does protective film protect the skin from

A

air, water, and clothing during natural healing process

153
Q

shrinks the blood vessels locally, dry up secretions form seeping lesions, and lessen the sensitivity of the skin

A

astringents

154
Q

prescribed for pain on skin surfaces or mucous membranes caused by wounds, hemorrhoids, or sunburns

A

topical anesthetics

155
Q

relieve pain and itching by numbing nerves in the skin layer or mucous membranes

A

topical anesthetics

156
Q

treat conditions including infection, redness, irritation and glaucoma

A

eyedrops

157
Q

used to flush, and bathe the eye, to remove foreign particles or chemical irritants

A

eyewashes

158
Q

caused by abundance of ultraviolet rays hitting the skin

A

sunburn

159
Q

is tneder to touch, patient complains of hot, tight feeling to the skin

A

mild sunburn

160
Q

patient may experience intense pain, inabiility to tolerate contact with clothing and fever and chills

A

severe sunburn

161
Q

are used to relieve the pain associated from sunburns

A

local anesthetics

162
Q

sunburn protectants include

A

cocoa, butter, glycerin, shark liver oil, and petrolatum or petroleum jelly

163
Q

measures the time it takes for skin to be visbily damaged by sun exposure from UVB rays

A

sun protection factor (SPF)

164
Q

topically applied agents with analgesic, anesthetic, anti-itching and counterirritant effects

A

external analgesics

165
Q

wht does external analgesics do

A

reduce symptoms caused by burns, cuts, abrasion, insect bites, and skin lesions

166
Q

an example of a topical anti-itching agent

A

diphenhydramine

167
Q

what may also be used to treat itching due to rash, ecezema or hemorrhoids

A

topical corticosterioids

168
Q

are the mainstays of external products

A

counterirritant effects

169
Q

what do counterirritants do

A

produce a mild, local, inflammatory reaction with objective of providing relief in another site, usually next to or underlying the skin surface being treated

170
Q

where are commercial analgesic rubs

A

oils such as eucalyptus or turpentine, methyl salicylate, menthol, capsicum preps, camphor

171
Q

used to counteract local infections of the skin or mucous membranes caused by bacteria or fungi

A

topical anti-infectives

172
Q

drugs that are given to correct variations from normal heart rhythms

A

antiarrhythmic

173
Q

are drugs that fight high blood pressure

A

antihypertensive drugs

174
Q

narrow blood vessels and raise blood pressure

A

vasoconstrictors

175
Q

the condition where plaque builds up in the arteries

A

atherosclerosis

176
Q

break up cloths within blood vessels, effective with patients with thrombosis or embolism

A

anticoagulants

177
Q

ACE end in “pril”

A

enalapril, lisinopril, benazepril

178
Q

What’s an annoying side effect of ACE meds

A

dry cough

179
Q

Whats one positive of ARBs compared ACE

A

no dry cough

180
Q

What does ARBs end with

A

-sartan

Billing and Coding (13 decks)

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