Personality Disorders Flashcards
What are personality disorders?
Pervasive and inflexible patterns of behaviour or ways of relating to others
Why do disordered personality traits become evident?
Adolescence or early adulthood
What childhood behaviour problems are high risk for personality disorders?
Conduct disorder Depression Anxiety Hyperactivity Impulsivity Attention problems
What does ego-syntonic mean?
Behaviour or feelings that are perceived as natural or compatible parts of self
What does ego-dystonic mean?
Behaviour or feelings that are perceived to be foreign or alien to one’s self identity
What are cluster A personality disorders?
People who are perceived as odd or eccentric
- paranoid
- schizoid
- schizotypal
What are cluster B personality disorders
People whose behaviour is overly dramatic, emotional, or erratic
- antisocial
- borderline
- histrionic
- narcissistic
What are cluster C personality disorders?
People who often appear anxious or fearful
- avoidant
- dependent
- OCPD
What is a paranoid personality disorder?
Characterized by persistent suspiciousness of the motives of others, but not to the point of holding clear-cut delusions
What is the prevalence rate of paranoid personality disorder?
2.3%-4.4%
Who is diagnosed with paranoid personality disorder at a higher rate?
Men
What is schizoid personality disorder?
Characterized by detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
What are some characteristics of schizoid personality disorder?
Described as a longer or an eccentric
Rarely express emotions
Distant and aloof
What is the prevalence rate of schizoid personality disorder
3.1%-4.9%
What is schizotypal personality disorder?
Characterized by acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behaviour
Paranoid thinking
What is the prevalence rate of schizotypal personality disorder?
3%
What are ideas of reference?
Form of delusional thinking in which a person reads personal meaning into the behaviour of others or external events that completely independent of the person
What is antisocial personality disorder?
Characterized by a chronic pattern of disregard for an violation of the rights of others
What are some characteristics of antisocial personality disorder?
Low levels of anxiety in threatening situations and a lack of guilt or remorse
Superficial charm
What is the prevalence rate of antisocial personality disorder?
4.3%
More common in men
High prevalence in the prison population
What is psychopathy?
Characterized by affective and interpersonal traits, such as shallow emotions, selfishness, arrogance, superficial charm, deceitfulness, manipulativeness, irresponsibility, sensation seeking, a lack of empathy, anxiety, and remorse combined with persistent violations of social norms, a socially deviant and nomadic lifestyle, and impulsiveness
What is borderline personality disorder?
Characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, and mood and a lack of control over impulses
What are some characteristics of borderline personality disorder?
Fear of abandonment
Feelings toward others are intense and shifting
Tend to view other people as all good or all bad
What is the prevalence rate of borderline personality disorder?
1.6%-5.9%
What is self-mutilation?
Means of temporarily blocking or escaping from deep, emotional pain
Expression of anger
Means of manipulating others
What is histrionic personality disorder?
Characterized by excessive need to be the centre of attention and to receive reassurance, praise, and approval
Often appear overly dramatic and emotional
Who is diagnosed more frequently with histrionic personality disorder?
Women
What is narcissistic personality disorder?
Characterized by an inflated or grandiose sense of themselves and an extreme need for admiration
Self-absorbed and lack empathy
What is the prevalence of narcissistic personality disorder?
0%-6.2%
More than half of people diagnosed are men
What are some other characteristics of narcissistic personality disorder
Preoccupation with fantasies of success and power, ideal love, or recognition for brilliance or beauty
Sense of entitlement leads them to exploit others
Treat sex partners as devices for their own pleasure or to brace their self-esteem
What is avoidant personality disorder?
Characterized by avoidance of social relationships due to fears of rejection and criticism
Fear of public embarrassment
What is the prevalence of avoidant personality disorder?
2.4%
Equally common in men and women
What is dependent personality disorder?
Characterized by difficulties making independent decisions and by overly dependent behaviour
Excessive need to be taken care by others
Seek advice in making even the smallest decision
Who is diagnosed more frequently with dependent personality disorder?
Women
What is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
Characterized by rigid ways of relation to others, perfectionistic tendencies, lack of spontaneity, and excessive attention to details
What is the prevalence rate of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
2.1%-7.9%
Twice as common in men
What are some problems with the classification of personality disorders?
Lack of demonstrated reliability and validity
Overlap among disorders
Difficulty in distinguishing between variations in normal and abnormal behaviour
Sexist bias
What is the traditional psychodynamic theory of personality disorder?
Unresolved Oedipal conflicts
What are recent psychodynamic theories of personality disorders?
Focus on the development of self in explaining disorders
What is self-psychology? (Heinz Kohut)
Describes processes that normally lead to the achievement of a cohesive sense of self or in narcissistic personality a grandiose sense of self
What is splitting? (Otto Kernberg)
Used to describe the inability of persons to reconcile the positive and negative aspects of themselves and others into a cohesive integration, resulting in sudden and radical shifts between strongly positive and strongly negative feelings
What is symbiotic attachment? (Margaret Mahler)
Describes the state of oneness that normally exists between a mother and infant which the infants identity is fused with the mothers
What is separation-individuation?
The process by which young children come to separate psychologically from their mothers and to perceive themselves as separate and distinct persons
What is the learning perspective of personality disorders?
View personality disorders as maladaptive patterns of behaviour
Learning histories and situational factors give rise to maladaptive behaviour and the reinforcers that maintain them
What is the family perspective of personality disorders?
Family disturbances underlie the development of personality disorders
Extreme fears of abandonment may result from a failure to develop a secure parental attachment
What is the cognitive-behavioural perspective of personality disorders?
Observation and imitation
How people interpret their social experiences influence their behaviour
What is the biological perspective of personality disorders?
There may be a genetic predisposition
These people are more vulnerable to environmental influences and what environments they seek
What is the sociocultural perspective of personality disorders?
Examines the social conditions that may contribute to the development of the behaviour patterns identified as personality disorders
Socioeconomic risk factors play a role
What are psychodynamic approaches to treating personality disorders?
Help people become more aware of the roots of their self-defeating behaviour patterns and learn more adaptive ways of relating to others
What are cognitive-behavioural approaches to treating personality disorders?
Behaviour therapists focus on attempting to replace maladaptive behaviour with adaptive behaviour
What is the Canadian Treatment approach to personality disorders?
Safety and crisis support
Containment of psychological distress through continuing care
Control and regulation skills
Exploration and change
Long-term treatment that focuses on the integration of clear boundaries between self and others
How does CBT treat paranoid personality disorder?
Coping skills training
Improving social interactions
Enhancing communication and self-esteem
What medications treat paranoid personality disorder?
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Anti-anxiety
How does CBT treat schizoid personality disorder?
Learn new interpersonal skills like expressing feelings
How does psychodynamic therapy treat schizoid personality disorder?
Interactions with the therapist provide an opportunity to develop self-expression and communication skills
How does dialectical behavioural therapy treat schizoid personality disorder?
Learn interpersonal effectiveness like how to manage conflict, ask for help, and listen well
How does group therapy treat schizoid personality disorder?
Support and structure improve social skills
What medications treat schizoid personality disorder?
Antidepressants
Anti-anxiety
How does CBT treat schizotypal personality disorder?
Shows them how other people may see their behaviour and helps manage anxiety and improves social skills
How does supportive therapy treat schizotypal personality disorder?
Teaches them how to handle negative emotions or thoughts, how to trust people, how to build relationships
How does supportive-expressive therapy treat schizotypal personality disorder?
Helps get rid of negative biases about relationships
How does parent management treatment treat antisocial personality disorder?
Parents learn new strategies and guiding principles, which may help with socialization and behaviour problems
How does contingency management treat antisocial personality disorder?
Abstinence may be rewarded with money or privileges
How does schema therapy treat antisocial personality disorder?
Integrates elements from cognitive behavioural therapy, attachment object relations therapy, and other experimental therapies
How does CBT treat antisocial personality disorder?
Identify and change unhelpful thinking
How does attachment object relations therapy treat antisocial personality disorder?
Addresses how individuals perceive and relate to others
How does DBT treat antisocial personality disorder?
Help people manage strong emotions and possibly decrease the number of self-harm days
How does psychotherapy treat antisocial personality disorder?
Anger and violence management, treatment for alcohol or substance abuse, and treatment for other mental health conditions
What medications treat antisocial personality disorder?
Antidepressants
Anti-anxiety
Antipsychotic
How does DBT treat BPD?
People learn how to manage distress, and learn skills to help them cope with strong emotions
How does schema-focused therapy treat BPD?
Challenging maladaptive beliefs and behaviours and focusing on healthier ways of thinking and coping
How does mentalization-based therapy treat BPD?
Focuses on helping the client recognize mental states then they can see how these thoughts contribute to their behaviour or the behaviour of others
How does transference-focused psychotherapy treat BPD?
Utilizes the relationship between the client and the therapist so that the therapist can see how a client relates to others
What medications treat BPD?
Antidepressants
Anti-anxiety
Antipsychotic
How does CBT treat histrionic personality disorder?
Reduce emotional distress, improve self-esteem, and enhance the person’s coping skills
How does supportive psychotherapy treat histrionic personality disorder?
Focuses on improving self-esteem, reducing emotional distress, and improving coping skills
How does interpersonal therapy treat histrionic personality disorder?
Helps you identify maladaptive thought patterns, specifically when they apply to how you interact with others
What medications treat histrionic personality disorder?
Anti-anxiety
Antidepressants
How does CBT treat narcissistic personality disorder?
Practice new skills with the therapist and have homework assignments to put these skills into action between sessions
How does schema therapy treat narcissistic personality disorder?
find new ways to help meet their emotional needs and change their behaviour towards others
How does gestalt therapy treat narcissistic personality disorder?
Work on improving self-awareness and self-responsibility
How does mentalization-based therapy treat narcissistic personality disorder?
Works on improving their ability to reflect on themselves, as well as the thoughts and emotions of others
How does transference-focused psychotherapy treat narcissistic personality disorder?
Take emotions about someone else and direct them toward the therapist
How does DBT treat narcissistic personality disorder?
Involve individual and group therapy sessions where you’ll learn and practice new coping strategies
How does metacognitive interpersonal therapy treat narcissistic personality disorder?
Dismantle narcissistic processes by looking at problems as they pertain to your own life
What medications treat narcissistic personality disorder?
Anti-anxiety
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
How does CBT treat avoidant personality disorder?
Focuses on reducing negative thought patterns and building social skills
How does psychodynamic therapy treat avoidant personality disorder?
Explore unconscious factors behind feelings of inferiority, can help people resolve past conflicts that may be causing current issues
How does schema therapy treat avoidant personality disorder?
An individual is guided through the process of identifying maladaptive thought patterns and frameworks or schemas, and changing them
How does group therapy treat avoidant personality disorder?
Used to help people with similar challenges and create a safe space to build social relationships
How does family therapy treat avoidant personality disorder?
Helps family members understand the condition and can provide a supportive environment that promotes growth and healthy risk-taking
How does CBT treat dependent personality disorder?
Helps them with thought patterns surrounding dependence on other people and develop healthier relationship models
How does psychodynamic therapy treat dependent personality disorder?
Explores childhood events, trauma, abandonment issues, and attachment styles that may be shaping current behaviour and symptoms
How does schema therapy treat dependent personality disorder?
Re-parent clients by meeting their unmet childhood needs
What medications treat dependent personality disorder?
Anti-anxiety
Antidepressants
How does CBT treat OCPD?
Focuses on helping them notice and eventually change negative thought patterns associated with perfectionism, control, and rigidity
How does psychodynamic therapy treat OCPD?
Need for perfectionism and control arises from a desire for attention or acceptance from parents who were unavailable or overly harsh
How does nidotherapy treat OCPD?
Put the person in a situation where their personality characteristics are assets and not drawbacks
What medications treat OCPD?
Antidepressants
Anti-anxiety
