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OCHT Term II > PHARM - Drug Assignments (Test 3) > Flashcards

PHARM - Drug Assignments (Test 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Common streetnames for crack/cocaine

A
  • snow
  • Devil’s dandruff
  • Hannah montana
  • blow
  • soft white
  • hard white
  • yayo
  • 8ball
  • star-spangled powder
  • rock
  • nose beeres
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2
Q

What’s the difference between crack and cocaine?

A
  • crack is a derivative of cocaine - achieved through a cooking process
  • crack: rock form
  • cocaine: powder form
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3
Q

What does crack look like?

A
  • rock form; ranging in colour from clear white to off white, varied in shape and size
  • At its natural form, it comes from a plant (chewable)a
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4
Q

What does cocaine look like?

A
  • white powder - looks similar to baking soda and other white powders
  • can look flaky depending ona additives
  • In the market today, it is a fine white powder
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5
Q

How is crack cocaine used?

A
  • Crack: smoked (crackpipe)
  • Cocaine: snorted, injected, smoked (rare)
    • may be swallowed to boost high
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6
Q

How is cocaine manufactured?

A

1) Cocaine comes from dried leaves of coca plant Erythroxylum
2) Leaves are mulched & binding agent like cement is sprinkled over it
3) Mixed with gasoline, ammonia, sulfuric acid, sodium permanganate, caustic soda and others to produce a paste
4) Paste is extracted and heated until most of the water is evaporated
5) Crushed and sold, may be mixed with other stuff then grinded it to turn into a powder

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7
Q

How is cocaine manufactured?

A

made by cooking cocaine powder with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) then breaking it into small pieces called rocks (name comes from the fact that it cracckles when heated and smoked)

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8
Q

Benefits of cocaine?

A
  • local anesthestic
  • vasoconstrictive properties
    • ^ both used for head and neck surgeries
  • in coca cola as a “tonic” back in the day
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9
Q

Retail value of crack and cocaine

A

Crack:

  • 0.1g (rock): $10-25
  • 0.1 - 0.25g: $40

Cocaine: 1/8th oz/3.5 g (8 ball): $120-150+

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10
Q

Demographics use for crack/cocaine

A
  • 58% of crack/cocaine use is male
  • highest use if 20-24 age group
  • use in Canadian population is ~2%
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11
Q

Effects of crack/ccoaine on body, and time it takes for the drug to kick in via intranasal (snorting), injection, and smoking.

A

Intranasal/snorting: takes effect within a few minutes, lasts 15-30 min

Injection: produces a rush felt in 30-45 secs, lasts 10-20 mins

Smoking: causes high within seconds, last only 5-10 mins

Effects: cocaine binds to dopamine transporter, blocking the removal of dopamine from synapse so it accumulates in the synapse to produce an amplified signal to receiving neurons - causes “euphoria”

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12
Q

Short term effects of crack/cocaine

A
  • Short acting stimulant
  • Euphoric “high” feeling - can induce hallucinations, huge mood swings, panic, and paranoia
  • Restlessness & aggression, violence
  • Dry mouth, loss of appetite, sweating, increased HR
  • Long “low crash” follows - associated with strong cravings & depressive episodes
  • May also experience tremors, vertigo, and muscle twitches
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13
Q

Long term effects of crack/cocaine

A
  • Increased anxiety, nervousness and psychosis
  • Breathing problems and lung damage: “Crack Lung”
  • Difficulty sleeping, weight loss
  • Nose Bleeds
  • damage the nasal septum (sinus infections and loss of smell)
  • Infections with injections (used needles) or with impurities of the drug
  • Debt & difficult social relationships
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14
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of crack/cocaine

A
  • Significant fatigue and depression
  • Agitation
  • Intense cravings
  • Anxiety
  • Nausea
  • Insomnia & nightmares
  • Hallucinations
  • Excessive sweating
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15
Q

Long term use of crack cocaine can dause dangers to the body including:

A
  • Can cause blood vessels to thicken and constrict, reducing flow of oxygen to the heart
  • Can cause heart muscle to work harder (risk of heart attack and stroke)
  • Raises BP which can weaken blood vessels in the brain to bursta
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16
Q

Overdose of crack/cocaine leads to:

A
  • Seizures and heart failure
  • Weak breathing and/or respiratory arrest
  • Also mixing cocaine with other substances such as alcohol, fentanyl, and heroin increases dangers and risk of overdose
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17
Q

CBT

A
  • Psychotherapy approach to help with substance abuse
  • Helps with identifying negative and self-deprecating thoughts and aims to improve self-control, form good coping strategies, increased awareness
  • Includes:
    • Functional analysis: identifying thoughts and feelings and circumstances leading to substance use + consequences of behaviour; provides insight to better understand a person’s history and relate tx around these issues
    • Skills training: developing coping skills, providing education, substituting habits with positive action plans
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18
Q

MDMA stands for

A

methylenedioxymethamphetamine

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19
Q

Street names for MDMA

A
  • ecstasy
  • molly
  • Adam
  • XTC
  • Scooby snacks
  • Lover’s speed
  • Bean
  • Candy
  • X
20
Q

What is MDMA?

A
  • dissociative hallucinogenic drug
  • works as a stimulant and hallucinogen (alters senses and perceptions)
21
Q

How is MDMA made and where does it come from?

A
  • most ingredients in MDMA come from China because most of it is legal there
  • most of the MDMA seized in the US is synthesized in Canada and to a lesser extent, The Netherlands
  • Ingredients:
    • isolate Safrole Oil
    • convert safrole to MDP2P (oxygen is added to catalyze the reaction)
    • reductively aminate MDP2P to MDMA
    • Crystallize the MDMA oil (filtered and further processed to be compressed into tablets)
22
Q

What does MDMA look like?

A
  • many shapes, sizes and colous (varies due to different ingredients used to bind the crystalline powder into pill/tab)
  • triangular MDMA marked with an “X”
  • speckled ecstasy tablet with a fish imprint
  • off-white ecstast tablet with Crows foot symbol
  • Blue ecstasy tablet with butterfly imprint
23
Q

True or false. MDMA initially comes in a white powder but is never sold as a powder

A

True. It is mostly sold as a chalky tablet or pill

24
Q

How is MDMA taken?

A

orally, intranasally, IV

25
Q

Who uses MDMA?

A
  • adolescents and YA in nightlife and festival settings
  • predominantly used in 18-25 y.o.
  • sexual orientation influences MDMA use
    • gay/bisexual men and women were more likely to use MDMA then their heterosexual counterparts
26
Q

Effects of MDMA on body and how long this takes to kick in

A
  • effecs usually take ~45 min of taking a single dose
  • Effects:
    • ​enhanced sense of wellbeing, pleasure and self confidence
    • increased extroversion and energy
    • emotional closeness
    • empathy towards others
    • enhanced sensory perception (hallmark of MDMA use)
27
Q

Clinical signs/indicators to look for in individuals who use MDMA

A
  • dilated pupils
  • reduced pain sensation
  • elevated body temp
  • long periods of wakefulness
28
Q

How does MDMA affect chemicals in the body?

How addictive is MDMA?

How significant is the withdrawal from MDMA?

A
  • MDMA produces adaptations in the 5HT and dopamine systems that are associated with substance use/abuse disorder (blocking reuptake of these substances)
  • no research on how addictive MDMA is but it may affect many of the same NTs as other addictive substances
  • Withdrawal: nothing formally recognized when MDMA is stopped but often assocaited with varying distress psychological and emotional symptoms
29
Q

Short term effects of MDMA

A

release of dopamine, NE, and 5HT (blocks their reuptake)

30
Q

Long term effects of MDMA

A
  • heart arrhythmias
  • heart damage
  • irritability
  • depression
  • impulsivity
  • impaired attention and memory
31
Q

Leading cause of ecstast-related deaths is _____________.

A

hyperthermia

often taken at raves/nightclubs and dancing (which all cause increased risk to become hyperthermic, dehydrated) - eventually leads to organ dysfunction

32
Q

What is re-upping? Why do MDMA users do this?

A
  • aka double stack
  • users of MDMA may continue to take more to return to euphoric effects once peak effects start to wear off
    • avoids the crash (which causes feelings of anxiety, depression, fatigue, irritability, and agitation form body’s lack of producing hormones)
33
Q

Overdosing on MDMA may lead to

A
  • heart arrhythmias
  • body temp dysregulation
  • hyperterhmia
  • hyperthermia-related rhabdomyolysis & kidney injury
  • seiures
34
Q

Benefits of MDMA

A
  • suppresses area of the brain responsible for anxiety and fear which can be beneficial in therapeutic applications
  • tx of social anxiety who are on autism spectrum
  • produces empathetic and pro-social feelings in those who could otherwise suffer from social anxiety (not associated with autism spectrum)
  • produce feelings of calmness and trust
  • alcohol addiction
  • PTSD
35
Q

MDMA is a schedule _____ drug, and access by therapists is ________.

A

I; limited (very restricted access by therapists)

36
Q

price of 1 MDMA tablet

A

$15-25

cheaper than alternative therapies for severe PTSD that may take longer and need more drugs/professional assistance

37
Q

Street names for heroin

A
  • dope
  • smack
  • H
  • junk
  • skag
  • snow horse
  • china hite
  • brown
  • beast
  • hero
38
Q

How is heroin used?

A
  • injection (most common)
  • sniffed/snorted
  • smoked (“chasing the dragon”)
  • gumming/chewing
  • suppository
  • speedball
39
Q

What is heroin?

A
  • semi-synthetic opioid
  • comes from opium poppies
  • morphine is a natural opioid that is harvested from the opium plant
  • heroin is made from morphine and then chemically processed
  • has multiple cutting agents: baking soda, sugar, starch, crushed OTC painkillers, powedered milk, laundry detergent, caffeine, rat poison
40
Q

S/S of heroin

A
  • dry mouth
  • pinpoint pupils
  • decreased bowel movement
  • decreased HR
  • decreased breathing
  • flushed skin
  • hypotension
  • muscle spasms
41
Q

Short term effects of heroin use

A
  • “Flash effect” - surge of euphoria, dry mouth, warm flushing of the skin, heavy feeling in arms/legs, N/V, severe itching, clouded mental functioning and going “on the nod”
    • back and forth state of being conscious and subconscious
42
Q

Long term effects of heroin use

A
  • insomnia
  • collapsed veins (from injection)
  • damaged tissue inside nose (for sniffing/snorting)
  • infection of heart lining and valves
  • abscesses
  • constipation and stomach
  • liver and kidney disease
  • lung complications
  • mental disorders
  • sexual dysfunction for men/irregular menstrual cycle for women
43
Q

When can heroin addiction start? What are S/S of heroin withdrawal?

A
  • Addiction can start within 2-3 weeks
  • Withdrawal can start wtihin 6-12 hours of last use
  • S/S:
    • restlessness
    • severe muscle and bone pain
    • sleep problems
    • diarrhea and vomiting
    • cold flashes with goosebumps
    • uncontrollable leg movements
    • severe heroins cravings
44
Q

What does heroin overdose look like?

A
  • face becomes pale/clammy
  • blue lips and fingernails
  • extreme drowsiness
  • slow or halted breathing
  • pinpoint pupils
  • body goes limp
  • may lead to coma or death
45
Q

Treatment for overdose of heroin

A
  • use of naloxone
  • preventative measures: clean supplies or clean injection sites, don’t use alone
  • long term - recovery programs and treatment options like methadone

OCHT Term II (31 decks)

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