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Billing and Coding > Lungs and endocrine > Flashcards

Lungs and endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

How many jobs does the nose have?

A

two

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2
Q

what are the jobs that the nose has?

A

to provide us with warm, filtered and moistened oxygen, enables us to smell

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3
Q

What is the movement of air into lungs?

A

Inspiration

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4
Q

what are cilia

A

the short course hair in the nose that filters objectives and can kill some germs and stop growth for others

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5
Q

What is a multipurpose tube leading from back of the nose, mouth and down the tracheas to the esophagus.

A

Pharynx

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6
Q

Which tube allows air to reach lungs and food to the stomach

A

pharynx

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7
Q

Where is the larynx located at

A

between the pharynx and trachea

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8
Q

what is also called the voice box

A

larynx because it has the voice cords

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9
Q

what are tough bands of ligamentous tissue that vibrates to produce speech

A

Vocal cords

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10
Q

What determines the sound of voice?

A

the size and tightness of the vocal cords

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11
Q

What is the space between the vocal cords

A

glottis

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12
Q

What is the leaf shaped flap on the larynx and is responsibel for sealing off the airway to the lungs when you swallow food or water

A

epiglottis

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13
Q

What is the long hollow, smooth muscle tube that runs down in the chest in front of the esophagus

A

trachea

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14
Q

What does the trachea separtes

A

the upper resp system (neck) from the lower resp system (above neck)

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15
Q

What does the trachea branch off into?

A

into two bronchis, and several bronchioles

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16
Q

What are the smallest airways in the bronchi

A

bronchioles

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17
Q

What is alveoli

A

the pouches that the bronchioles open into

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18
Q

what are the smallest blood vessels in lungs

A

capillary beds

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19
Q

The right lung is divided into

A

three lobes

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20
Q

The left lung is divided into

A

two lobes

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21
Q

What are the most common upper respiratory diseases

A

cold and flu

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22
Q

Which respiratory system disorders are more severe?

A

lower respiratory system disorder

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23
Q

Which resp disorders require hospitalization, chronic meds, and lifestyle improvements?

A

Lower resp disorder

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24
Q

What are the most common lower rep disorders?

A

asthma, COPD, bronchitis and pneumonia

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25
Q

What disorder is considered the most common, highly contagious, and longer in children?

A

common cold

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26
Q

What is the best way to prevent the common cold

A

thorough hand washing and avoiding sick people

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27
Q

How does a common cold progress?

A

first scratchy throat, then runny nose, day 3-4 chest congestion starts due to mucus buildup in the upper reps tract, and cough. day 6-7 patient gets better

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28
Q

Since the common cold, isnt a bacterial infection, what meds are prescribed?

A

meds to treat symptoms

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29
Q

What are symptoms of colds?

A

scratchy/sore throat, nasal congestion, sneezing, sniffling, runny nose, chest congestion, cough, body aches, tiredness, and fever

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30
Q

What are a few cold treatments?

A

decongestants, first/second generation antihistamines, cough medications, pain/fever medications, and other treatment

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31
Q

Which medications are used to dry excessive mucus and open nasal passageways?

A

decongestants

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32
Q

What are these meds: pseudoephedrine (sudafed), phenlyephrine (sudafed PE), and Oxymetazoline (Afrin) nasal drops

A

decongestant

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33
Q

Which meds are used to treat symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, and sore throat?

A

antihistamines

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34
Q

What are the following examples of: Benadryl (diphenhydramine), Atarax, Vistaril (Hydroxyzine), Bromax (Brompheniramine),

A

First gen antihistamines

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35
Q

Which meds are known to cause fewer side effects of dizziness, drowsiness, and dry mouth and are only taken once or twice daily, instead of multiple doses?

A

second gen antihistamine

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36
Q

what are the following examples of: Allegra (Fexofenadine), Claritin (Lorastadine), Clarinex (Desloratadine) and Zyrtec (Cetirizine)

A

second gen antihistimaine

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37
Q

What is the body’s way of eliminating mucus that has build up in the upper resp tract?

A

cough

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38
Q

Which meds act on the central nervous system to suppress the urge to cough, and expectorants help bring out the mucus?

A

cough meds

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39
Q

what are the following forms of: Delsym, Robitussin, Tessalon, Hycodan, and Phenergan?

A

cough meds

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40
Q

Which fever is not recommended due to bleeding, and gastic ulcer, in children a dangerous disease known as Reye’s syndrom

A

aspirin

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41
Q

What disorder is a viral infections

A

influenza or flu

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42
Q

which disorder is very common and considered a mild disease

A

flue

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43
Q

What does the suffix -vir mean?

A

indicates a med is antiviral

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44
Q

What are the main symptoms of asthma and COPD?

A

difficulty breathing ad chronic cough

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45
Q

What is a chronic lower respiratory disease that involves airway obstruction due to inflammation?

A

Asthma

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46
Q

Who is asthma more common in?

A

children and eldery

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47
Q

What is asthma triggered by?

A

excercise, allergens or cold weather

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48
Q

What is the progressive inflammation and destruction of the lungs

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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49
Q

What is the leading cause of COPD

A

cigarette

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50
Q

what are the two main conditions associated with COPD

A

emphysema, and chronic obstructive bronchitis

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51
Q

What is the condition in which the walls between the alveoli are damaged and become floppy?

A

emphysema

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52
Q

What is the condition of the airway lining being thick due to chronic irritation?

A

chronic obstruction bronchitis

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53
Q

what is the acute or chronic inflammation and infection of the mucous membranes of the bronchial passags of the resp tract?

A

bronchitis

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54
Q

what is the main system of bronchitis?

A

cough lasting more than 5-7 days

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55
Q

what is bronchitis caused by?

A

viral infection

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56
Q

what is a bacterial infection

A

pneumonia

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57
Q

what is the difference between pneumonia and acute bronchitis?

A

fever and severe productive cough

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58
Q

what is a treatment for pneumonia

A

antibiotics, and it depends on the organism type, age, severity and diagnosis of CAP or HCAP

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59
Q

what should be started 36-48 hours of flu symptoms

A

tamiflu

60
Q

Which system is composed of ductless glands scattered throughout the body?

A

endocrine system

61
Q

What does the glands produce?

A

hormones

62
Q

what acts as messengers to ensure proper development and operation of many organs, control the metablic rate of cells and regulate homeostasis of bodily fluids?

A

hormones

63
Q

What do glands do after producing hormones

A

release them into the bloodstream

64
Q

which two systems regulate the endocrine systems?

A

positive and negative feedback

65
Q

Which feedback is demonstrated by an example of prolactin stimulating the mammary glands

A

positive feedback

66
Q

which feedback is a system that the endocrine system keeps other systems in balance.

A

negative feedback

67
Q

What feedback operates on the opposite, if too little stimulus, the glands increases productions?

A

negative

68
Q

Which hormones is responsible for our fight or flight reaction, and boost energy to act quickly?

A

adrenaline

69
Q

Which hormones belong to the thyroid gland?

A

thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

70
Q

Which thyroid glands regulate metabolism in body cells?

A

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

71
Q

Which thyroid gland stimulates the passage of calcium from the blood into the bones?

A

calcitonin

72
Q

What hormones does the pancreas make?

A

Insulin, and glucagon

73
Q

Which pancreas gland hormone regulates the transport of glucose to the body’s cells

A

insulin

74
Q

which pancreas gland hormones increases blood sugar by causing conversion of glycogen to glucose

A

glucagon

75
Q

What does the adrenal cortex hormone regulates the amount of sugars, fats and protein in cells

A

cortisol

76
Q

Which adrenal cortex gland hormone regulates the amount of salt in body?

A

aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)

77
Q

What does the adrenal cortex hormone estrogen and testosterone (gonadocorticoids) do?

A

maintain secondary sex characteristics

78
Q

what does the adrenal medula hormone epinephrine do?

A

mimics the sympathetic nervous system’s responces

79
Q

What do the parathyroid hormones do

A

regulate calcium in the blood

80
Q

What hormones does the testes produces growth and maintains secondary sex characteristics in the male?

A

testosterone

81
Q

Which hormone in the ovaries developes and maintains secondary sex characteristics in the female

A

estradiol

82
Q

which hormone of the ovaries prepares and maintains the uterus in pregnancy

A

progesterone

83
Q

which gland in the endocrine system is the largest

A

thyroid gland

84
Q

which gland is considered the adam’s apple in men and is located in the front and side of neck

A

thyroid gland

85
Q

how many thyroid hormones are there?

A

three: thyroxine T-4, Triiodothyronine T3, and Calcitonin

86
Q

what are the major thyroid hormones

A

T4 and T3

87
Q

What happens when T3 and T4 are in the bloodstream

A

T4 and T3 help give the body the energy needed for maintenance and growth

88
Q

Which gland is embedded in connective tissue that holds thyroid in place

A

parathyroid glands

89
Q

What composes the endocrine system?

A

thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary gland,

90
Q

What can endocrine glands develop?

A

tumors and inflammation

91
Q

What is the thyroid disorder that causes release of too much thyroid hormone?

A

hyperthyroidism

92
Q

Which results are most common from hyperthyroidism

A

thyrotoxicosis or graves

93
Q

What are a few symptoms of hyperthry

A

tremors, palps, weakness, weighloss, insomnia, increased heart rate, sweating and protrusion of eyes

94
Q

What is a common treatment of hyperthyroid

A

radioactive iodine

95
Q

Why is Radioactive Iodine used for hyperthyroid?

A

bc thyroid cells are the only cells that absorb iodine

96
Q

What is another treatment or procedure for hypothyroid

A

surgical removal of the enlarged gland w/or without iodine. also called a thyroidectomy

97
Q

what medications are used for a thyroidectomy?

A

Methimazole, Propylithiouracil

98
Q

What is the thyroid disorder that causes the release of too little thyroid hormone?

A

hypothryroidism

99
Q

who is hypothyroidism more common in?

A

women

100
Q

What happens during hypothyroidism?

A

slows down metabolism

101
Q

what are signs of hypothyroidism?

A

mental, physical sluggishness, obese, enlargement of tongue, swelling of lips and nose, cold sensitivity and weakness of muscle

102
Q

What is the treatment of hypothyroidism?

A

thyroid hormone replacement of LEvothyroxine and thyroid

103
Q

What is enlargement of the thyroid gland that causes swelling in the neck?

A

Goiter

104
Q

What can cause goiter?

A

hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism

105
Q

What dietary intake can cause goiter in haiti?

A

iodine

106
Q

what are the following symptoms a sign of airway obstruction, difficulty swallowing, and hoarse voice due to an enlarged gland?

A

goiter

107
Q

What is the treatment for goiter?

A

surgical removal and thyroid replacement theraphy after sugery with radioactive iodine

108
Q

What adrenal gland disorder is caused by hyperactive adrenal gland?

A

cushing’s syndrome

109
Q

What are the symptoms of weight gain, susceptible to bruises, hypertension, diabetes, and weakness

A

cushing’s syndrom

110
Q

What treatments fix the following mitotane, cyproheptadine, ketoconazole, and surgical removal of tumor of the pit or adrenal gland

A

cushing’s syndrome

111
Q

due to abnormal low levels of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands

A

addison’s disease

112
Q

electrolyte imbalances, weight loss, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), muscle weakness and pain, and hypotension

A

addison’s disease

113
Q

what is the treatment by replacement of adrenal hormones and hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone meds

A

addison’s disease

114
Q

what is deficiency or decreased production of insulin by the pancreas

A

diabetes

115
Q

what are the three types of diabetes

A

type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes

116
Q

what does insulin control

A

glucose levels in the blood

117
Q

how is diabetes measured by?

A

measuring fasting blood sugar levels

118
Q

what should healthy blood sugar levels be?

A

be less than 100mg/dl

119
Q

what are test that measures blood sugar levels over a 2-3 month period called

A

hemoglobin A1C

120
Q

What is considered a healthy, normal A1C level

A

4 - 6.2%

121
Q

What the following symptoms of thirsty all of the time, frequent urination, extreme fatigue, or tiredness, weightloss, blurred vision, tingling pain or numbness in hands or feet, and cuts/bruises that are slow to heal?

A

diabetes

122
Q

Which diabetes type is less than 10% of all diabetes?

A

type 1

123
Q

which type of d, is caused by destruction of insulin producing cells of the pancrease due to genetic or enviromental factor, average time of onset is childhood, 10 years or earlier?

A

type 1

124
Q

which type of, is onset as an adult, progressive disease, caused by decreased insulin secretion, accounts for more than 90% of diabetes

A

type 2

125
Q

which diabetes occurs in pregnancy, if uncontrolled or untreated, can cause defects

A

gestational diabets

126
Q

What can diabetes lead to

A

heart issues, hypertension, stroke, nerve damage, blindness, foot ulcers, infections and kidney failure

127
Q

what can be done to reverse diabetes

A

good diet, decrease in sugar, exercise, and maintain weight

128
Q

what can treat type 1 diabetes

A

insulin

129
Q

which can treat diabetes?

A

metformin is first to treat type 2

130
Q

how does metformin (meds for type 2) work

A

increasing glucose uptake in muscles and inhibits glucose release from liver.

131
Q

what are some side effects of Metformin

A

effects kidneys

132
Q

what is the primary treatment for type 1

A

insulin

133
Q

where is insulin administered from

A

subcutaneous (injection under skin)

134
Q

how is insulin available in

A

short acting, immediate acting, and long term

135
Q

where should insulin be stored

A

refridge

136
Q

where else can insulin be administered?

A

under skin or into veins

137
Q

once opened or removed from fridge, how long is it good for?

A

for 28 days at room temp

138
Q

how is insulin measured

A

in units not mgs or mls

139
Q

how fast does short acting insulin act

A

5-30 minutes, and used with meals to control increased glucose level with food.

140
Q

what are the following examples of humulin R, novolin r, humalog, novolog?

A

short acting

141
Q

which insulin works within 2-4 hours

A

intermediate acting insulin

142
Q

what are the following ex of humulin n, novolin n, and humalog 70/30

A

intermediate acting insulin

143
Q

which insulin works within 6-10 hours

A

long-acting insulin

144
Q

what are the following ex of lantus and levemir

A

long-acting insulin

145
Q

what is define as dangerously LOW levels of glucose in blood

A

hypoglycemia

146
Q

what are signs of hypoglycemia

A

nervousness, sweaty palms, dizziness, weakness, tachycardia, and coma

147
Q

what are treatments of hypoglycemia

A

juice consumptions, glucose tablet intake, glucagon injection and dextrose 50% injection

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