Lungs and endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
How many jobs does the nose have?
A
two
2
Q
what are the jobs that the nose has?
A
to provide us with warm, filtered and moistened oxygen, enables us to smell
3
Q
What is the movement of air into lungs?
A
Inspiration
4
Q
what are cilia
A
the short course hair in the nose that filters objectives and can kill some germs and stop growth for others
5
Q
What is a multipurpose tube leading from back of the nose, mouth and down the tracheas to the esophagus.
A
Pharynx
6
Q
Which tube allows air to reach lungs and food to the stomach
A
pharynx
7
Q
Where is the larynx located at
A
between the pharynx and trachea
8
Q
what is also called the voice box
A
larynx because it has the voice cords
9
Q
what are tough bands of ligamentous tissue that vibrates to produce speech
A
Vocal cords
10
Q
What determines the sound of voice?
A
the size and tightness of the vocal cords
11
Q
What is the space between the vocal cords
A
glottis
12
Q
What is the leaf shaped flap on the larynx and is responsibel for sealing off the airway to the lungs when you swallow food or water
A
epiglottis
13
Q
What is the long hollow, smooth muscle tube that runs down in the chest in front of the esophagus
A
trachea
14
Q
What does the trachea separtes
A
the upper resp system (neck) from the lower resp system (above neck)
15
Q
What does the trachea branch off into?
A
into two bronchis, and several bronchioles
16
Q
What are the smallest airways in the bronchi
A
bronchioles
17
Q
What is alveoli
A
the pouches that the bronchioles open into
18
Q
what are the smallest blood vessels in lungs
A
capillary beds
19
Q
The right lung is divided into
A
three lobes
20
Q
The left lung is divided into
A
two lobes
21
Q
What are the most common upper respiratory diseases
A
cold and flu
22
Q
Which respiratory system disorders are more severe?
A
lower respiratory system disorder
23
Q
Which resp disorders require hospitalization, chronic meds, and lifestyle improvements?
A
Lower resp disorder
24
Q
What are the most common lower rep disorders?
A
asthma, COPD, bronchitis and pneumonia
25
What disorder is considered the most common, highly contagious, and longer in children?
common cold
26
What is the best way to prevent the common cold
thorough hand washing and avoiding sick people
27
How does a common cold progress?
first scratchy throat, then runny nose, day 3-4 chest congestion starts due to mucus buildup in the upper reps tract, and cough. day 6-7 patient gets better
28
Since the common cold, isnt a bacterial infection, what meds are prescribed?
meds to treat symptoms
29
What are symptoms of colds?
scratchy/sore throat, nasal congestion, sneezing, sniffling, runny nose, chest congestion, cough, body aches, tiredness, and fever
30
What are a few cold treatments?
decongestants, first/second generation antihistamines, cough medications, pain/fever medications, and other treatment
31
Which medications are used to dry excessive mucus and open nasal passageways?
decongestants
32
What are these meds: pseudoephedrine (sudafed), phenlyephrine (sudafed PE), and Oxymetazoline (Afrin) nasal drops
decongestant
33
Which meds are used to treat symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, and sore throat?
antihistamines
34
What are the following examples of: Benadryl (diphenhydramine), Atarax, Vistaril (Hydroxyzine), Bromax (Brompheniramine),
First gen antihistamines
35
Which meds are known to cause fewer side effects of dizziness, drowsiness, and dry mouth and are only taken once or twice daily, instead of multiple doses?
second gen antihistamine
36
what are the following examples of: Allegra (Fexofenadine), Claritin (Lorastadine), Clarinex (Desloratadine) and Zyrtec (Cetirizine)
second gen antihistimaine
37
What is the body's way of eliminating mucus that has build up in the upper resp tract?
cough
38
Which meds act on the central nervous system to suppress the urge to cough, and expectorants help bring out the mucus?
cough meds
39
what are the following forms of: Delsym, Robitussin, Tessalon, Hycodan, and Phenergan?
cough meds
40
Which fever is not recommended due to bleeding, and gastic ulcer, in children a dangerous disease known as Reye's syndrom
aspirin
41
What disorder is a viral infections
influenza or flu
42
which disorder is very common and considered a mild disease
flue
43
What does the suffix -vir mean?
indicates a med is antiviral
44
What are the main symptoms of asthma and COPD?
difficulty breathing ad chronic cough
45
What is a chronic lower respiratory disease that involves airway obstruction due to inflammation?
Asthma
46
Who is asthma more common in?
children and eldery
47
What is asthma triggered by?
excercise, allergens or cold weather
48
What is the progressive inflammation and destruction of the lungs
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
49
What is the leading cause of COPD
cigarette
50
what are the two main conditions associated with COPD
emphysema, and chronic obstructive bronchitis
51
What is the condition in which the walls between the alveoli are damaged and become floppy?
emphysema
52
What is the condition of the airway lining being thick due to chronic irritation?
chronic obstruction bronchitis
53
what is the acute or chronic inflammation and infection of the mucous membranes of the bronchial passags of the resp tract?
bronchitis
54
what is the main system of bronchitis?
cough lasting more than 5-7 days
55
what is bronchitis caused by?
viral infection
56
what is a bacterial infection
pneumonia
57
what is the difference between pneumonia and acute bronchitis?
fever and severe productive cough
58
what is a treatment for pneumonia
antibiotics, and it depends on the organism type, age, severity and diagnosis of CAP or HCAP
59
what should be started 36-48 hours of flu symptoms
tamiflu
60
Which system is composed of ductless glands scattered throughout the body?
endocrine system
61
What does the glands produce?
hormones
62
what acts as messengers to ensure proper development and operation of many organs, control the metablic rate of cells and regulate homeostasis of bodily fluids?
hormones
63
What do glands do after producing hormones
release them into the bloodstream
64
which two systems regulate the endocrine systems?
positive and negative feedback
65
Which feedback is demonstrated by an example of prolactin stimulating the mammary glands
positive feedback
66
which feedback is a system that the endocrine system keeps other systems in balance.
negative feedback
67
What feedback operates on the opposite, if too little stimulus, the glands increases productions?
negative
68
Which hormones is responsible for our fight or flight reaction, and boost energy to act quickly?
adrenaline
69
Which hormones belong to the thyroid gland?
thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
70
Which thyroid glands regulate metabolism in body cells?
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
71
Which thyroid gland stimulates the passage of calcium from the blood into the bones?
calcitonin
72
What hormones does the pancreas make?
Insulin, and glucagon
73
Which pancreas gland hormone regulates the transport of glucose to the body's cells
insulin
74
which pancreas gland hormones increases blood sugar by causing conversion of glycogen to glucose
glucagon
75
What does the adrenal cortex hormone regulates the amount of sugars, fats and protein in cells
cortisol
76
Which adrenal cortex gland hormone regulates the amount of salt in body?
aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)
77
What does the adrenal cortex hormone estrogen and testosterone (gonadocorticoids) do?
maintain secondary sex characteristics
78
what does the adrenal medula hormone epinephrine do?
mimics the sympathetic nervous system's responces
79
What do the parathyroid hormones do
regulate calcium in the blood
80
What hormones does the testes produces growth and maintains secondary sex characteristics in the male?
testosterone
81
Which hormone in the ovaries developes and maintains secondary sex characteristics in the female
estradiol
82
which hormone of the ovaries prepares and maintains the uterus in pregnancy
progesterone
83
which gland in the endocrine system is the largest
thyroid gland
84
which gland is considered the adam's apple in men and is located in the front and side of neck
thyroid gland
85
how many thyroid hormones are there?
three: thyroxine T-4, Triiodothyronine T3, and Calcitonin
86
what are the major thyroid hormones
T4 and T3
87
What happens when T3 and T4 are in the bloodstream
T4 and T3 help give the body the energy needed for maintenance and growth
88
Which gland is embedded in connective tissue that holds thyroid in place
parathyroid glands
89
What composes the endocrine system?
thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary gland,
90
What can endocrine glands develop?
tumors and inflammation
91
What is the thyroid disorder that causes release of too much thyroid hormone?
hyperthyroidism
92
Which results are most common from hyperthyroidism
thyrotoxicosis or graves
93
What are a few symptoms of hyperthry
tremors, palps, weakness, weighloss, insomnia, increased heart rate, sweating and protrusion of eyes
94
What is a common treatment of hyperthyroid
radioactive iodine
95
Why is Radioactive Iodine used for hyperthyroid?
bc thyroid cells are the only cells that absorb iodine
96
What is another treatment or procedure for hypothyroid
surgical removal of the enlarged gland w/or without iodine. also called a thyroidectomy
97
what medications are used for a thyroidectomy?
Methimazole, Propylithiouracil
98
What is the thyroid disorder that causes the release of too little thyroid hormone?
hypothryroidism
99
who is hypothyroidism more common in?
women
100
What happens during hypothyroidism?
slows down metabolism
101
what are signs of hypothyroidism?
mental, physical sluggishness, obese, enlargement of tongue, swelling of lips and nose, cold sensitivity and weakness of muscle
102
What is the treatment of hypothyroidism?
thyroid hormone replacement of LEvothyroxine and thyroid
103
What is enlargement of the thyroid gland that causes swelling in the neck?
Goiter
104
What can cause goiter?
hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
105
What dietary intake can cause goiter in haiti?
iodine
106
what are the following symptoms a sign of airway obstruction, difficulty swallowing, and hoarse voice due to an enlarged gland?
goiter
107
What is the treatment for goiter?
surgical removal and thyroid replacement theraphy after sugery with radioactive iodine
108
What adrenal gland disorder is caused by hyperactive adrenal gland?
cushing's syndrome
109
What are the symptoms of weight gain, susceptible to bruises, hypertension, diabetes, and weakness
cushing's syndrom
110
What treatments fix the following mitotane, cyproheptadine, ketoconazole, and surgical removal of tumor of the pit or adrenal gland
cushing's syndrome
111
due to abnormal low levels of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands
addison's disease
112
electrolyte imbalances, weight loss, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), muscle weakness and pain, and hypotension
addison's disease
113
what is the treatment by replacement of adrenal hormones and hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone meds
addison's disease
114
what is deficiency or decreased production of insulin by the pancreas
diabetes
115
what are the three types of diabetes
type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes
116
what does insulin control
glucose levels in the blood
117
how is diabetes measured by?
measuring fasting blood sugar levels
118
what should healthy blood sugar levels be?
be less than 100mg/dl
119
what are test that measures blood sugar levels over a 2-3 month period called
hemoglobin A1C
120
What is considered a healthy, normal A1C level
4 - 6.2%
121
What the following symptoms of thirsty all of the time, frequent urination, extreme fatigue, or tiredness, weightloss, blurred vision, tingling pain or numbness in hands or feet, and cuts/bruises that are slow to heal?
diabetes
122
Which diabetes type is less than 10% of all diabetes?
type 1
123
which type of d, is caused by destruction of insulin producing cells of the pancrease due to genetic or enviromental factor, average time of onset is childhood, 10 years or earlier?
type 1
124
which type of, is onset as an adult, progressive disease, caused by decreased insulin secretion, accounts for more than 90% of diabetes
type 2
125
which diabetes occurs in pregnancy, if uncontrolled or untreated, can cause defects
gestational diabets
126
What can diabetes lead to
heart issues, hypertension, stroke, nerve damage, blindness, foot ulcers, infections and kidney failure
127
what can be done to reverse diabetes
good diet, decrease in sugar, exercise, and maintain weight
128
what can treat type 1 diabetes
insulin
129
which can treat diabetes?
metformin is first to treat type 2
130
how does metformin (meds for type 2) work
increasing glucose uptake in muscles and inhibits glucose release from liver.
131
what are some side effects of Metformin
effects kidneys
132
what is the primary treatment for type 1
insulin
133
where is insulin administered from
subcutaneous (injection under skin)
134
how is insulin available in
short acting, immediate acting, and long term
135
where should insulin be stored
refridge
136
where else can insulin be administered?
under skin or into veins
137
once opened or removed from fridge, how long is it good for?
for 28 days at room temp
138
how is insulin measured
in units not mgs or mls
139
how fast does short acting insulin act
5-30 minutes, and used with meals to control increased glucose level with food.
140
what are the following examples of humulin R, novolin r, humalog, novolog?
short acting
141
which insulin works within 2-4 hours
intermediate acting insulin
142
what are the following ex of humulin n, novolin n, and humalog 70/30
intermediate acting insulin
143
which insulin works within 6-10 hours
long-acting insulin
144
what are the following ex of lantus and levemir
long-acting insulin
145
what is define as dangerously LOW levels of glucose in blood
hypoglycemia
146
what are signs of hypoglycemia
nervousness, sweaty palms, dizziness, weakness, tachycardia, and coma
147
what are treatments of hypoglycemia
juice consumptions, glucose tablet intake, glucagon injection and dextrose 50% injection
