Personality Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What are personality disorders?
A
Pervasive and inflexible patterns of behaviour or ways of relating to others
2
Q
Why do disordered personality traits become evident?
A
Adolescence or early adulthood
3
Q
What childhood behaviour problems are high risk for personality disorders?
A
Conduct disorder Depression Anxiety Hyperactivity Impulsivity Attention problems
4
Q
What does ego-syntonic mean?
A
Behaviour or feelings that are perceived as natural or compatible parts of self
5
Q
What does ego-dystonic mean?
A
Behaviour or feelings that are perceived to be foreign or alien to one’s self identity
6
Q
What are cluster A personality disorders?
A
People who are perceived as odd or eccentric
- paranoid
- schizoid
- schizotypal
7
Q
What are cluster B personality disorders
A
People whose behaviour is overly dramatic, emotional, or erratic
- antisocial
- borderline
- histrionic
- narcissistic
8
Q
What are cluster C personality disorders?
A
People who often appear anxious or fearful
- avoidant
- dependent
- OCPD
9
Q
What is a paranoid personality disorder?
A
Characterized by persistent suspiciousness of the motives of others, but not to the point of holding clear-cut delusions
10
Q
What is the prevalence rate of paranoid personality disorder?
A
2.3%-4.4%
11
Q
Who is diagnosed with paranoid personality disorder at a higher rate?
A
Men
12
Q
What is schizoid personality disorder?
A
Characterized by detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
13
Q
What are some characteristics of schizoid personality disorder?
A
Described as a longer or an eccentric
Rarely express emotions
Distant and aloof
14
Q
What is the prevalence rate of schizoid personality disorder
A
3.1%-4.9%
15
Q
What is schizotypal personality disorder?
A
Characterized by acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behaviour
Paranoid thinking
16
Q
What is the prevalence rate of schizotypal personality disorder?
A
3%
17
Q
What are ideas of reference?
A
Form of delusional thinking in which a person reads personal meaning into the behaviour of others or external events that completely independent of the person
18
Q
What is antisocial personality disorder?
A
Characterized by a chronic pattern of disregard for an violation of the rights of others
19
Q
What are some characteristics of antisocial personality disorder?
A
Low levels of anxiety in threatening situations and a lack of guilt or remorse
Superficial charm
20
Q
What is the prevalence rate of antisocial personality disorder?
A
4.3%
More common in men
High prevalence in the prison population
21
Q
What is psychopathy?
A
Characterized by affective and interpersonal traits, such as shallow emotions, selfishness, arrogance, superficial charm, deceitfulness, manipulativeness, irresponsibility, sensation seeking, a lack of empathy, anxiety, and remorse combined with persistent violations of social norms, a socially deviant and nomadic lifestyle, and impulsiveness
22
Q
What is borderline personality disorder?
A
Characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, and mood and a lack of control over impulses
23
Q
What are some characteristics of borderline personality disorder?
A
Fear of abandonment
Feelings toward others are intense and shifting
Tend to view other people as all good or all bad
24
Q
What is the prevalence rate of borderline personality disorder?
A
1.6%-5.9%
25
What is self-mutilation?
Means of temporarily blocking or escaping from deep, emotional pain
Expression of anger
Means of manipulating others
26
What is histrionic personality disorder?
Characterized by excessive need to be the centre of attention and to receive reassurance, praise, and approval
Often appear overly dramatic and emotional
27
Who is diagnosed more frequently with histrionic personality disorder?
Women
28
What is narcissistic personality disorder?
Characterized by an inflated or grandiose sense of themselves and an extreme need for admiration
Self-absorbed and lack empathy
29
What is the prevalence of narcissistic personality disorder?
0%-6.2%
| More than half of people diagnosed are men
30
What are some other characteristics of narcissistic personality disorder
Preoccupation with fantasies of success and power, ideal love, or recognition for brilliance or beauty
Sense of entitlement leads them to exploit others
Treat sex partners as devices for their own pleasure or to brace their self-esteem
31
What is avoidant personality disorder?
Characterized by avoidance of social relationships due to fears of rejection and criticism
Fear of public embarrassment
32
What is the prevalence of avoidant personality disorder?
2.4%
| Equally common in men and women
33
What is dependent personality disorder?
Characterized by difficulties making independent decisions and by overly dependent behaviour
Excessive need to be taken care by others
Seek advice in making even the smallest decision
34
Who is diagnosed more frequently with dependent personality disorder?
Women
35
What is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
Characterized by rigid ways of relation to others, perfectionistic tendencies, lack of spontaneity, and excessive attention to details
36
What is the prevalence rate of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
2.1%-7.9%
| Twice as common in men
37
What are some problems with the classification of personality disorders?
Lack of demonstrated reliability and validity
Overlap among disorders
Difficulty in distinguishing between variations in normal and abnormal behaviour
Sexist bias
38
What is the traditional psychodynamic theory of personality disorder?
Unresolved Oedipal conflicts
39
What are recent psychodynamic theories of personality disorders?
Focus on the development of self in explaining disorders
40
What is self-psychology? (Heinz Kohut)
Describes processes that normally lead to the achievement of a cohesive sense of self or in narcissistic personality a grandiose sense of self
41
What is splitting? (Otto Kernberg)
Used to describe the inability of persons to reconcile the positive and negative aspects of themselves and others into a cohesive integration, resulting in sudden and radical shifts between strongly positive and strongly negative feelings
42
What is symbiotic attachment? (Margaret Mahler)
Describes the state of oneness that normally exists between a mother and infant which the infants identity is fused with the mothers
43
What is separation-individuation?
The process by which young children come to separate psychologically from their mothers and to perceive themselves as separate and distinct persons
44
What is the learning perspective of personality disorders?
View personality disorders as maladaptive patterns of behaviour
Learning histories and situational factors give rise to maladaptive behaviour and the reinforcers that maintain them
45
What is the family perspective of personality disorders?
Family disturbances underlie the development of personality disorders
Extreme fears of abandonment may result from a failure to develop a secure parental attachment
46
What is the cognitive-behavioural perspective of personality disorders?
Observation and imitation
| How people interpret their social experiences influence their behaviour
47
What is the biological perspective of personality disorders?
There may be a genetic predisposition
| These people are more vulnerable to environmental influences and what environments they seek
48
What is the sociocultural perspective of personality disorders?
Examines the social conditions that may contribute to the development of the behaviour patterns identified as personality disorders
Socioeconomic risk factors play a role
49
What are psychodynamic approaches to treating personality disorders?
Help people become more aware of the roots of their self-defeating behaviour patterns and learn more adaptive ways of relating to others
50
What are cognitive-behavioural approaches to treating personality disorders?
Behaviour therapists focus on attempting to replace maladaptive behaviour with adaptive behaviour
51
What is the Canadian Treatment approach to personality disorders?
Safety and crisis support
Containment of psychological distress through continuing care
Control and regulation skills
Exploration and change
Long-term treatment that focuses on the integration of clear boundaries between self and others
52
How does CBT treat paranoid personality disorder?
Coping skills training
Improving social interactions
Enhancing communication and self-esteem
53
What medications treat paranoid personality disorder?
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Anti-anxiety
54
How does CBT treat schizoid personality disorder?
Learn new interpersonal skills like expressing feelings
55
How does psychodynamic therapy treat schizoid personality disorder?
Interactions with the therapist provide an opportunity to develop self-expression and communication skills
56
How does dialectical behavioural therapy treat schizoid personality disorder?
Learn interpersonal effectiveness like how to manage conflict, ask for help, and listen well
57
How does group therapy treat schizoid personality disorder?
Support and structure improve social skills
58
What medications treat schizoid personality disorder?
Antidepressants
| Anti-anxiety
59
How does CBT treat schizotypal personality disorder?
Shows them how other people may see their behaviour and helps manage anxiety and improves social skills
60
How does supportive therapy treat schizotypal personality disorder?
Teaches them how to handle negative emotions or thoughts, how to trust people, how to build relationships
61
How does supportive-expressive therapy treat schizotypal personality disorder?
Helps get rid of negative biases about relationships
62
How does parent management treatment treat antisocial personality disorder?
Parents learn new strategies and guiding principles, which may help with socialization and behaviour problems
63
How does contingency management treat antisocial personality disorder?
Abstinence may be rewarded with money or privileges
64
How does schema therapy treat antisocial personality disorder?
Integrates elements from cognitive behavioural therapy, attachment object relations therapy, and other experimental therapies
65
How does CBT treat antisocial personality disorder?
Identify and change unhelpful thinking
66
How does attachment object relations therapy treat antisocial personality disorder?
Addresses how individuals perceive and relate to others
67
How does DBT treat antisocial personality disorder?
Help people manage strong emotions and possibly decrease the number of self-harm days
68
How does psychotherapy treat antisocial personality disorder?
Anger and violence management, treatment for alcohol or substance abuse, and treatment for other mental health conditions
69
What medications treat antisocial personality disorder?
Antidepressants
Anti-anxiety
Antipsychotic
70
How does DBT treat BPD?
People learn how to manage distress, and learn skills to help them cope with strong emotions
71
How does schema-focused therapy treat BPD?
Challenging maladaptive beliefs and behaviours and focusing on healthier ways of thinking and coping
72
How does mentalization-based therapy treat BPD?
Focuses on helping the client recognize mental states then they can see how these thoughts contribute to their behaviour or the behaviour of others
73
How does transference-focused psychotherapy treat BPD?
Utilizes the relationship between the client and the therapist so that the therapist can see how a client relates to others
74
What medications treat BPD?
Antidepressants
Anti-anxiety
Antipsychotic
75
How does CBT treat histrionic personality disorder?
Reduce emotional distress, improve self-esteem, and enhance the person's coping skills
76
How does supportive psychotherapy treat histrionic personality disorder?
Focuses on improving self-esteem, reducing emotional distress, and improving coping skills
77
How does interpersonal therapy treat histrionic personality disorder?
Helps you identify maladaptive thought patterns, specifically when they apply to how you interact with others
78
What medications treat histrionic personality disorder?
Anti-anxiety
| Antidepressants
79
How does CBT treat narcissistic personality disorder?
Practice new skills with the therapist and have homework assignments to put these skills into action between sessions
80
How does schema therapy treat narcissistic personality disorder?
find new ways to help meet their emotional needs and change their behaviour towards others
81
How does gestalt therapy treat narcissistic personality disorder?
Work on improving self-awareness and self-responsibility
82
How does mentalization-based therapy treat narcissistic personality disorder?
Works on improving their ability to reflect on themselves, as well as the thoughts and emotions of others
83
How does transference-focused psychotherapy treat narcissistic personality disorder?
Take emotions about someone else and direct them toward the therapist
84
How does DBT treat narcissistic personality disorder?
Involve individual and group therapy sessions where you'll learn and practice new coping strategies
85
How does metacognitive interpersonal therapy treat narcissistic personality disorder?
Dismantle narcissistic processes by looking at problems as they pertain to your own life
86
What medications treat narcissistic personality disorder?
Anti-anxiety
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
87
How does CBT treat avoidant personality disorder?
Focuses on reducing negative thought patterns and building social skills
88
How does psychodynamic therapy treat avoidant personality disorder?
Explore unconscious factors behind feelings of inferiority, can help people resolve past conflicts that may be causing current issues
89
How does schema therapy treat avoidant personality disorder?
An individual is guided through the process of identifying maladaptive thought patterns and frameworks or schemas, and changing them
90
How does group therapy treat avoidant personality disorder?
Used to help people with similar challenges and create a safe space to build social relationships
91
How does family therapy treat avoidant personality disorder?
Helps family members understand the condition and can provide a supportive environment that promotes growth and healthy risk-taking
92
How does CBT treat dependent personality disorder?
Helps them with thought patterns surrounding dependence on other people and develop healthier relationship models
93
How does psychodynamic therapy treat dependent personality disorder?
Explores childhood events, trauma, abandonment issues, and attachment styles that may be shaping current behaviour and symptoms
94
How does schema therapy treat dependent personality disorder?
Re-parent clients by meeting their unmet childhood needs
95
What medications treat dependent personality disorder?
Anti-anxiety
| Antidepressants
96
How does CBT treat OCPD?
Focuses on helping them notice and eventually change negative thought patterns associated with perfectionism, control, and rigidity
97
How does psychodynamic therapy treat OCPD?
Need for perfectionism and control arises from a desire for attention or acceptance from parents who were unavailable or overly harsh
98
How does nidotherapy treat OCPD?
Put the person in a situation where their personality characteristics are assets and not drawbacks
99
What medications treat OCPD?
Antidepressants
| Anti-anxiety
