Lungs and endocrine Flashcards
How many jobs does the nose have?
two
what are the jobs that the nose has?
to provide us with warm, filtered and moistened oxygen, enables us to smell
What is the movement of air into lungs?
Inspiration
what are cilia
the short course hair in the nose that filters objectives and can kill some germs and stop growth for others
What is a multipurpose tube leading from back of the nose, mouth and down the tracheas to the esophagus.
Pharynx
Which tube allows air to reach lungs and food to the stomach
pharynx
Where is the larynx located at
between the pharynx and trachea
what is also called the voice box
larynx because it has the voice cords
what are tough bands of ligamentous tissue that vibrates to produce speech
Vocal cords
What determines the sound of voice?
the size and tightness of the vocal cords
What is the space between the vocal cords
glottis
What is the leaf shaped flap on the larynx and is responsibel for sealing off the airway to the lungs when you swallow food or water
epiglottis
What is the long hollow, smooth muscle tube that runs down in the chest in front of the esophagus
trachea
What does the trachea separtes
the upper resp system (neck) from the lower resp system (above neck)
What does the trachea branch off into?
into two bronchis, and several bronchioles
What are the smallest airways in the bronchi
bronchioles
What is alveoli
the pouches that the bronchioles open into
what are the smallest blood vessels in lungs
capillary beds
The right lung is divided into
three lobes
The left lung is divided into
two lobes
What are the most common upper respiratory diseases
cold and flu
Which respiratory system disorders are more severe?
lower respiratory system disorder
Which resp disorders require hospitalization, chronic meds, and lifestyle improvements?
Lower resp disorder
What are the most common lower rep disorders?
asthma, COPD, bronchitis and pneumonia
What disorder is considered the most common, highly contagious, and longer in children?
common cold
What is the best way to prevent the common cold
thorough hand washing and avoiding sick people
How does a common cold progress?
first scratchy throat, then runny nose, day 3-4 chest congestion starts due to mucus buildup in the upper reps tract, and cough. day 6-7 patient gets better
Since the common cold, isnt a bacterial infection, what meds are prescribed?
meds to treat symptoms
What are symptoms of colds?
scratchy/sore throat, nasal congestion, sneezing, sniffling, runny nose, chest congestion, cough, body aches, tiredness, and fever
What are a few cold treatments?
decongestants, first/second generation antihistamines, cough medications, pain/fever medications, and other treatment
Which medications are used to dry excessive mucus and open nasal passageways?
decongestants
What are these meds: pseudoephedrine (sudafed), phenlyephrine (sudafed PE), and Oxymetazoline (Afrin) nasal drops
decongestant
Which meds are used to treat symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, and sore throat?
antihistamines
What are the following examples of: Benadryl (diphenhydramine), Atarax, Vistaril (Hydroxyzine), Bromax (Brompheniramine),
First gen antihistamines
Which meds are known to cause fewer side effects of dizziness, drowsiness, and dry mouth and are only taken once or twice daily, instead of multiple doses?
second gen antihistamine
what are the following examples of: Allegra (Fexofenadine), Claritin (Lorastadine), Clarinex (Desloratadine) and Zyrtec (Cetirizine)
second gen antihistimaine
What is the body’s way of eliminating mucus that has build up in the upper resp tract?
cough
Which meds act on the central nervous system to suppress the urge to cough, and expectorants help bring out the mucus?
cough meds
what are the following forms of: Delsym, Robitussin, Tessalon, Hycodan, and Phenergan?
cough meds
Which fever is not recommended due to bleeding, and gastic ulcer, in children a dangerous disease known as Reye’s syndrom
aspirin
What disorder is a viral infections
influenza or flu
which disorder is very common and considered a mild disease
flue
What does the suffix -vir mean?
indicates a med is antiviral
What are the main symptoms of asthma and COPD?
difficulty breathing ad chronic cough
What is a chronic lower respiratory disease that involves airway obstruction due to inflammation?
Asthma
Who is asthma more common in?
children and eldery
What is asthma triggered by?
excercise, allergens or cold weather
What is the progressive inflammation and destruction of the lungs
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
What is the leading cause of COPD
cigarette
what are the two main conditions associated with COPD
emphysema, and chronic obstructive bronchitis
What is the condition in which the walls between the alveoli are damaged and become floppy?
emphysema
What is the condition of the airway lining being thick due to chronic irritation?
chronic obstruction bronchitis
what is the acute or chronic inflammation and infection of the mucous membranes of the bronchial passags of the resp tract?
bronchitis
what is the main system of bronchitis?
cough lasting more than 5-7 days
what is bronchitis caused by?
viral infection
what is a bacterial infection
pneumonia
what is the difference between pneumonia and acute bronchitis?
fever and severe productive cough
what is a treatment for pneumonia
antibiotics, and it depends on the organism type, age, severity and diagnosis of CAP or HCAP
what should be started 36-48 hours of flu symptoms
tamiflu
Which system is composed of ductless glands scattered throughout the body?
endocrine system
What does the glands produce?
hormones
what acts as messengers to ensure proper development and operation of many organs, control the metablic rate of cells and regulate homeostasis of bodily fluids?
hormones
What do glands do after producing hormones
release them into the bloodstream
which two systems regulate the endocrine systems?
positive and negative feedback
Which feedback is demonstrated by an example of prolactin stimulating the mammary glands
positive feedback
which feedback is a system that the endocrine system keeps other systems in balance.
negative feedback
What feedback operates on the opposite, if too little stimulus, the glands increases productions?
negative
Which hormones is responsible for our fight or flight reaction, and boost energy to act quickly?
adrenaline
Which hormones belong to the thyroid gland?
thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
Which thyroid glands regulate metabolism in body cells?
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Which thyroid gland stimulates the passage of calcium from the blood into the bones?
calcitonin
What hormones does the pancreas make?
Insulin, and glucagon
Which pancreas gland hormone regulates the transport of glucose to the body’s cells
insulin
which pancreas gland hormones increases blood sugar by causing conversion of glycogen to glucose
glucagon
What does the adrenal cortex hormone regulates the amount of sugars, fats and protein in cells
cortisol
Which adrenal cortex gland hormone regulates the amount of salt in body?
aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)
What does the adrenal cortex hormone estrogen and testosterone (gonadocorticoids) do?
maintain secondary sex characteristics
what does the adrenal medula hormone epinephrine do?
mimics the sympathetic nervous system’s responces
What do the parathyroid hormones do
regulate calcium in the blood
What hormones does the testes produces growth and maintains secondary sex characteristics in the male?
testosterone
Which hormone in the ovaries developes and maintains secondary sex characteristics in the female
estradiol
which hormone of the ovaries prepares and maintains the uterus in pregnancy
progesterone
which gland in the endocrine system is the largest
thyroid gland
which gland is considered the adam’s apple in men and is located in the front and side of neck
thyroid gland
how many thyroid hormones are there?
three: thyroxine T-4, Triiodothyronine T3, and Calcitonin
what are the major thyroid hormones
T4 and T3
What happens when T3 and T4 are in the bloodstream
T4 and T3 help give the body the energy needed for maintenance and growth
Which gland is embedded in connective tissue that holds thyroid in place
parathyroid glands
What composes the endocrine system?
thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary gland,
What can endocrine glands develop?
tumors and inflammation
What is the thyroid disorder that causes release of too much thyroid hormone?
hyperthyroidism
Which results are most common from hyperthyroidism
thyrotoxicosis or graves
What are a few symptoms of hyperthry
tremors, palps, weakness, weighloss, insomnia, increased heart rate, sweating and protrusion of eyes
What is a common treatment of hyperthyroid
radioactive iodine
Why is Radioactive Iodine used for hyperthyroid?
bc thyroid cells are the only cells that absorb iodine
What is another treatment or procedure for hypothyroid
surgical removal of the enlarged gland w/or without iodine. also called a thyroidectomy
what medications are used for a thyroidectomy?
Methimazole, Propylithiouracil
What is the thyroid disorder that causes the release of too little thyroid hormone?
hypothryroidism
who is hypothyroidism more common in?
women
What happens during hypothyroidism?
slows down metabolism
what are signs of hypothyroidism?
mental, physical sluggishness, obese, enlargement of tongue, swelling of lips and nose, cold sensitivity and weakness of muscle
What is the treatment of hypothyroidism?
thyroid hormone replacement of LEvothyroxine and thyroid
What is enlargement of the thyroid gland that causes swelling in the neck?
Goiter
What can cause goiter?
hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
What dietary intake can cause goiter in haiti?
iodine
what are the following symptoms a sign of airway obstruction, difficulty swallowing, and hoarse voice due to an enlarged gland?
goiter
What is the treatment for goiter?
surgical removal and thyroid replacement theraphy after sugery with radioactive iodine
What adrenal gland disorder is caused by hyperactive adrenal gland?
cushing’s syndrome
What are the symptoms of weight gain, susceptible to bruises, hypertension, diabetes, and weakness
cushing’s syndrom
What treatments fix the following mitotane, cyproheptadine, ketoconazole, and surgical removal of tumor of the pit or adrenal gland
cushing’s syndrome
due to abnormal low levels of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands
addison’s disease
electrolyte imbalances, weight loss, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), muscle weakness and pain, and hypotension
addison’s disease
what is the treatment by replacement of adrenal hormones and hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone meds
addison’s disease
what is deficiency or decreased production of insulin by the pancreas
diabetes
what are the three types of diabetes
type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes
what does insulin control
glucose levels in the blood
how is diabetes measured by?
measuring fasting blood sugar levels
what should healthy blood sugar levels be?
be less than 100mg/dl
what are test that measures blood sugar levels over a 2-3 month period called
hemoglobin A1C
What is considered a healthy, normal A1C level
4 - 6.2%
What the following symptoms of thirsty all of the time, frequent urination, extreme fatigue, or tiredness, weightloss, blurred vision, tingling pain or numbness in hands or feet, and cuts/bruises that are slow to heal?
diabetes
Which diabetes type is less than 10% of all diabetes?
type 1
which type of d, is caused by destruction of insulin producing cells of the pancrease due to genetic or enviromental factor, average time of onset is childhood, 10 years or earlier?
type 1
which type of, is onset as an adult, progressive disease, caused by decreased insulin secretion, accounts for more than 90% of diabetes
type 2
which diabetes occurs in pregnancy, if uncontrolled or untreated, can cause defects
gestational diabets
What can diabetes lead to
heart issues, hypertension, stroke, nerve damage, blindness, foot ulcers, infections and kidney failure
what can be done to reverse diabetes
good diet, decrease in sugar, exercise, and maintain weight
what can treat type 1 diabetes
insulin
which can treat diabetes?
metformin is first to treat type 2
how does metformin (meds for type 2) work
increasing glucose uptake in muscles and inhibits glucose release from liver.
what are some side effects of Metformin
effects kidneys
what is the primary treatment for type 1
insulin
where is insulin administered from
subcutaneous (injection under skin)
how is insulin available in
short acting, immediate acting, and long term
where should insulin be stored
refridge
where else can insulin be administered?
under skin or into veins
once opened or removed from fridge, how long is it good for?
for 28 days at room temp
how is insulin measured
in units not mgs or mls
how fast does short acting insulin act
5-30 minutes, and used with meals to control increased glucose level with food.
what are the following examples of humulin R, novolin r, humalog, novolog?
short acting
which insulin works within 2-4 hours
intermediate acting insulin
what are the following ex of humulin n, novolin n, and humalog 70/30
intermediate acting insulin
which insulin works within 6-10 hours
long-acting insulin
what are the following ex of lantus and levemir
long-acting insulin
what is define as dangerously LOW levels of glucose in blood
hypoglycemia
what are signs of hypoglycemia
nervousness, sweaty palms, dizziness, weakness, tachycardia, and coma
what are treatments of hypoglycemia
juice consumptions, glucose tablet intake, glucagon injection and dextrose 50% injection
